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2969
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NC087FJU00238011
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輔仁大學
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英國語文學系
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485206037
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高心怡
生(中)
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Sandy Hsin-Yi Kao
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(中)
論文
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(英)
從巴赫汀理論省思認同問題:《所羅門之歌》中時空性、對話性及民歌之
研究
A Bakhtinean Reading On The Issue Of Identity: The Time-Space Continuum,
Voices And Folk Songs In Toni Morrison's Song Of Solomon
其他
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指導
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(中)
劉雪珍
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(英)
Cecilia< H.C. LIU
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87
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英文
關鍵
巴赫汀 時空性 多音性 民歌 神話 成長小說 認同 非裔美籍文化
字(中)
關鍵 Bakhtin Chronotope Heteroglossia Folk Songs Myth Bildungsroman or novel of
字(英) initiation Identity Afro-American Culture
摘要
(中)
本論文主要探討彤妮．莫莉森的《所羅門之歌》 中主角乳仔
（Milkman）自我認知的問題。透過巴赫汀理論中的時空性，多音性及
社會性討論個人的自我成長。 乳仔一開始對自己的家庭歷史毫無所悉，
但經歷一段心靈之旅，他發現眾人闡述的過去,頻現的民歌．．．皆記錄
著家庭歷史背景。 當他將故事、歌唱、地名．．．拼湊，瞭解到自己存
在的意義並非一眛的尋金夢， 而是尋求祖先遺留的文化精華。 本文分
為三部分。 第一部分以乳仔的成長為主軸，透過時空的交錯，乳仔體驗
到時間不僅停留於現在，而他必須瞭解過去的意義，才可得知未來的去
向。 而當乳仔邁向未來的同時，他的旅程卻也領導他走向過去。 事實
上，乳仔的行徑與當時他的祖先於黑奴解放後尋求美國夢之路徑相反，
北方象徵著美麗之地，然而在獲得財富之際，卻面臨“無根”的危機。
因此，他的旅行帶領他前往祖先在南方所留下的足跡。 第二部分從小說
中的眾聲喧嘩探討乳仔如何由眾人述說過去分辨其可靠性。 每個人的故
事皆為片面之辭，而乳仔須從不同版本中得到完整的過去。 值得注意的
是， 小說中聲音的衝突使乳仔感到困惑，其中以乳仔的父親及姑姑最為
明顯。 前者代表父權及金錢的優越性，亦代表多數人的價值觀--資本主
義的趨勢。 因此可視為向心力--將乳仔推向中心。 然而， 乳仔的姑姑
則帶領他尋求心靈的滿足，相較於金錢的弱勢下，姑姑的聲音代表離心
力--將乳仔拉向邊緣。 在此二聲的衝突中，乳仔終究領悟根的呼喚，放
棄原來所追求的金權，投向祖先的懷抱。 此時乳仔心中原本的離心力衍
變為向心力，使他成為一個有中心思想的人。 第三部分藉由非裔美籍中
的神話及民歌分析歷史與社會對自我認知的影響。在小說中，飛翔的意
象藉神話及民歌反覆出現，象徵黑人文化中對自由的渴望。再者，名字
亦記錄著個人與家族的歷史。 而七日團體 （黑人報復白人對其不平等
待遇之地下組織） 則反映社會中的種族問題。這一切現象再次值得讀者
思考個人與社會，個人與文化的關係。 乳仔在經歷一趟心零之旅領悟民
歌敘述他的家族歷史，名字記錄他的過去，亦體會為何他的祖先透過心
靈的飛翔得到真正的自由與解放。 《所羅門之歌》 雖然為一開放性結
局小說，不可否認此結構提供讀者更多想像空間思考是否乳仔最終學會
飛翔，或者航向死亡。 誠如莫莉森所說: "結局是充滿愛的" （Ruas
111）。 乳仔終究更加瞭解自己，體諒他人，更重要的是--去愛他人。
摘要
(英)
論文
目次
This thesis centers on the issue of identity in Toni Morrison's＿ Song of Solomon
＿ with Bakhtin's concepts of time-space continuum, mutiple voices and cultural
aspects. The goal is to explore the problem of identity through the growth of
Macon Dead III [Milkman], the protagonist, in the novel. As Milkman undergoes
his journey to find his selfhood, he hears different versions of family history,
travels various places, and finally traces back to his past and root. When Milkman
comes to realize the meaning of his family song, he understands who he is and
what he will become. The contentis divided into three parts--the time and space
continuum, the different voices and the folk songs--the function and meaning of
each section make Milkman perceive a more complete vision of his past as well as
himself. Each part plays a significant role in the process of Milkman's
transformation. When he is able to connect the past, places, various stories and the
songs together, Milkman becomes a person with past, present and future. Through
analyzing these elemetns in Song of Solomon, hofefully we will have a better
understanding of the quest of identity and a chace to experience the uniqueness of
Afro-American culture.
Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------1 Chapter I Time
and Space Continuum-------------------------------12 Chapter II Multiple Voices--------------------------------------------30 Chapter III Myth and Folk Songs as
"Collective Memories"--------52 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------73 Works Cited--------------------------------------------------------------
79 Works Conculted--------------------------------------------------------83
Works Cited Baker, Houston A. Jr. “Completely Well: One View of
BlackAmerican Culture.” Long Black Song. Charlottesville:UP of Virginia,
1997. 1-16. Bakerman, Jane. “The Seams Can’t Show: An Interview withToni
Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed.Danille Taylor-Guthrie.
Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 30-42. ---, “Failures of Love: Female
Initiation in the Novels of Toni Morrison.” American Literature 52.4 (1981):
541-63. Bell, Berbard W. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst:
U of Massachusetts P, 1987. Brenkman, John. “Politics and Form in Song of
Solomon.” SocialText39 (1994):57-82. Bruck, Peter. “Returning to One’s
Roots: The Motif of Searching and Flying in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon
(1977).” The Afro-American Novel Since 1960. Ed. Peter Bruck and Wolfgan
Karrer. Amsterdam: B.R.Gruner, 1982. 289-305. Butler-Evans, Elliott. “Politics
of Carnival and Heteroglossia in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon and Ralph
Ellison’s Invisible Man: Dialogic Criticism and African American Literature.”
The Ethnic Canon: Histories, Institution and Interventions. Ed. David PalumboLiu. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P,1995. 117-39. Christian, Barbara.
“Community and Nature: The Novels of Toni Morrison (1980).” Black
Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Pergamon
P, 1986. 47-63. Davis, Cynthia A. “Self, Society, and Myth in ToniMorrison’s
Fiction.” Modern Critical View: Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:
Chelsea House P, 1990. 7-26. Demetrakopoulos, Stephanie A. “The
參考
Interdepedence of Men’s Women's Individuation.” New Dimensions of
文獻
Spirituality: A Biracial and Bicultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison.
New York: Greenwood P, 1987. 85-100. Draper, James P.,ed. “Toni
Morrison.” Black Literature Criticism. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.
1422-45. Farrell, Susan. “‘Who’d He Leave Behind?’: Gender and History
in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Bucknell Review 39.1 (1995):131-50.
Furman, Jan. “Male Consciousness: Song of Solomon.” Toni Morrison's
Fiction. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1996. 34-48. Guth, Deborah. “A
Blessing and a Burden: the Relation to the Past in Sula, Song of Solomon and
Beloved.” Modern Fiction 39.3-4 (1993): 575-96. Hamilton, Virginia. The
People Could Fly: American Black Folktales. New York: Knopf, 1985. Harris, A
Leslie. “Myth as Structure in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” MELUS
7.3 (1980): 69-82. Harris, Trudier. “Song of Solomon.” Fiction and Folklore:
The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991. 85-115.
Holloway, Karla F. C. “The Lyrics of Salvation.” New Dimensions of
Spirituality: A Biracial and Bicultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison.
New York: Greenwood P, 1987. 101-14. Holquist, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin
and his World. New York: Routledge, 1990. Hovet, Grace Ann and Barbara
Lounsberry. “Flying as Symbol and Legend in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest
Eye, Sula, and Song of Solomon.” CLA 27.1 (1983): 119-40. Jones, Bessie W.
and Audrey Vinson. “An Interview with Toni Morrison.” Conversations with
Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994.
171-87. LeClair, Thomas. “The Language Must Not Sweat: A Conversation with
Toni Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie.
Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 119-128.Lee, Dorothy H. “Song of Solomon:
To Ride the Air.” Black American Literature Forum 16.2 (1982): 64-70.
Koenen, Ann. “The One out of Sequence.” Conversations with Toni Morrison.
Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 67-83. McKay,
Neille. “An Interview with Toni Morrison." Conversations with Toni Morrison.
Ed. Danille Taylor- Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 138-55. Martin,
Jacky. “The Character and Its Double.” A World of Difference: An
Intercultural Study of Toni Morrison’s Novels. Westport: Greenwood P, 1994.
37-60. Martin, William. “Linear and Non-linear Concepts of Time in Toni
Morrison's Song of Solomon.” Notes on Contemporary Literature 26.3 (1996):
9-11. Middleton, Joyce Irene. “From Orality to Literacy: Oral Memory in Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” New Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Valerie
Smith. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995. 19-40. Mobley, Marilyn Sanders.
“Myth as Usable Past: Affirmation of Communityand Self in Song of
Solomon.” Folk Roots and Mythic Wings in Sarah Orne Jewett and Toni
Morrison: The Cultural Function of Narrative. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP,
1991. 91-133. ---. “Call and Response: Voice, Community, and Dialogic
Structures in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” New Essays on Song of
Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. New York: Cambridge, 1995. Morris, Pam, ed. The
Bakhtin Reader: Selected Writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev, Voloshinov. New
York: Arnold, 1994. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Knopf, 1987.
---. “Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation.” Black Women Writers(19501980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Doubledays, 1988. 33969. O’Shaughnessy, Kathleen. “‘Life, life life life’: The Community as
Chorus in Song of Solomon.” Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y.
MaKay. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1988. 125-34. Otten, Terry. “Song of Solomon.”
The Crime of Innocence in the Fiction of Toni Morrison. Columbia: UP of
Missouri, 1991. 45-62. Page, Philip. “Putting It All Together: Attempted
Unification in Song of Solomon.” Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and
Fragmentation in Toni Morrison’s Novels. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1995.
84-107. Ruas, Charles. “Toni Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison.
Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 93-118. Ruberstein,
Roberta. “Pariahs and Community.” Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past
and Present. Ed Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad,
1993. 126-58. Sameuls, Wilfred D, and Clenora Hudson-Weems. “Liminality
and the Search for Self in Song of Solomon.” Toni Morrison. Boston: Twayne P,
1990. 53-78. Smith, Valerie. “Song of Solomon: Continuity of Community.”
Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates and
K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993. 274-83. ---, “Toni Morrison’s
Narratives of Community.” Self Discovery and Authority in Afro-American
Narrative. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1987. 122-53. Spallino, Chiara. “Song of
Solomon: An Adventure in Structure.” Callaloo 8.3 (1985): 510-24. Story,
Ralph. “An Excursion into the Black World: ‘The Seven Days’ in Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Black American Literature Forum 23.1 (1989):
149-58. Thomas, Jackie. “The Symbolic Black Male Ancestor in Song of
Solomon.” Literary Griot 5.1 (1993): 51-7. Traore, Ousseynou. “Creative
African Memory: Some Oral Sources of Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.”
Of Dreams Deferred, Dead of Alive. Ed. Femi Ojo-Ade. Westport: Greenwood P,
1996. 129-41. Watkins, Mel. “Talk with Toni Morrison.” Conversations with
Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 437. Willis, Susan. “Eruptions of Funk: Historicizing Toni Morrison.” Black
Literature and Literary Theory. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Methuen,
1984. 263-83. Works Cited Baker, Houston A. Jr. “Completely Well: One View
of Black American Culture.” Long Black Song. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia,
1997. 1-16. Bakerman, Jane. “The Seams Can’t Show: An Interview with Toni
Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie.
Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 30-42. ---, “Failures of Love: Female
Initiation in the Novels of Toni Morrison.” American Literature 52.4 (1981):
541-63. Bell, Berbard W. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst:
U of Massachusetts P, 1987. Brenkman, John. “Politics and Form in Song of
Solomon.” SocialText39 (1994): 57-82. Bruck, Peter. “Returning to One’s
Roots: The Motif of Searching and Flying in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon
(1977).” The Afro-American Novel Since 1960. Ed. Peter Bruck and Wolfgan
Karrer. Amsterdam: B.R.Gruner, 1982. 289-305. Butler-Evans, Elliott. “Politics
of Carnival and Heteroglossia in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon and Ralph
Ellison’s Invisible Man: Dialogic Criticism and African American Literature.”
The Ethnic Canon: Histories, Institution and Interventions. Ed. David PalumboLiu. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1995. 117-39. Christian, Barbara.
“Community and Nature: The Novels of Toni Morrison (1980).” Black
Feminist Criticism: Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York: Pergamon
P, 1986. 47-63. Davis, Cynthia A. “Self, Society, and Myth in Toni Morrison’s
Fiction.” Modern Critical View: Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:
Chelsea House P, 1990. 7-26. Demetrakopoulos, Stephanie A. “The
Interdepedence of Men’s Women’s Individuation.” New Dimensions of
Spirituality: A Biracial and Bicultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison.
New York: Greenwood P, 1987. 85-100. Draper, James P.,ed. “Toni
Morrison.” Black Literature Criticism. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.
1422-45. Farrell, Susan. “‘Who’d He Leave Behind?’: Gender and History
in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Bucknell Review 39.1 (1995):131-50.
Furman, Jan. “Male Consciousness: Song of Solomon.” Toni Morrison’s
Fiction. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1996. 34-48. Guth, Deborah. “A
Blessing and a Burden: the Relation to the Past in Sula, Song of Solomon and
Beloved.” Modern Fiction 39.3-4 (1993): 575-96. Hamilton, Virginia. The
People Could Fly: American Black Folktales. New York: Knopf, 1985. Harris, A
Leslie. “Myth as Structure in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” MELUS
7.3 (1980): 69-82. Harris, Trudier. “Song of Solomon.” Fiction and Folklore:
The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991. 85-115.
Holloway, Karla F. C. “The Lyrics of Salvation.” New Dimensions of
Spirituality: A Biracial and Bicultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison.
New York: Greenwood P, 1987. 101-14. Holquist, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin
and his World. New York: Routledge, 1990. Hovet, Grace Ann and Barbara
Lounsberry. “Flying as Symbol and Legend in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest
Eye, Sula, and Song of Solomon.” CLA 27.1 (1983): 119-40. Jones, Bessie W.
and Audrey Vinson. “An Interview with Toni Morrison.” Conversations with
Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994.
171-87. LeClair, Thomas. “The Language Must Not Sweat: A Conversation with
Toni Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie.
Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 119-128. Lee, Dorothy H. “Song of Solomon:
To Ride the Air.” Black American Literature Forum 16.2 (1982): 64-70.
Koenen, Ann. “The One out of Sequence.” Conversations with Toni Morrison.
Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 67-83. McKay,
Neille. “An Interview with Toni Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison.
Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 138-55. Martin,
Jacky. “The Character and Its Double.” A World of Difference: An
Intercultural Study of Toni Morrison’s Novels. Westport: Greenwood P, 1994.
37-60. Martin, William. “Linear and Non-linear Concepts of Time in Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Notes on Contemporary Literature 26.3 (1996):
9-11. Middleton, Joyce Irene. “From Orality to Literacy: Oral Memory in Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” New Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Valerie
Smith. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995. 19-40. Mobley, Marilyn Sanders.
“Myth as Usable Past: Affirmation of Community and Self in Song of
Solomon.” Folk Roots and Mythic Wings in Sarah Orne Jewett and Toni
Morrison: The Cultural Function of Narrative. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP,
1991. 91-133. ---. “Call and Response: Voice, Community, and Dialogic
Structures in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” New Essays on Song of
Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. New York: Cambridge, 1995. Morris, Pam, ed. The
Bakhtin Reader: Selected Writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev, Voloshinov. New
York: Arnold, 1994. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Knopf, 1987.
---. “Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation.” Black Women Writers (19501980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Doubledays, 1988. 33969. O’Shaughnessy, Kathleen. “‘Life, life life life’: The Community as
Chorus in Song of Solomon.” Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y.
MaKay. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1988. 125-34. Otten, Terry. “Song of Solomon.”
The Crime of Innocence in the Fiction of Toni Morrison. Columbia: UP of
Missouri, 1991. 45-62. Page, Philip. “Putting It All Together: Attempted
Unification in Song of Solomon.” Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and
Fragmentation in Toni Morrison’s Novels. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1995.
84-107. Ruas, Charles. “Toni Morrison.” Conversations with Toni Morrison.
Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 93-118. Ruberstein,
Roberta. “Pariahs and Community.” Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past
and Present. Ed Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad,
1993. 126-58. Sameuls, Wilfred D, and Clenora Hudson-Weems. “Liminality
and the Search for Self in Song of Solomon.” Toni Morrison. Boston: Twayne P,
1990. 53-78. Smith, Valerie. “Song of Solomon: Continuity of Community.”
Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Ed. Henry Louis Gates and
K.A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993. 274-83. ---, “Toni Morrison’s
Narratives of Community.” Self Discovery and Authority in Afro-American
Narrative. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1987. 122-53. Spallino, Chiara. “Song of
Solomon: An Adventure in Structure.” Callaloo 8.3 (1985): 510-24. Story,
Ralph. “An Excursion into the Black World: ‘The Seven Days’ in Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Black American Literature Forum 23.1 (1989):
149-58. Thomas, Jackie. “The Symbolic Black Male Ancestor in Song of
Solomon.” Literary Griot 5.1 (1993): 51-7. Traore, Ousseynou. “Creative
African Memory: Some Oral Sources of Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.”
Of Dreams Deferred, Dead of Alive. Ed. Femi Ojo-Ade. Westport: Greenwood P,
1996. 129-41. Watkins, Mel. “Talk with Toni Morrison.” Conversations with
Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 1994. 437. Willis, Susan. “Eruptions of Funk: Historicizing Toni Morrison.” Black
Literature and Literary Theory. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Methuen,
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Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y McKay. Boston: G.K.Hall, 1988. 105-13. Harding, Wendy
and Jacky Martin. “The Character and Its Double” A World of Difference: An
Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison’s Novels. Westport: Greenwood P, 1994.
37-60. Heinze, Denise.“ Distant Mothers.” The Dilemma of DoubleConsciousness : Toni Morrison’s Novels. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1993. 82169. Heyman, Richard. “Universalizaion and Its Discontents: Morrison’s Song
of Solomon－A (W)hol(e)y Black Text.” African American Review 29.3(1995):
381-92. Hirsch, Marianne. “Knowing Their Names: Toni Morrison’s Song of
Solomon.” New Essays on Song of Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. New York:
Cambridge UP, 1995. 69-92. Holloway, Karla F. C. “The Lyrical Dimensions of
Spirituality: Music, Voice and Language in the Novels of Toni Morrison.”
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Bessie W. “Vacant Places: Setting in the Novels of Toni Morrison.” The
World of Toni Morrison: Exploration in Literary Criticism. Dubuque:
Kendall/Hunt, 1985. 37-46. Jones, Gayl. “Motives of Folktale: Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Liberating Voices: Oral Tradition in African
American Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991. 170-77. Krumholz, Linda.
“Dead Teachers: Rituals of Manhood and Rituals of Reading Song of
Solomon.” Modern Fiction 39.3-4 (1993): 551-73. ---. “The Quest for Self:
Triumph and Failure in the Works of Toni Morrison.” Black Women Writer
(1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Doubleday,
1984. 346-60. Marshall, Brenda. “The Gospel According to Pilate.” American
Literature 57.3(1985): 486-89. Matus, Jill. Toni Morrison: Contemporary World
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Morrison’s Developing Class Consciousness. Selingsgrove: Susquehanna UP,
1991. 50-66. Mason, Theodore O. Jr. “The Novelist as Conservator: Stories and
Comprehension in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Modern Critical View:
Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House P, 1990. 171-88.
Morsrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Penguin, 1987. ---. Paradise. New York:
Knopf, 1997. ---. Sula. London: Pan Book, 1991. ---. The Bluest Eye. New York:
Penguin,1994. --. “Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro-American Presence
in American Literature.” Criticism and the Color Line: Desegregating American
Literary Studies. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996. 16-29 Peach, Linden.
“Song of Solomon.” Modern Novelists: Toni Morrison. New York: St.
Martin’s P, 1995. 55-74. Pinsker, Sanford. “Magic Realism, Historical Truth,
and the Quest for a Liberating Identity: Reflections on Alex Haley’s Roots and
Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Studies in Black American Literature:
Black American Prose Theory. Ed. Joe Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot. Vol
1. Greenwood: Penkevill, 1984. 183-97. Rigney, Barbara Hill. “Hagar’s
Mirror: Self and Identity.” The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: Ohio State
UP, 1991. 35-60. Smith, Valerie, ed. New Essays on Song of Solomon. New
York: Cambridge UP, 1995. Stryz, Jan. “Inscribing An Origin in Song of
Solomon.” Studies in American Fiction 19.1 (1991): 13-40. Wagner, Linda W.
“Toni Morrison: Mastery of Narrative.” Contemporary American Women
Writers: Narrative Strategies. Ed. Catherine Rainwater and William J. Scheick.
Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1985. 191-207. Weever, de Jacqueline.
“Mythmaking: Intertextuality, Inversion, and Metaphor.” Mythmaking and
Metaphor in Black Women’s Fiction. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1991. 21-59.
Wegs, Joyce M. “Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon: A Blues Song.” Essays
in Literature 9.2 (1982):211-23. Wilentz, Gay. “Civilizations Underneath:
African Heritage as Cultural Discourse in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.”
African American Review 26.1 (1992): 61-76. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991.
136-61. Blake, Susan L. “Folklore and Community in Song of Solomon.”
MELUS 7.3 (1980): 77-82. Branch, Eleanor. “Through the Maze of the Oedipal:
Milkman’s Search for Self in Song of Solomon.” Literature and Psychology
41.1-2 (1995): 52-84. Brenner, Gerry. “Song of Solomon: Rejecting Rank’s
Monomyth and Feminism.” Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y.
Mckay.Boston: G.K. Hall, 1988. 114-24. Byerman, Keith E. “Beyond Realism:
The Fictions of Toni Morrison.”Modern Critical View: Toni Morrison. Ed.
Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House P, 1990. 55-74. Coser, Stelamaries.
“The Redefinition of American Geography and History: Toni Morrison’s Song
of Solomon and Tar Baby.” Bridging the Americas: The Literature of Paule
Marshall, Toni Morrison, and Gayle Jones. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1995. 1-26.
Dixon, Melvin. “Like an Eagle in the Air: Toni Morrison.” Modern Critical
View: Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House P, 1990.
115-42. Evans, James H. “The Recovery of Sacred Myth: Toni Morrison’s
Song of Solomon.” Spiritual Empowerment in Afro-American Literature. New
York: Edwin Mellen P, 1986. 131-60. Fabre, Genevieve. “Genealogical
Archaeology of the Quest for Legacy in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.”
Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y McKay. Boston: G.K.Hall, 1988.
105-13. Harding, Wendy and Jacky Martin. “The Character and Its Double” A
World of Difference: An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison’s Novels.
Westport: Greenwood P, 1994. 37-60. Heinze, Denise.“ Distant Mothers.” The
Dilemma of Double-Consciousness : Toni Morrison’s Novels. Athens: U of
Georgia P, 1993. 82-169. Heyman, Richard. “Universalizaion and Its
Discontents: Morrison’s Song of Solomon－A (W)hol(e)y Black Text.”
African American Review 29.3(1995): 381-92. Hirsch, Marianne. “Knowing
Their Names: Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” New Essays on Song of
Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995. 69-92. Holloway,
Karla F. C. “The Lyrical Dimensions of Spirituality: Music, Voice and
Language in the Novels of Toni Morrison.” Embodied Voices: Representing
Female Vocality in Western Culture. Ed. Leslie C. Dunn and Nancy A Jones.
New York: Cambridge UP, 1994. 197-211. Jones, Bessie W. “Vacant Places:
Setting in the Novels of Toni Morrison.” The World of Toni Morrison:
Exploration in Literary Criticism. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 1985. 37-46. Jones,
Gayl. “Motives of Folktale: Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Liberating
Voices: Oral Tradition in African American Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP,
1991. 170-77. Krumholz, Linda. “Dead Teachers: Rituals of Manhood and
Rituals of Reading Song of Solomon.” Modern Fiction 39.3-4 (1993): 551-73. --. “The Quest for Self: Triumph and Failure in the Works of Toni Morrison.”
Black Women Writer (1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New
York: Doubleday, 1984. 346-60. Marshall, Brenda. “The Gospel According to
Pilate.” American Literature 57.3(1985): 486-89. Matus, Jill. Toni Morrison:
Contemporary World Writers. New York: Manchester UP, 1998. Mbalia,
Doreatha Drummond. “Song of Solomon: The Struggle for Race and Class
Consciousness.” Toni Morrison’s Developing Class Consciousness.
Selingsgrove: Susquehanna UP, 1991. 50-66. Mason, Theodore O. Jr. “The
Novelist as Conservator: Stories and Comprehension in Toni Morrison’s Song
of Solomon.” Modern Critical View: Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New
York: Chelsea House P, 1990. 171-88. Morsrison, Toni. Beloved. New York:
Penguin, 1987. ---. Paradise. New York: Knopf, 1997. ---. Sula. London: Pan
Book, 1991. ---. The Bluest Eye. New York: Penguin,1994. --. “Unspeakable
Things Unspoken: The Afro-American Presence in American Literature.”
Criticism and the Color Line: Desegregating American Literary Studies. New
Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996. 16-29 Peach, Linden. “Song of Solomon.”
Modern Novelists: Toni Morrison. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1995. 55-74.
Pinsker, Sanford. “Magic Realism, Historical Truth, and the Quest for a
Liberating Identity: Reflections on Alex Haley’s Roots and Toni Morrison’s
Song of Solomon.” Studies in Black American Literature: Black American Prose
Theory. Ed. Joe Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot. Vol 1. Greenwood:
Penkevill, 1984. 183-97. Rigney, Barbara Hill. “Hagar’s Mirror: Self and
Identity.” The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1991. 35-60.
Smith, Valerie, ed. New Essays on Song of Solomon. New York: Cambridge UP,
1995. Stryz, Jan. “Inscribing An Origin in Song of Solomon.” Studies in
American Fiction 19.1 (1991): 13-40. Wagner, Linda W. “Toni Morrison:
Mastery of Narrative.” Contemporary American Women Writers: Narrative
Strategies. Ed. Catherine Rainwater and William J. Scheick. Lexington: UP of
Kentucky, 1985. 191-207. Weever, de Jacqueline. “Mythmaking: Intertextuality,
Inversion, and Metaphor.” Mythmaking and Metaphor in Black Women’s
Fiction. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1991. 21-59. Wegs, Joyce M. “Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon: A Blues Song.” Essays in Literature 9.2
(1982):211-23. Wilentz, Gay. “Civilizations Underneath: African Heritage as
Cultural Discourse in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” African American
Review 26.1 (1992): 61-76. Works Consulted Ashe, Bertram D. “‘Why don’
he like my hair?’:Constructing African-American Standards of Beauty in Toni
Morrison's Song of Solomon and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes were
watching God.” African American Review 29.4 (1995): 579-92. Baker, Houston
A. Jr. “On Knowing Our Place.” Workings of the Spirit: The Poetics of AfroAmerican Women's Writing. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991. 136-61. Blake,
Susan L. “Folklore and Community in Song of Solomon.” MELUS 7.3 (1980):
77-82. Branch, Eleanor. “Through the Maze of the Oedipal: Milkman’s Search
for Self in Song of Solomon.” Literature and Psychology 41.1-2 (1995): 52-84.
Brenner, Gerry. “Song of Solomon: Rejecting Rank’s Monomyth and
Feminism.” Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed. Nellie Y. Mckay.Boston:
G.K. Hall, 1988. 114-24. Byerman, Keith E. “Beyond Realism: The Fictions of
Toni Morrison.”Modern Critical View: Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New
York: Chelsea House P, 1990. 55-74. Coser, Stelamaries. “The Redefinition of
American Geography and History: Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon and Tar
Baby.” Bridging the Americas: The Literature of Paule Marshall, Toni Morrison,
and Gayle Jones. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1995. 1-26. Dixon, Melvin. “Like an
Eagle in the Air: Toni Morrison.” Modern Critical View: Toni Morrison. Ed.
Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House P, 1990. 115-42. Evans, James H.
“The Recovery of Sacred Myth: ToniMorrison's Song of Solomon.” Spiritual
Empowerment in Afro-American Literature. New York: Edwin Mellen P, 1986.
131-60. Fabre, Genevieve. “Genealogical Archaeology of the Quest for Legacy
in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Ed.
Nellie Y McKay. Boston: G.K.Hall, 1988. 105-13. Harding, Wendy and Jacky
Martin. “The Character and Its Double” A World of Difference: An Intercultural Study of Toni Morrison’s Novels. Westport: Greenwood P, 1994. 3760. Heinze, Denise.“ Distant Mothers.” The Dilemma of DoubleConsciousness : Toni Morrison’s Novels. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1993. 82169. Heyman, Richard. “Universalizaion and Its Discontents: Morrison’s Song
of Solomon－A (W)hol(e)y Black Text.” African American Review 29.3(1995):
381-92. Hirsch, Marianne. “Knowing Their Names: Toni Morrison’s Song of
Solomon.” New Essays on Song of Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. New York:
Cambridge UP, 1995. 69-92. Holloway, Karla F. C. “The Lyrical Dimensions of
Spirituality: Music, Voice and Language in the Novels of Toni Morrison.”
Embodied Voices: Representing Female Vocality in Western Culture. Ed. Leslie
C. Dunn and Nancy A Jones. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994. 197-211. Jones,
Bessie W. “Vacant Places: Setting in the Novels of Toni Morrison.” The
World of Toni Morrison: Exploration in Literary Criticism. Dubuque:
Kendall/Hunt, 1985. 37-46. Jones, Gayl. “Motives of Folktale: Toni
Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Liberating Voices: Oral Tradition in African
American Literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991. 170-77. Krumholz, Linda.
“Dead Teachers: Rituals of Manhood and Rituals of Reading Song of
Solomon.” Modern Fiction 39.3-4 (1993): 551-73. ---. “The Quest for Self:
Triumph and Failure in the Works of Toni Morrison.”Black Women Writer
(1950-1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Doubleday,
1984. 346-60. Marshall, Brenda. “The Gospel According to Pilate.” American
Literature 57.3(1985): 486-89. Matus, Jill. Toni Morrison: Contemporary World
Writers. New York: Manchester UP, 1998. Mbalia, Doreatha Drummond. “Song
of Solomon: The Struggle for Race and Class Consciousness.” Toni
Morrison’s Developing Class Consciousness. Selingsgrove: Susquehanna UP,
1991. 50-66. Mason, Theodore O. Jr. “The Novelist as Conservator: Stories and
Comprehension in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Modern Critical View:
Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House P, 1990. 171-88.
Morsrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Penguin, 1987. ---. Paradise. New York:
Knopf, 1997. ---. Sula. London: Pan Book, 1991. ---. The Bluest Eye. New York:
Penguin,1994. --. “Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro-American Presence
in American Literature.” Criticism and the Color Line: Desegregating American
Literary Studies. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1996. 16-29 Peach, Linden.
“Song of Solomon.” Modern Novelists: Toni Morrison. New York: St.
Martin’s P, 1995. 55-74. Pinsker, Sanford. “Magic Realism, Historical Truth,
and the Quest for a Liberating Identity: Reflections on Alex Haley’s Roots and
Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” Studies in Black American Literature:
Black American Prose Theory. Ed. Joe Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot. Vol1.
Greenwood: Penkevill, 1984. 183-97. Rigney, Barbara Hill. “Hagar’s Mirror:
Self and Identity.” The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: Ohio State UP,
1991. 35-60. Smith, Valerie, ed. New Essays on Song of Solomon. New York:
Cambridge UP, 1995. Stryz, Jan. “Inscribing An Origin in Song of Solomon.”
Studies in American Fiction 19.1 (1991): 13-40. Wagner, Linda W. “Toni
Morrison: Mastery of Narrative.” Contemporary American Women Writers:
Narrative Strategies. Ed. Catherine Rainwater and William J. Scheick. Lexington:
UP of Kentucky, 1985. 191-207. Weever, de Jacqueline. “Mythmaking:
Intertextuality, Inversion, and Metaphor.” Mythmaking and Metaphor in Black
Women’s Fiction. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1991. 21-59. Wegs, Joyce M.
“Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon: A Blues Song.” Essays in Literature 9.2
(1982):211-23. Wilentz, Gay. “Civilizations Underneath: African Heritage as
Cultural Discourse in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.” African American
Review 26.1 (1992): 61-76.
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