Age of Colonization
US History
Tasha Ferrell
2015-2016
Europe’s Age of
Exploration
• Late 1600’s
• Est. Colonies Asia, Africa, and the America’s
• Money, Power, new technologies, and advanced engineering
made it easier to travel and explore across the ocean.
• Economics
• Everyone wanted to be Rich!!
• Religion: Spread Christianity
• Glory: National Hero's
• God-Gold-Glory
Portuguese
Explorations
• 1st to have an impact on Exploration
• Africa
• Resources and Black Africans (slaves)
• Brazil (settlements)
• Slaves to the New World, Catholicism to Native
Americans.
Spanish Explorations
• Christopher Columbus:
Atlantic Ocean in 1492,
believed he reached Asia.
• In October he reached the
Americas.
• Explored the coast of Cuba
and landed in Hispaniola
(modern-day Haiti).
• Reached several Caribbean
Islands and parts of Central
America.
Spanish Explorations
• Europeans considered these lands open to colonization.
• Natives inhabited these lands.
• Amerigo Vespucci wrote letters describing the new lands.
• Europeans labeled the new territory “America.”
• Intercontinental exchange between North America and Europe,
wanted natural resources.
• Native Americans watched their land become conquered and
taken over by foreigners.
• Native Americans began being enslaved (Christopher Columbus)
The Spanish Colonies
• 16th Century
• Spanish Conquistadors (conquerors) arrived in Mexico and South America.
• Hernan Cortez: Eastern coast of Mexico in 1519
• Only had 600 men but very good at making alliances.
• Became friends with the Native Americans who hated to be ruled by the
Aztecs.
• Aztecs ruled most of Mexico.
• Cortez defeated Montezuma II
• Mexico, southern and southwest United States became Spanish colonies.
• Many of these colonies remained until early 19th century.
Cortez/Map of
Colonies
European diseases
• Small pox, measles,
influenza killed many
Native Americans.
• Europeans brought these
diseases with them.
• Native Americans immune
systems were not prepared
to fight these diseases.
• Died by the 1,000’s
Spanish Mission
•
Spain was a Catholic nation.
•
Set up Catholic missions in the
New World-served as Catholic
villages.
•
Preached Catholic faith to colonists
and Native Americans.
•
Set up schools and served the poor.
•
Taught Native Americans to speak
Spanish, adopt European customs,
and to be loyal to the Spanish King.
•
These missions helped to secure
Spanish control over new
territories.
French
colonization
• In 1608 French est. their 1st
permanent settlement in
North America.
• Samuel de Champlain
founded Quebec along the
St. Lawrence River in
Canada.
• Used rivers and inland
waterways to reach North
America.
• Est. fur trade
• Settled territories North of
the Ohio River and along
the Mississippi River and the
Gulf of Mexico.
• Short time adventures only
here for the fur trade, many
wanted and planned to
return to Europe.
Class Activities
• Venn Diagram
• Chart
• Complete Practice 1.1 (Exit Slip)
The British Colonies
•
15th century began est. colonies in the
Americas.
•
British est. colonies along the eastern
coast between the Atlantic Ocean and
the Appalachian Mountains.
•
Spain, France, and Great Britain
(England) claimed colonies in North
America.
•
English settlers came to North America
with the intent of staying long term.
•
Spain had most of the Southern portion
of the continent.
•
Est. along the Atlantic coast from
Georgia to Maine.
•
French used rivers and inland waterways
to occupy much of the North American
interior.
•
English Colonies divided up into 3
geographic regions.
•
•
•
New England Colonies (Mass.,
New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut)
Middle Colonies (New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Delaware)
Southern Colonies (Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia)
Southern Colonies
• 1st successful English settlement:
Jamestown, VA in 1607. Est. by a
joint-stock company called the
VA Company.
• VA company wanted to make
money off of the products and
raw materials.
• Bitter cold winters, diseases, and
starvation killed many settlers.
• Local Native Americans helped
which allowed Jamestown to
survive and grow.
• John Rolfe discovered a new
crop: Tobacco.
• VA instituted the head right
system to attract laborers. This
system promised fifty acres of
land to those who would settle in
the colony.
John Rolfe/Tobacco
Economy
•
North American tobacco became
incredibly popular in Europe.
•
•
•
Tobacco is the most important cash
crops for VA, Maryland, and North
Carolina.
Plantation systems required lots of
manual labor, indentured servants
and slavery became important parts
of the Southern economy.
•
Hot and wet climates of South
Carolina and Georgia made rice
and indigo important crops for
further South.
Indentured servants agreed to work
for land owners for up to 7 years in
exchange for the land owner paying
their way to North America.
•
Mid 1600s slavery is rooted in the
South
•
Southern colonies produced tar,
pitch, and turpentine from the
abundant forests.
•
South Carolina, black slaves out
numbered free Europeans through
out the 1700’s.
•
Staple crops like tobacco and rice
led to the rise of plantation systems.
•
The South did not develop the
major centers of commerce and
large cities that arose in the North.
Southern Society
• Southern society is divided
between rich plantation
owners, poor farmers, and
slaves.
• Gentry is the wealthy upper
class, superior to the lower,
poorer class.
• Public education did not exist
in the Southern colonies.
• People educated in the home.
The wealthy southerners
hired private tutors, or sent
them to Europe to receive a
formal education.
• Southern colonies were est.
predominantly for economic
reasons rather than religious.
(Maryland was est. for
Catholics)
• Rich Southern landowners
stayed with the Church of
England. Later Methodist and
Baptist emerged.
New England
Colonies
• Puritans came to North
America for religious
freedom.
• Later on a group of Puritans
settled further north and est.
the Mass. Bay Colony.
• They wanted to est. a
community built solely on
“pure biblical teaching.”
• Roger Williams and Anne
Hutchinson helped form
Rhode Island after they left
Mass. over disagreements
with Puritan leaders.
• In 1620 a group of Puritans
est. a colony at Plymouth
Mass. These Puritans are the
Pilgrims. Celebrated the 1st
Thanksgiving in 1621.
• Puritan leaders founded
Connecticut and New
Hampshire.
Economy
• New England colonies relied
heavily on the Atlantic
Ocean.
• Shipbuilding, trade, and
fishing were the leading
industries.
• Transported goods from
England to other regions.
• They received sugar cane,
molasses, and rum from the
West Indies that they
sometimes used to get slaves.
• Farmers were smaller and
for the primary purpose of
allowing families to be selfsufficient.
• Boston, Mass. Became a
booming urban center for
shipping and New England
commerce.
New England society
•
Puritan church was central part to
life in New England.
•
Puritans had strong faith, family,
and community.
•
In Mass. Every settler had to attend
and support the Puritan Church.
Dissenters were often banished.
•
1st to promote public education.
(Read the Bible)
•
1647 Mass. Passed laws requiring
public schools for towns of fifty
families or more. Towns of 100 or
more families were required to est.
grammar schools for the purpose of
preparing young boys for college.
•
Boys went to college. Girls were
trained for “womanly duties” at the
home.
•
Harvard and Yale were est. to train
ministers.
•
1692 Salem Witch Trials: young
girls in Salem Mass. Were accused
and various towns people of being
witches. Several were brought to
trial and condemned to death.
Middle Colonies
• Culturally diverse
• Religious tolerance
• Swedes and Dutch
Economy
• Farming and commerce
• Staple crops, wheat, barley,
and rye.
• Boasted large cities: homes
to diverse groups of people
and a variety of business.
• Important ports for shipping
products overseas.
• Slaves not as numerous as in
the South.
• Slaves in middle colonies
worked in shops, cities as
well as on farms.
• Fur Trade
• Forged an economic
relationship with Native
Americans like the Iroquois.
Society in the Middle
colonies
• Leader: William Penn
• Pennsylvania became a homeland
for Quakers. Did not recognize
class differences, promoted
equality of the sexes, practiced
pacifism, and sought to deal fairly
with Native Americans.
• Pennsylvania was a place that
attracted German Lutherans,
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and
Swiss Mennonites.
• New York was originally a Dutch
colony it was very diverse. (Jews
and Christians)
Colonial
Government
• British adopted a policy
known as Salutary neglect.
The English government
basically let the colonist
govern themselves.
• Representative Government
(People need a voice)
• Colonial Governors who were
elected by the crowns where
in charge.
• Colonial Legislatures: who
were local residents held most
of the power.
• 2 bodies of government: one
appointed by Crown, one
elected by voters.
• New England efforts to selfgovern was set in the
Mayflower Compact.
• Mayflower Compact: est. an
elected legislatures and
asserted that the government
be derived its power from the
people of the colony. Rule by
a local government.
• Town Meetings
Colonial
Government
• Puritans thought government
should seek the will of God.
• 1636 colonist under the
leadership of Thomas Hooker
left Mass. Because they felt
that the government there was
too much like a dictatorship
and did not serve the people.
They formed their own
colony at Hartford,
Connecticut and wrote a body
of laws called the
Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut. “Free consent of
the people.”
Colonial Women
• 2nd class citizens
• Did have more freedom than
women in Europe.
• Could not vote, nor attend
school.
• Under husbands control or
fathers control.
• Bearing and raising children
and taking care of the home.
• Did own property if no male
was able to and women
could then take on roles
traditionally held by men.
• Some women worked as
shop keepers, hostesses in a
tavern, printers, and even
doctors.
African Americans and
Slavery in the Colonies
• Arrived in 1619 at
Jamestown
• Many arrived as indentured
servants: after years they
owned land, and some even
became masters of
indentured servants and
slaves.
• South Carolina and Georgia
rice is the predominant crop,
African Americans worked
the crops and were
segregated from the whites.
• V.A., N.C., and Maryland
slaves worked in tobacco
fields and had more contact
with whites. These slaves
adopted more European
customs and behaviors.
• Middle Colonies and New
England Colonies, owners
often trained slaves in a craft
and put them to work in
shops and cities, some
masters even allowed slaves
to make money.
Foundations of
Representative Government
• Magna Carta and
Parliament:
• Colonial government was
based on principles est. in
England.
• 1215 King John I was forced
to sign the Magna Carta.
“Great Charter.”
• Magna Carta document
granted the nobles various
legal rights and prevented
the King from imposing
taxes without the consent of
a council. This gave birth to
the British Parliament.
• Parliament= 2 houses
• Upper House: House of
Lords consisted of
appointed noblemen.
• Lower House: House of
Commons made of elected
officials.
• English Bill of Rights: a lot
like the American Bill of
Rights.
• Common Law: tradition or
past court rulings.
Impact of the
Enlightenment
• Late 1600’s
• Revolutionary ideas in
philosophy and political
thought.
• John Locke: Challenged old
views of monarchs. Believed
people had “natural rights”
that no government could
take away. Life, Liberty, and
Property.
• Social Contract Theory:
implied contract between
government and citizens.
• People agree to give up
certain freedoms for
government to maintain
order.
• If the government doesn’t
hold up its end of the contract
you can replace the
government.
The Great Awakening
• Occurred in the British colonies during the mid-1700’s.
• Protestant movement, featured preachers who had
fiery sermons calling people to live their lives by the
Bible.
• Personal relationship with God.
Impact of the Great
Awakening
• Colonial culture
• Movement encouraged people to
be more independent and to value
having a voice in their own
religious beliefs.
• Methodist preachers on
horseback traveled from
settlement to settlement to preach
the Gospel and to administer
sacraments.
• Baptist churches allowed local
congregations to appoint their
own ministers.
• People should have a voice in
their government.
• Belief in self-government and
independence from British
control grew in popularity.
• Strong belief in the right to
religious freedom.
• Made colonist want to be free to
decide for themselves how to
practice their faith.
Self Government in
the Colonies
• American are accustomed to sovereignty.
• Own decisions and policies.
Colonial Legislatures
and Governor
• 1st example of limited selfgovernment in the British
colonies was VA House of
Burgesses. Had 2 houses one
elected and one appointed
by royal government.
• As the American Revolution
grew closer the 2 houses
became more segregated.