Warm Up
1. Mitosis creates how many daughter
cells?
2. Are the daughter cells created from
mitosis genetically identical or
different?
3. What is the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
4. What type of anaerobic respiration
causes muscle soreness in humans?
Reproduction and
Meiosis
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
Making gametes…
Remember:
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
REPRODUCE
ALL LIVING THINGS __________
Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
Family http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Two Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual: Reproduction NOT involving
the union of sex cells; 1 parent
2. Sexual: Reproduction involving sex
cells; 2 parents
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION
1 parent cell splits into two cells
(Through mitosis!)
Example: Bacteria
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Budding
Offspring grows out
of the body of the
parent
Example: Hydra
(plant)
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Regeneration
If a piece of a parent
is detached, it can
grow and develop
into a completely new
individual
Example: Starfish
All 3 Types:
identical
Produce cells that are __________
copies of parent cell
ADVANTAGES OF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Can make offspring
faster
Don’t need a partner
http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg
DISVANTAGES OF
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ALL ALIKE
Species CAN’T
change and adapt
One disease can wipe
out whole population
http://www.mrgrow.com/images/cutting.jpg
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
Combines genetic material
from 2 parents (sperm & egg)
so offspring are
DIFFERENT
genetically __________
from parents
ADVANTAGES OF
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Allows for variation in population
Individuals can be different
Provides foundation for EVOLUTION
Allow species to adapt to
changes in
their environment
http://naturalsciences.sdsu.edu/classes/lab8/spindex.html
Image by Riedell
EGG
Image by Riedell
+
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
SPERM 
If egg and sperm had same number of
chromosomes as other body cells . . .
baby would have too many chromosomes!
http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13217.forty-six_chromosomes.jpg
MEIOSIS is the way…
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
to make cells
with ½ the
number of
chromosomes
for sexual
reproduction
DIPLOID & HAPLOID
Most cells have 2 copies of each chromosome
= DIPLOID
2n
(one from mom; one from dad)
HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES
All BODY (___________)
SOMATIC
cells are diploid
Created through: MITOSIS
• Makes ___
2 cells genetically
identical
_________
to parent cell &
to each other
• Used by organisms to:
repair injuries, increase size
of organism, replace worn out
cells
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
DIPLOID & HAPLOID
Some cells have only one copy of each
HAPLOID
1n
chromosome = _____________
All sperm and egg cells
are haploid
Created through MEIOSIS
4 cells
• Makes ____
genetically different from
parent cell & from each
other
Sex cells are called
Gamete cells or Germ
________
Cells
Used in sexual
_____ reproduction
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
MAKING SPERM
& EGGS
If you are female:
Produce 1 Egg, 3 Polar
Bodies
The cytoplasm divides
unevenly resulting in 1
good egg and the 3
smaller bodies which
are consumed by the
lysosmes
If you are male:
Meiosis produces 4 sperm cells
Development of a Baby
1 sperm + 1 egg = fertilization =
conception
Conception  Zygote  Fetus  Baby
Warm Up
1. At the end of mitosis how many cells
are produced? Are they diploid or
haploid? In humans, how many
chromosomes do they have?
2. At the end of meiosis how many cells
are produced? Are they diploid or
haploid? In humans, how many
chromosomes do they have?
Warm Up
1. At the end of mitosis how many cells
are produced? Are they diploid or
haploid? In humans, how many
chromosomes do they have?
2. At the end of meiosis how many cells
are produced? Are they diploid or
haploid? In humans, how many
chromosomes do they have?
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
INTERPHASE
INTERPHASE I
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
• DNA Replicates
• Cell Grows
SAME AS
MITOSIS
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
PROPHASE
PROPHASE I
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Chromosomes form
Nuclear membrane
disappears
Centrioles/
spindle fibers appear
Chromosomes form
Nuclear membrane
disappears
Centrioles/spindle
fibers appear
Homologous pairs match up
Homologous Chromosomes
• Match up forming a
Tetrad
–(4 sets of sister
chromatids)
Crossing over
occurs
CROSSING OVER
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/lmexer2a.htm
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
METAPHASE
METAPHASE I
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
with homologous
partner
Animation
• Chromosomes line
up in middle
• Spindle fibers
attach to center
Chromosomes line up
in middle (along equator)
Spindle fibers attach to
center
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c13x9independent-assortment.jpg
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
ANAPHASE
ANAPHASE I
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Chromatids split
Chromatids stay together
Homologous pairs split
(segregation)
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
TELOPHASE
TELOPHASE I
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
See TWO nuclei
Nuclear membrane/
SAME AS MITOSIS
nucleolus return
DNA spreads out as chromatin
Spindle/centrioles disappear
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
CYTOKINESIS
CYTOKINESIS I
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Cytoplasm
splits
into 2 cells
SAME AS
MITOSIS
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
INTERPHASE II
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
• DNA is spread out as chromatin
• Nuclear membrane/
nucleolus visible
• DNA is copied during S phase
SKIP
INTERPHASE II
DNA NOT COPIED
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
PROPHASE
PROPHASE II
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
• DNA scrunches into
chromosomes
• Nuclear membrane/
nucleolus disappear
• Centrioles/
spindle fibers appear
SAME AS MITOSIS
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
METAPHASE
METAPHASE II
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
• Chromosomes line up
in middle
SAME AS MITOSIS
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
ANAPHASE
ANAPHASE II
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Chromatids split and
move apart
SAME AS MITOSIS
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
TELOPHASE
TELOPHASE II
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Two nuclei
Nuclear
membrane/
nucleolus
returns
Centrioles/spindle
fibers
disappear
DNA spreads out
as chromatin
SAME AS MITOSIS
MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
Cytoplasm splits
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divi_flash.html
SAME AS MITOSIS
End result of meiosis: 4 haploid cells
with 23 chromosomes
We look different from our family
members because of Genetic
Recombination: Crossing over and
Independent Assortment
Meiosis Videos
Meiosis Videos - scroll to
bottom of page
MAKING SPERM
& EGGS
If you are female:
Produce 1 Egg, 3 Polar
Bodies
The cytoplasm divides
unevenly resulting in 1
good egg and the 3
smaller bodies which
are consumed by the
lysosmes
If you are male:
Meiosis produces 4 sperm cells
Development of a Baby
1 sperm + 1 egg = fertilization =
conception
Conception  Zygote  Fetus  Baby
Warm Up
1. Which is exactly the same as mitosis?
(Meiosis 1 or Meiosis 2)
2. Why do we not have interphase 2 in
meiosis?
3. What is the purpose of crossing over
in meiosis?
4. How many chromosomes are in a
haploid cell in humans?
Genetics
We inherit our genes from
our parents.
This is called heredity.
The science that studies
this is called genetics.
Gregor Mendel was a monk who worked
with pea plants and created the
principles of genetics.
Generation abbreviations:
• P1 = Parental
• F1 = Children
• F2 = Grandchildren
Mendel started by crossing 2
pea plants with contrasting
traits.
Ex: Tall plant crossed with
short.
He noticed in the F1 generation
that all the peas were Tall.
He then mated two of the F1s
and found that the missing trait
always returned in a 3:1 ratio.
This is how Mendel discovered that we
have pairs of genes that control what
we look like.
We now know that these genes are
carried on a pair of homologous
chromosomes.
Allele = different gene
choices for a trait.
Found on the same
place on a chromosome.
REMEMBER
HOMOLOGOUS
_____________
chromosomes
SEPARATE
________________
during
ANAPHASE I
= _________________
SEGREGATION
This
slide
not in
notes
Image modified from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif
Alleles segregate (separate) randomly
just like a coin flip…so you can use
probability to predict the outcomes of
genetic crosses.
With probabilities the past outcomes do
not affect the future ones.
Just because a couple has had 5 boys,
does not mean the next child will also
be a boy.
Since the alleles segregate randomly,
there is a 50% chance of a boy and a
50% chance of a girl.
It can be written as a:
1/4
Fraction ____
25%
Percent ____
1:3
Ratio ____
Genetic Vocabulary
Dominant =
Recessive =
hides (overpowers) the is hidden by the other
other allele. Capital
allele. Lower case letter (t)
letter (T)
Homozygous
/Purebred = same
allele
Heterozygous /Hybrid =
different, mixed alleles
Genotype = what is in Phenotype =
our genes, always
what we actually can see –
letters
what is expressed
EX: eye color, hair color,
height, etc
Punnett Squares are used to
predict a one gene trait
Let’s Practice!
IN PEA PLANTS
Tall is dominant over
short
T
TALL = ____
SHORT = ____
t
LET’S MAKE A CROSS!
PURE TALL
X PURE SHORT
PURE TALL parent
What are the parent
alleles?
TT

T
HOMOZYGOUS
_________

T
What gametes
can it make?
PURE SHORT parent
What are the parent
alleles?
tt
HOMOZYGOUS
_________


t
t
What gametes
can it make?
T
T
t
Tt
Tt
t
Tt
Tt
ALL
_____
of the
offsprin
g
100 %
____
4
___/4
will be
TALL
GENOTYPE _____
Tt PHENOTYPE _______
HYBRID TALL parent
What are the parent
alleles?
Tt
_________
HETEROZYGOUS


T
What gametes
can it make?
t
T
t
T
TT
Tt
t
Tt
tt
GENOTYPES
TT
¼ = _____
Tt
½ = _____
tt
¼ = _____
3/4
75
TALL
PHENOTYPES ____ or ____%
_________
1/4 or ____%
25
____
_________
SHORT
A.
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
Tall = ____
T
t
Short = ____
What are the possible
gametes?
B.
Homozygous Tall parent =

What gametes can it produce?
T

TT
T
Hybrid Tall parent =
Tt

What gametes can it produce?
T

C.
What are the possible
gametes?
t
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
for a MONOHYBRID CROSS
D.
R
Round seeds = ___
Wrinkled seeds = r
Heterozygous Round parent =
Rr

What gametes can it produce?
R

E.
What are the possible
gametes?
r
PURE wrinkled parent =
rr

What gametes can it produce?
r

F.
What are the possible
gametes?
r
WHAT GENES DO YOU
HAVE?
EYE COLOR
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
HAIR COLOR/TEXTURE
http://faculty.washington.edu/~chudler/gif/hairch.gif
FEMALE OR MALE?
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
WIDOW’S PEAK
Dominant
http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/geneticsfeb02.html
TONGUE ROLLING
Homozygous recessives- non rollers
http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/tongroll.html
FRECKLES
http://chantelsimmons.blogspot.com/2007/07/tuesday-tuck-shop.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Freckled.jpg
DIMPLES/CLEFT CHIN
Images from: http://www.uni.edu/walsh/cleft.jpg
Dominant
http://www.imdb.com/media/rm1270258944/nm0000237
https://kyberia.sk/id/3591050/3
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Kirk-douglas-big-trees02.jpg
Bend finger at top joint?
http://toadandmo.blogspot.com/2007/08/mos-hidden-talent.html
HITCHHIKER’S THUMB
=homozygous recessive
Images from: http://www.ncrtec.org/tl/camp/gene/thumbs.htm
LONG 2nd TOE
Dominant
http://www.uni.edu/walsh/genetics.html
WIGGLE JUST YOUR LITTLE TOE?
ATTACHED
EAR LOBES
homozygous recessive = attached
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/Life/genetics_puzzle.html
Touch your nose with your tongue?
Images from:
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/252/526385891_643b1b1420.jpg?v=0
http://picasaweb.google.com/angelinachristalpina/ChristmasClothes02#5146686361494213122
COLOR BLINDNESS
RED-green colorblindness most common
8% of males & 0.5% females
Everyone should see the circle, star, and square
Everyone should see a square.
Normal should see a
brown circle
Normal should see a boat. Colorblind will not see
anything.
THUMB FOLDING
Right over left -44%
Left over right-55%
http://www3.baylor.edu/Science_Leadership/Spring01/CSMS/Summary/genetics.html
http://extension.usu.edu/aitc/teachers/pdf/heredity/traits.pdf#search='human%20genetic%20traits'
Warm Up 3/13
1. Give one trait that can be passed on to you
from your parents.
2. Give one trait that would not be passed on
to you from your parents.
3. What is the equation for respiration?
4. What are the products of photosynthesis?
5. Identify which are homozygous recessive,
which are heterozygous, and which are
homozygous dominant
FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv
Warm Up
1.What is the process shown in the picture
below?
2. Identify which of the following are
homozygous recessive in the group below:
(FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv)
3. Blue (B) flower color is dominant to red (b).
If a flower is genotype Bb what color would
it be?
4. Which process (meiosis 1 or meiosis 2) is
identical to mitosis?
5. What phase is skipped in meiosis 2? Why?
Incomplete Dominance:
The blending of alleles
Ex: Red Flower + White Flower = Pink
Flower
Incomplete Dominance
• For a trait, the “dominant” is not
completely masking the recessive
• No lower case letters
• Get blending in heterozygous
Incomplete Dominance
•
•
•
•
Normally:
R = red, r = white
RR = red,
Rr = red
rr = white
Incomplete Dominance:
• R = red, W = white
• RR = red
• RW = pink
• WW = white
Incomplete Dominance
• One red and one white flower are
cross pollinated (mated), draw the
punnett square of their offspring:
W
W
R
R
RW
RW
RW
RW
Incomplete Dominance
• One red and one pink flower are cross
pollinated (mated), draw the punnett
square of their offspring:
R
W
R
R
RR
RR
RW
RW
Co-Dominance
Both are dominant so both show
Co-Dominance
• For a trait, you can have 2 dominant
options and 1 recessive
• Can’t use regular upper and lowercase
Co-dominance
•
•
•
•
Normally
R = red, r = white
RR = red,
Rr = red
rr = white
Co-dominance
• R= red, W = white,
recessive = yellow
• IRIR or IRi= red
• IWIW or IWi= white
• IRIW – red and white
• ii = yellow
Practice problem…do somewhere
in your notes
A flower with red and white stripes
mates with a homozygous white flower.
What is the phenotypic ratio?
Co-dominance
Example: Blood types
• A and B are co-dominant – AB
• O is recessive
Genotypes:
• A -> IAIA and IAi
• B -> IBIB and IBi
*AB -> IAIB
*O -> ii
Co-dominance
Blood transfusions:
• Must receive blood
type you are OR
recessive (__O__)
• O is universal donor
• AB is universal
receptor
Do #1-4 in your notes
Warm Up
1. In what phase of meiosis does
crossing over occur?
2. What is the purpose of crossing over?
3. Identify which are homozygous
recessive, which are heterozygous,
and which are homozygous dominant
FF, Gg, hh, Tt, rr, EE, Vv
Karyotypes
• Karyotype – map of our chromosomes
Normal Human karyotypes have 23 pairs of
chromosomes – 46 total chromosomes
Karyotypes
• Pairs 1-22 “autosomes” code for body
features
• Pair 23 “sex chromosomes” determine
gender
– XX  female
– XY  male
Who decides?
Mom can give X
Dad can give
X or y
X
X
X
XX
XX
y
Xy
Xy
SO Dad
____ determines sex of the baby.
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl
If dad give y with mom’s X = boy
SEX DETERMINATION
XX = female
SEX DETERMINATION
Xy =
male
Karyotypes
• Chromosome disorders – when total
number of chromosomes doesn’t = 46
• Part/whole chromosome is missing or
extra
Karyotypes
• Trisomy – Having 3 chromosomes in a
pair because of a nondisjunction
• Nondisjunction - occurs when sister
chromatids fail to separate during
anaphase
Down syndrome
TRISOMY 21, nondisjunction
____________
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
• 1 in 800 births
• Similar facial features
• Slanted eyes
• Protruding tongue
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
• Most common
chromosomal abnormality
• 50% have heart defects
that need surgery to repair
• Mild to severe mental
retardation
• Increases susceptibility to
many diseases
• Risk of having a child with
Down syndrome increases
with age of mom
Turner syndrome
Turner syndrome
____
XO
1 in 5000 births
Females have only one X chromosome
Small size
Slightly lower IQ ~80-90
35% have heart abnormalities
Hearing loss common
Broad chest
Reproductive organs don’t develop at
puberty
• Can’t have children
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://medgen.genetics.utah.edu/photographs/diseases/high/611.gif
Klinefelter syndrome XXy
Klinefelter syndrome
• 1 in 1000 births
• Males have extra X chromosomes
(Can be XXy, XXXy, or XXXXy)
• Average to slight lower IQ
• Small testes/can’t have children
• Usually not discovered until puberty when
don’t mature like peers
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal
disorders?
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal
disorders?
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal
disorders?
Karyotypes
What is the gender?
Any chromosomal
disorders?
Warm Up
1. A father has type O blood. The mother
is heterozygous for type A blood.
What type of blood is the child?
2. Blue (B) and Yellow (Y) flowers exhibit
incomplete dominance and can
produce a green flower color when
both alleles are present. What cross
would produce a green flower color
every single time (100%)?
Genetic Disorders
2 Types of genetic disorders:
Autosomal (Body)
disorders
Sex-linked (Gamete)
Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Colorblindness
Sickle Cell
Hemophilia
Huntington’s
Disease
Autosomal (Body) Disorders
Genetic Disorders
Cystic Fibrosis
Inheritance pattern:
autosomal recessive
Chromosome 7
Symptoms: thick, sticky
mucus in lungs
•Leads to respiratory and digestive problems
•More common in Caucasians, but affects all
races
•30,000 people in the USA have cystic fibrosis
Genetic Disorders
Sickle cell Anemia
• Inheritance pattern –
autosomal recessive
• Chromosome: 11
• Symptoms - Misshaped
red blood cell
• Relationship to malaria:
carriers of sickle cell are
immune to malaria
Genetic disorders
Huntington’s Disease
• Inheritance pattern – autosomal
dominant
• Chromosome 4
• Symptoms – damage to nerve cells,
loss of body movement control
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
Huntington’s brain
loss
Causes progressive _____
muscle control
of ________________
and
mental
___________function
1 in 10,000 people in U.S.
have Huntington’s disease
Normal brain
http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/bjmbr/v39n8/html/6233i01.htm
A person with
Huntington’s disease
has a _____
50% chance of
passing the disorder on to
their offspring.
Review:
• Huntington’s Disease, Cystic Fibrosis
and Sickle Cell are disorders of your
body cells – it doesn’t matter if you are
male or female
• Now lets talk about disorders that are
sex-linked: the chances of giving the
disorder to your children are different
if the child is a boy or a girl
Sex-linked traits
• Found on X chromosome, always
recessive
• Who can get it?  Everyone
• More likely for males…they only have
one X (if it’s recessive, they have no
chance of hiding it)
Males ONLY HAVE ONE X
DEFECTIVE
They either
have the
disorder
NORMAL
Or
They are
normal
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
DEFECTIVE
Females have
one normal
gene that works.
need 2
Females __________
defective recessive
alleles to show the
disorder
Sex-linked traits
• Females can be carriers
• Genotypes:
– Male XAY - healthy , XaY – sick
– Females: XAXA healthy, XAXa Carrier, XaXa sick
Genetic disorders
Colorblindness
• Inheritance pattern – sex-linked
recessive
• Chromosome X
• Symptoms – trouble distinguishing
between some colors
8% of males; 0.5% of females
Genetic disorders
Hemophilia
• Inheritance pattern – sex-linked
recessive
• Chromosome X
• Symptoms – blood does not clot
How to do a sex-linked problem: Hemophilia is Xlinked recessive (so hh is needed to have hemophilia)
PROBLEM: cross a carrier mom with an afflicted
dad
XH
Xh
XHXh
XHy
Xh
XhXh
XhY
Y
How many girls will have it? Boys? Who are carriers?
Pedigrees
• Family tree that shows the heredity of
a specific trait (usually a disorder)
•
= male
•
= female
Pedigrees
• If the
trait
• If the
the trait
is filled in = someone with the
is empty = someone without
I
1
2
II
III
IV
http://www.beavton.k12.or.us/sunset/academics/genetics.htm
http://www.ikm.jmu.edu/Buttsjl/ISAT493/Hemophilia/hemophiliaeurope.html
Warm Up
Cross a man who is colorblind with a woman
who is a carrier for colorblindness. Answer
the following questions:
1. What percentage of their children will be
colorblind?
2. What percentage of the males are colorblind?
3. What percentage of the females are carriers?
4. What percentage of the children are not
affected and are also not carriers?