Conflict resolution in
the Balkans
State of negotiations
before the war
Conflict resolution
Věra Stojarová
Main features of Slovenia and the
Western/Eastern Balkan states
What is Balkan?
Western
Balkan,
southern,
eastern??
Dates: (395,
1054, end of
14, century,
1453)
Dissolution of
yugoslavia into
what??
Nations, ethnics,
religions,
language,
script, lliteracy,
life standard
Conflicts in the Balkans
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1989 Kosovo withdrawal authonomy
1991 Slovenia, Croatia and BiH declared
independence, JNA
1991-95 war in Croatia and BiH
1997 rebellion in Albania
1999 Kosovo
2000 Preševo medvedja bujanovac
2001 Macedonia – Ohrid agreement
2003 FRY changed into Serbia and Montenegro
2006 independence of Montenegro
2008 independence of Kosovo
1980´s
Liberalisation
of slovenia and croatia
Kosovo – withdrawal of authonomy, own state
institutions, referenda, independence, state of
emergency, LDK, ibrahim rugova, 28.6.1989
demonstration at gazimestan, new constitution,
albanian language unofficial, emergence of other
political parties, alb elections
Nationalism – martinovic case, paracinovo,
poisoning of albanian children, st. Sava, ustasha,
chetnicks
1990s
Conference
in Hague - October 1991 kosovo
was not mentioned at all
Badinter commission
25.6.1991 declaration of independence for
slovenia and croatia
10 days war in slovenia – occupation of the
border posts
1991-1995 war in croatia, civil war vs. war of two
states
EC
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EC will not recognize independence
of slovenia and croatia unless all
political means of conflict resolution
are used
Countries trying
for
maintainence of
yugoslavia
GB
Spain
France
Germany and recognition
• German unification
• Germany supporting Croatia (ustashas
independent state)
• Economic crisis in germany vs
profilation in the international arena
• Breaking the national minorities right
• Fear of dominating the continent
• Regaining the lost identity
• re-evaluation of german demilitarisation,
foreign missions
USA and recognition
• Fast recognition of BiH.
• Isolation of FRY and recognition of
slovenia, croatia, bih and macedonia
• For recognition of croatia they gained
croatian recognition of bih (no partition of
bih between croatia and serbia
EU – badinter commission
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Slovenia and macedonia ok
Croatia – status of national minorities
BiH – referendum
EU
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EU did not respect recomendation of
badinter comision and recognized slovenia
croatia and bih at the beginning of 1992
Recognition of dead states
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27.6- 4.7. 1991 conflict in slovenia
Croatian-Serbian war in Croatia till 1995
Croatian-Serbian-Bosniak war in BiH till 1995
Discussion
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Could EU hinder the conflicts in yugoslavia?
Was it right to insist on integrity of yugoslavia and then with the outburst of
the conflict recognize the already dead states?
Is CFSP united?
Who should intervene into the solution of the european conflicts - EU,
OSN, USA, OSCE?
What are the reasons of dissolution of yugoslavia?
Is it possible to build multiethnic state? On what basis?
Are nation states a solution? Should nation states copy the ethnic borders?
Historical borders?
Would the solution be the division of the balkan between greater croatia,
greater serbia, greater macedonia, greater bulgaria,
Is it right to recognize state where the civil war takes place?
Is it right to recognize state where the rights of national minorities are
violated?
Would it not be better to suport the serbian effort to protect the territorial
integrity of yugoslavia by armed force?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK6Hvtifkrw jasenovac i gradiška stara
thompson
Conflict resolution in
the Balkans
State of negotiations
during the war in
Croatia and BiH
Conflict resolution
Věra Stojarová
War in croatia
- serbian iredentism
– official language in croatia – only croatian
December 1990 serbian autonomous province
krajina
february 1991 decision of secession from croatia
and staying in fry
december 1991 Republika Srbska Krajina
Since Spring 1991 armed clashes
1989
War in croatia – patriotic war vs. ethnic
cleansing
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Oficial croatian army :
Croatian army
Paramilitary groups : HOSovci
croatian defence forces, armed
wing of _HSP) fiercy stallions
etc..
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Oficial serbian army: Army of
yugoslavia, army of serbia and
monte negro, officialy had to
withdraw but left the armament
Paramilitary groups Serbian
volunteer guard, Tigers, serbian
chetnic movement of vojislav
šešejl, white eagles of mirko
jovič etc..
War in croatia
- serbian iredentism
Croatian
serbian war 1991-1995
dayton peace agreement
Territory fully under the croatian
control in 1998
 Serbian minority drop – from 12 % to
5%
Ethnic composition of
BiH
44 % Bosniaks (Muslims)
31 % Serbs
17 % Croats
Internal actor
External actor
Paramiliary
formations
Serbs
Croats
Bosniaks I.
Bosniak II.
Political party
Serbian democratic
party (SDS BiH)
Croatian democratic
community (HDZ BiH)
Party of democratic
action (SDA)
Persona
Radovan Karadžić
Davor Perinović,
Stjepan Kljuić, Mate
Boban
Alija Izetbegović
Fikret Abdić
Armed formation
Army of Republika
srpska
Croatian council of
defence (HVO)
Army of Republic BaH
Army of Fikret Abdić
State
9.1.1992 Republika
srpska BaH, 12.8.
renamed Republika
srpska, Pale
3.7.1992 Croatian
community Herzeg
Bosna, 24.8.1993
Croatian republic
Herzeg Bosna, Grude
Bosnia and
Herzegovina (BiH,
Sarajevo)
Athonomous region
Western Bosnia,
renamed Republic of
Western Bosnia,
Velka Kladuša
Political party
Socialistic party of
Serbia (SPS)
Croatian democratic
community (HDZ)
Support of islamic
countries
Cooperation with
Croats as well as
Serbs
Persona
Slobodan Milošević
Franjo Tudjman
Armed formation
Yugoslav Peples
Army (JNA),
Yugoslavian army
Croatian army (HV)
State
Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia (FRY),
Belgrade
Croatia. Zagreb
Support of islamic
countries (Iran, Saudi
Arabia, Libye)
Serbian volunteer
guard (Tigers) –
Arkan; ChetniksŠešelj; White EaglesJović
Croatian defence
forces (HOS)
El-Mudžahid
Green Berets
I. Phase of
the war (6.
4. 1992
beginning
1993)
Serbs x
Bosniaks +
Croats
II. Phase of
the war
(1993 March 1994)
III. Phase of
the war
(March 1994
-1995)
IV. Local
episode (29.
9. 1993 - 7.
8. 1995)
Serbs x
Bosniaks
Serbs x
Bosniaks +
Croats
Bosniaks x
Bosniaks
(Army of the
Republic
BaH x Army
of Fikret
Abdić)
Serbs x
Croats
Bosniaks x
Croats
Dayton Peace
Agreement
Negotiated in Dayton, signed in Paris 14th
December 1995, signed by Milošević, Tudjman and
Izetbegović, The Constitution of BiH was included in
Annex IV. Of the Dayton Peace Agreement
BiH – composed of 2
Entities
the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (51 %) and the
Republic of Srpska (49 %). All
citizens of either Entity are thereby
citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
ANNEX 7
Agreement on Refugees and Displaced
Persons
All
refugees and displaced persons
have the right freely to return to their
homes of origin.
They shall have the right to have
restored to them property
Annex 10. Article V. Dayton Peace
Agreement. : Final Authority to Interpret
The High Representative is the final authority in theater regarding
interpretation of this Agreement on the civilian implementation of the
peace settlement.
Valentin
Inzko since 2009
Miroslav Lajčák July 2007 -2009
Christian Schwarz-Schilling 31 January 2006 – July 2007
Paddy Ashdown 27 May 2002 - 31 January 2006
Wolfgang Petritsch August 1999 - 27 May 2002
 Carlos Westendorp June 1997 - July 1999
 Carl Bildt December 1995 - June 1997
•Conflicts between the
International Community and
the local leaders have been quite
frequent
All elections in BiH were
dominated by the parties, which
were at the break of the war
Serbia
Republic of Srpska
Serbia Monte Negro
Serbia: the plain tricolour as the national flag, the tricolour with
coat of arms as the state flag
Sarajevo Agreement signed 27th of
May 2002: unprecedently modified
the Dayton Peace Agreement:
The Article 4: The national representation
in all the institutions must reflect the
proportion of the population according to
the census from 1991.
This article is unrealistic and is ignored
by all sides.
Political system in BiH according to the Sarajevo agreement,
which modified the Dayton Peace agreement:
FBiH:
BiH:
Presidency: each entity shall have 1
representative, 4 years.
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Government: Council of ministers appointed by
the Presidency. Powers: foreign policy, foreign
trade, tawes, monetary politics, financing of the
institutions of BiH, foreign obligations,
immigration, refugees, international law, penal
law inbetween the entities, common
infrastructure, air space control.
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Legislative: bicameral:
House of nations – 15 MPs, 5 from each entity,
delegates elected by the parliaments of RS and
FBiH
House of representatives: 42 MPs, 2/3 (28) elected
directly in FBiH, 1/3 (14) in RS
Both chambers elect their common presidency,
system of rotation.
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Constitutional court: 9 members, 4 are
nominated by the House of representatives
FBiH, 2 by national assembly RS, 3 by the chair
of the European court for human rights (must
not be the inhabitants of BiH or the
neighbouring state, nominated for 5 years)
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President rotates with 2 vice-presidents, elected by the
House of representatives, president nominates the
government, he is consulted with the nominationof
ombudsman and judges, sighns laws and international
treaties, grants amnesties ( with exclusion of the war
crimes and genocide)
Government: prime minister and deputy prime minister,
ministers and their deputy prime ministers which must not
be from the same nation as the prime ministers. 8
Bosniacs, 5 Croats, 3 Serbs.
Legislative: House of representatives : 98 MPs, 4 Years,
direct vot, 73 proportional systém, 25 compensatory
mandates.
House of nations: 58 MPs, 17 from each nation and 7
seats for the minorities)
Constitutional court 9 judges
RS:
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President with 2 vice-presidents from all nations,
direct vote, president proposes the prime minister,
the NAtional assembly approves the government
Government 8 Serbs, 5 Bosniacs 3 Croats.
National assembly 83 MPs, direct vote, 4 years.
The Council of Nations consists of 28
representatives delegated by the National
Assembly (eight Croats, eight Bosniacs, eight
Serbs, and four others).
Constitutional court: 7 judges, elected for 8 years,
once.
Challenges for BiH
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New constitution
Anthem in Serbia, use of flag
Mission Althea
Institutional building, justice, organized
crime, civil society, state of law…
EU
Main challenge is to find COMMON AIM IN
1 STATE
Questions:
Is
the endeavour of the international community to build the
multiethnic society right/feasible?
Does BiH in its current shape have a future?
Would not be better to divide Bosnia? If Yes – How?
Would not be better to build nation states in the Balkans – Greater
Serbia, Greater Croatia etc.?
Should the international community withdraw from BiH or stay?
What do u think about the US – stepping into the war, ending it and
then withdrawing leaving the job on the EU?
Seminar
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Who is guilty?
Who was right?
What happened?
Who attacked whom?
Who is victim and who is culprit?
Who is good and who is bad?
What is just and what is unjust?
How did you behave in WWII?
How did you behave in the Balkan wars 19121913?
Istina/truth
Seminar – conflict management in BiH
Cutilheiro plan
The
cantons will have certain authonomy
Bih will remain unitary state with high
centralisation
BaH – common parliament, central
economy planning, central bank, common
currency, flag, one representation in
international organisations etc.
Muslim and croatian opštiny 56,27% of
BaH,
Serbian opštiny 43,7%.
Out of 106 opština – only 10 were
ethnically monolitical (90 and more
percent of one nations)
 the rest ethnically mixed
Keeping
bih
the borders, veto on division of
Vance-Owen plan
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10 autonomous ROUGHLY
accoding to the ethnic situation
before the war provinces
Serbs – 3 cantons, Croats – 2 and
1 together with Muslims, Muslims
– 3. Sarajevo – all communities
together.
Government of the provinces –
wide autonomy, composition
regarding the national
composition of the province
BiH led by presidency – 9
members, 3 from each nation.
Presidency shall name common
government which shall last till
the first elections
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BiH as integral state, UN units
shall guarantee the free
movement of people and rights
of national minorities
Provincies with Muslim-Croat
inhabitants 52,33% BaH,
serbian provincies 42,23%,
mixed province Sarajevo 5,5%
of the land.
Plan Owen-Stoltenberg
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Loose union of 3 Bosnian
republiks made on national
principle
Muslim + Croat republics 44,91% of the land BaH
Republic of Serbs - 52,09%.
Sarajevo under UN - 3% of
hte land
Mostar and Muslim enclaves
in eastern Bosnia – under EU
supervision
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Creation of corridors
muslim republic had
corridor to reach the sea
and to the sava river and
the conection with the
muslim enclaves Goražde,
Srebrenica, Žepa and
bihač