Chapter 9: Reformation & Late
Renaissance

Protestantism
• Martin Luther
– He protest ed against the Catholic Church demanding that they reform(ation) their ways.
• Problem
– Simony : Ministers buying their positions and being unqualified.
– Indulgences :
Purchasing the removal of sin.

Protestantism
• Martin Luther
– He published the 95
Theses pointing out changes that needed to be made in the church.
• God and the Bible were the ultimate authority, not the pope.
• Bible should be written in the vernacular .

Protestantism
• Calvinism
– It was created by John
Calvin .
– It proposed predestination , the belief that God already knew those who were saved at birth.

Expansion
• The Americas
– Discovered by
Christopher Columbus .
– Financed by King
Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella of Spain .

Expansion
• The Americas
– Conquistadores
(Spanish for conquerors)
• Hernan Cortes brought in a horde of wealth
(gold) from the Aztecs.
• Francisco Pizarro brought in tons of silver from the Incans.
Cortes
Pizarro

Expansion
• The Americas
– Conquistadores (Spanish for conquerors)
• European disease was what destroyed the Native
American population.

Expansion
• The Renaissance
Moves North
– Northern painters preferred to paint in oil .
– Jan van Eyck was a master of realism.
Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini

Expansion
• The Renaissance Moves North
– Albrecht Durer was the first humanist painter in the North and is known for his woodcuts and engravings .
Adoration of the Magi

Expansion
• The Renaissance Moves North
– Pieter Bruegel was the North’s first post-
Reformation painter.
Peasants

Expansion
• The Renaissance Moves
North
– In Praise of Folly
• It was written by Desiderius
Erasmus , a northern humanist thinker.
• The work was an expose on the vanity and corruption of
Renaissance society.
• It was regarded as the age’s greatest satire .

Expansion
• The Renaissance Moves
North
– Utopia
• A book written by Thomas
More .
• It described a mythical, perfect society .

Expansion
• The Renaissance Moves North
– Michel de Montaigne developed the essay .

The Elizabethan Age
• Anglican Church
– King Henry VIII of England, unable to divorce Catherine of Aragon (the pope refused to grant one), created his own church .
– Henry appointed himself as the head of the church and granted himself a divorce .

The Elizabethan Age
• Queen Elizabeth I of
England
– She came to power after the death of her brother and sister.
– She solidified the power of the Anglican Church .
– She defended England against the invasion of the Spanish Armada .

The Elizabethan Age
• William Shakespeare
– He is regarded as one of the greatest writers of all time.
– He popularized blank verse , a five-stressed poetic line, also known as iambic pentameter .

The Elizabethan Age
• William Shakespeare
– His plays popularized theatre and led to the creation of the Globe Theatre .

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Counter-Reformation
– The creation of the Protestant Church caused the
Catholics to purge many of Luther’s earlier complaints.
– The ruling was known as the Council of Trent .

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Counter-Reformation
– The Jesuits (The Society of
Jesus)
• It was an order created by
Ignatius of Loyola .
• They acted as a type of internal affairs organization within the Catholic Church.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Theatre & Music
– Teatro Olimpico
• This was a small scaled version of an ancient Roman theater.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Theatre & Music
– Teatro Olimpico
• With the knowledge of the Camerata (a group of
Florentines who loved the ancient works) and its combination with music would lead to opera .

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Theatre & Music
– Giovanni Gabrieli developed the concept of stereophonic dialog by using two brass choirs at the same time.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Mannerism
– It was developed by the master of color, Titian .
– It is defined as using exaggeration, distortion, and expressiveness in an elegant and inventive play on
Renaissance conventions.

The Late Renaissance in Italy & Spain
• Baroque
– This style was developed by Domeniko
Theotocopoulos, El
Greco .
– This style is defined as having a synthesis of mannerism and the style associated with the late
Renaissance.