Unit 3
pH / Acids and Bases
• Complete Laboratory
– Litmus Paper
– pH Paper
– Indicator Solution
Oxygen and silicon comprise approximately 75% of all the elements in Earth's
crust. Together, they combine with one or more of the other six most common
elements to form silicate minerals.
Earth: A Layered Planet
Read pages 196-197 of textbook
Answer Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Minerals: Building Blocks of
Rocks
Read pages 198-199 of textbook.
Answer questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Question 6: Explain four ways to identify
minerals
Topic 2: The Hydrological
(Water) Cycle
• Water is essential to life. Without it, the biosphere that
exists on the surface of the earth wouldn't be possible.
Nicknamed the "water" planet, Earth is covered by one
of our most precious resources. However, almost 93% is
locked in the oceans, toxic to humans and many plants
and animals.
How do we obtain fresh water resources then? Where
does drinkable water come from? To understand, we
need to turn to the Hydrologic Cycle.
The Water Cycle
• The water (hydrologic) cycle takes
place in the hydrosphere
• This is the region containing all the
water in the atmosphere and on the
surface of the earth. The cycle is the
movement of water through this
hydrosphere.
Five Components
of the Water Cycle
1: Evaporation/Transpiration
2: Transport
3: Condensation
4: Precipitation
5: Infiltration/Runoff/Ground Water
5: Precipitation
Complete the Water Cycle
WEBQUEST
Important Terminology
The Earth's Water Budget
The distribution of water among the oceans, land and atmosphere.
Evaporation
The transformation of water from a liquid into a gas, a process which
humidifies the atmosphere.
Condensation
The transformation of water from a gas into a liquid, and the
processes that lead to condensation.
Transport
The movement of water through the atmosphere.
Important Terminology
Precipitation
The transfer of water from the atmosphere to land. Rain, snow, hail,
sleet, and freezing rain are discussed.
Groundwater
Water located below ground and how it returns to the surface.
Transpiration
Transfer of water to the atmosphere by plants and vegetation.
Runoff
Rivers, lakes, and streams transport water from land to the oceans.
Too much rainfall can cause excess runoff, or flooding.
Water Facts
– Groundwater accounts for 0.612 percent of the
earth's water.
•
Water contained in lakes, streams and oceans
may evaporate and become rain or snow. This
water is also used by people and animals.
– Rivers contain 0.001 percent of the earth's water.
– Fresh water lakes contain 0.009 percent of the
earth's water.
– Oceans contain 97.137 percent of the earth's water.
Water Facts (continued)
• Water is evaporated from bodies of water, the
soil, and from vegetation. Plants take up water
through their roots and release water vapor
through their leaves. This water vapor forms
clouds which can in turn produce precipitation.
– The atmosphere contains 0.001 percent of the
earth's water.
•
Polar ice caps and snow account for 78 percent
of the world's fresh water supply.
– Ice caps and snow contain 2.240 percent of the
earth's water.
Topic 2: Rock-on
• You look lonely. Create yourself a rock
friend out of the supplies given to you.
• Be creative!!
• This dude (or dudette) can be your
science tutor and help you with the rest of
the unit!!!
Erosion and Weathering
Read pages 206-207 of textbook
Complete worksheet
Soil Erosion
Horizons
Complete worksheet
Topic 3: Minerals and Rocks
• Question?
What is the difference between a rock and a
mineral?
• Answer:
Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solids.
Each mineral has a definite chemical composition and a
characteristic crystalline structure.
A mineral may be a single element such as copper (Cu) or gold
(Au), or it may be a compound made up of a number of
elements. About 2,500 different minerals have been described.
• Rocks are made up of two or more minerals.
Common Minerals
• The materials that make up the crust of the earth fall into
two broad categories: minerals and rocks. Minerals are
elements or chemical compounds that are formed by a
number of natural processes.
• Rocks are aggregates of minerals or organic substances
that occur in many different architectural forms over the
face of the Earth, and they contain a significant part of
the geologic history of the region where they occur.
• To identify them and understand their history, you must
be able to identify the minerals that make up the rocks.
Minerals Lab
• Examine minerals and use an
identification key
Calcite
– Calcite is pure calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). It is
found in limestone and
marble. It is the cementing
agent that binds sediments
together into sedimentary
rocks.
– Calcite is used as a
fertilizer, cement, chalk,
building stone, and for the
manufacture of optical
instruments.
Quartz
• Milky quartz is a common
mineral that is found in
many different types of
rocks. The chemical
formula is silicon oxide
(SiO2).
• Quartz can be broken or
weathered into the tiny
pieces we know as sand.
• Quartz is used by humans
in producing optical
instruments and electical
devices. It is also used to
make sandpaper and
grinding tools.
Magnetite
• Magnetite is a mineral
that has a very high
iron content. Magnetite
has a black or
brownish-red color and
a black streak.
• It has a hardness of
about 6 on the Mohs
hardness scale. It is
one of two minerals in
the world that is
naturally magnetic.
Feldspar
– Feldspar is the most
abundant mineral in
rocks that are located at
or near the earth's
surface. Feldspar can
have glassy white, blue,
green, or red crystals. All
feldspars contain silica
and aluminum.
– Feldspar is number 6 on
the Mohs hardness
scale.
Dolomite
• Dolomite is both a
mineral and a rock.
• Dolomite is white or
light pink in color. It
has a hardness of 3.5 4 and only will react to
acid when it is heated
or in powdered form.
• Dolomite is used as a
building stone and as
a source of
magnesium.
ROCKS
(aggregates of minerals )
Hornblende
Quartz
What minerals is the rock “Granite”
composed of?
Feldspar
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF
ROCKS
1. Igneous Rocks: Formed from the cooling of molten
rock.
A. Volcanic igneous rocks formed from molten
rock that cooled quickly on or near the earth's surface.
B. Plutonic igneous rocks are the result of the slow
cooling of molten rock far beneath the surface.
2. Sedimentary Rocks: Formed in layers as the result of
moderate pressure on accumulated sediments.
3. Metamorphic Rocks: Formed from older "parent" rock
(either igneous or sedimentary) under intense heat
and/or pressure at considerable depths beneath the
earth's surface.
Igneous Rocks
• Basalts are dark colored, finegrained extrusive rock. The
mineral grains are so fine that
they are impossible to
distinguish with the naked eye
or even a magnifying glass.
They are the most widespread
of all the igneous rocks. Most
basalts are volcanic in origin
and were formed by the rapid
cooling and hardening of the
lava flows. Some basalts are
intrusive having cooled inside
the Earth's interior.
Gabbro
• Gabbro is a darkcolored, coarse-grained
intrusive igneous rock.
• It is composed mostly
of the mineral
plagioclase feldspar
with smaller amounts of
pyroxene and olivine.
Metamorphic Rocks
– Marble is metamorphosed
limestone or dolomite. Both
limestone and dolomite have a
large concentration of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). Marble
has many different sizes of
crystals.
– Marble has many color
variances due to the impurities
present at formation. Some of
the different colors of marble
are white, red, black, mottled
and banded, gray, pink, and
green.
Sedimentary Rocks
– Limestone is the most
abundant of the non-clastic
sedimentary rocks.
Limestone is produced
from the mineral calcite
(calcium carbonate) and
sediment. The main source
of limestone is the limy
ooze formed in the ocean.
– Chalk is another type of
limestone that is made up
of very small single-celled
organisms. Chalk is usually
white or gray in color.
• Halite is common
table salt. It forms
where brakish (salty)
lakes or sea beds
dry up.
• Halite has perfect
cleavage and a
hardness of 2.5 on
the Mohs hardness
scale.
Rock Classification
Rocks that have solidified from a
molten state. There are two types of
Igneous rocks:
Plutonic - Rock from magma rising
up from deep under the earth's crust;
solidified before it reached the earth's
surface.
Volcanic - Rock that was originally
lava, hot magma that reached the
surface of the earth before it
hardened.
plutonic igneous rocks - Granite,
Peridotite
volcanic igneous rocks - Obsidian,
Sedimentary
Rock formed by the accumulation of
particles on or near the earth's
surface, and compacted down, often
under pressure, creating rock layers.
Limestone, Shale, Sandstone,
Dolomite, Gypsum, Quartzite, and
stones containing fossils
Metamorphic
Rocks resulting from changes within
preexisting rocks, by extreme
pressure, temperature, and chemical
activity.
Kyanite, Mica, Garnet, Calcite,
Quartz, Pyrite, Marble, Gneiss, Schist
Igneous
Basalt, Rhyolite
Properties of Minerals
(Identification Key)
• http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/
harwoodr/Geol101/Labs/Minerals/
Topic 4: The Rock Cycle
ROCK CYCLE WEBQUEST
• Complete the WebQuest located on the
class website!!!
Rock Cycle Learning Link
The Rock Cycle
Complete a Poster Project