Animals
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
What are Animals?
• Animals are:
• heterotrophic (Can’t make food)
Eukaryotic (nucleus)
multicellular (Many cells)
lack cell walls.
Invertebrates (do not have
backbone)=90%
EX: flatworms, insects
vertebrates (have a
backbone)=10%
Ex:snakes, birds, humans
Body symmetry
Asymmetrical: no symmetry
Radial Symmetry:
Can be divided into equal halves using many planes
Bilateral Symmetry:
Can be divided into equal halves using only one plane
1. Feeding:
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Herbivore
Carnivore
Omnivore
Detritivore
Parasite
• Filter Feeders = aquatic animals that strain
food from water
• Gastrovascular cavity
– digests and distributes
nutrients and particles to all
parts of the body. Usually
only one opening.
• True Digestive tract
– Contain digestive organs
with a mouth and anus
2. Respiration:
• Take in O2 and give off CO2
• Lungs, gills, through skin, simple diffusion
3. Circulation:
• Very small animals rely on diffusion
• Larger animals have circulatory system which
include vessels
3. Circulation:
• Open circulatory system
– pump blood into a hemocoel
with the blood diffusing back to
the circulatory system between
cells.
• Closed Circulatory System
– Closed circulatory systems have
the blood closed at all times.
4. Excretion:
• Primary waste product is ammonia, liquid
waste filtered by the kidneys
5. Response:
• Receptor cells = sound, light, external stimuli
• Cephalization - an evolutionary trend, where
nervous tissue, becomes concentrated toward
the head portion of an organism
6. Movement:
• Most animals are motile (can move)
• Muscles usually work with a skeleton
• Sessile: Cannot move
• Endoskeleton
– Support structure
Inside body
• Exoskeleton
• Support structure
Outside body
7. Reproduction:
Most vertebrates reproduce sexually= two
parents needed for offspring.(UNIQUE, Meiosis)
Most reproduce asexually:) offspring from 1
parent (IDENTICAL, Mitosis)
Ex: Fission, budding, fragmentation
Other characteristics…
• Coelomate - a fluid
filled body cavity.
• Acoelomate- lacks a
fluid filled body cavity
• Endotherm– animal that generates
heat to maintain its body
temp.
– Birds and mammals
• Ectotherm
– animal whose body
temp varies with the
temp of its surroundings
– All animals except birds and
mammals
Body Symmetry
• Body plan: Asymmetrical
• Respiration, Circulation, & Excretion
• Rely on movement of water through body to
carry out body function.
• Movement
– Larva are motile
– Adults are sessile
• Reproduction
– Sexually and asexually
• Digestion
• Choanocytes engulf food as water is pumped through the
sponge body cavity. Filter Feeders!
Porifera
Sponges
corals
jellyfish
Sea anemone
Cnidarians
hydra
Sea pens
Cnidarians
• Body plan - Radial Symmetry;
– Medusa and Polyp
• Circulation – Use diffusion as their means of circulating
materials through their bodies
• Respiration and excretion - carried on by individual cells that
obtain their oxygen directly from water
• Movement – Use a hydrostatic skeleton to contract muscles.
• Reproduction– Sexual: external fertilization,
– Asexual: budding by polyps.
• Digestion - Carnivores that digest food in gastrovascular
cavity.
• Response- (write at bottom of paper)
– Cnidocytes: stinging cells;
– Nematocyst: poison filled darts.
Cnidarian link
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtAheq0J
W7g&list=PLC92346F8528ED029
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
tapeworm
Marine
flatworms
planarian
Platyhelminthes - FLATWORMS
• Body plan: bilateral symmetry with body cavity
• Respiration, circulation, excretion – diffusion;
– use flame cells to remove WASTE from body.
• Movement – use cilia and muscle cells
• Reproduction –
– Sexually: hermaphrodites
– Asexually: Fission – split in half and grow missing parts
• Digestion – gastrovascualr cavity
• Response- (write at bottom of paper)
– ganglia: group of nerves
Flatworm fencing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3xluIRh
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Nematoda - ROUNDWORMS
• Body plan – bilateral symmetry,
– contain coelom
• Respiration, Circulation and Excretion
- diffusion through skin
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Movement – muscles extend length of body
Reproduction – sexual: internal fertilization
Digestion – Digestive tract with mouth and anus
Response - (write at bottom of paper)
– ganglia: group of nerves
Nemtoda (roundworm examples)
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Trichinosis-causing worms
Filarial worms (Elephantitis)
Ascarid worms
Hookworms
Annelida
• Body plan – Bilateral symmetry,
– segmented bodies with coelom
• Respiration- some have gills;
– others diffuse oxygen through skin
• Excretion – digestive waste through anus;
– other waste filtered through nephridia.
• Circulation – Closed circulatory system
• Movement – longitudinal and circular muscles
• Reproduction – Sexually; both male and female with
some hermaphrodites.
• Digestion - True digestive tract with mouth, anus and
digestive organs
• Response –(write at bottom of paper)
– brain or cerebral ganglion that usually resides in the head
Annelida
• Sandworms
• Bloodworms
Annelida
Leeches
earthworms
Groups of Mollusk
Gastropods – snails & Slugs
• Shell-less or single shelled
mollusk that move using a
foot located on the ventral
side.
Groups of Mollusk
Bivalves- clams & mussels
• Have 2 shells that are held together by
powerful muscles
Groups of Mollusk
Cephalopodsoctopus, squid, nautilus
• Mollusk where the
head is attached to a
single foot.
• The foot is divided
into tentacles
• Body plan –
Mollusca
– bilateral: clams, snails, & slugs AND
– radial: octopus & squid
– soft bodied with internal or external shell
• Respiration – aquatic: gills;
– land: diffusion through mantle cavity
• Circulation – Slow moving: open circulatory system;
– fast moving: closed circulatory system
• Excretion – through nephridia
• Movement – snails: secrete mucus;
– octopus, nautilus, squid: jet propulsion
• Reproduction – sexual -- snails & bivalves external fertilization;
– some are hermaphrodite: internal fertilization
• Digestion – True digestive tract:
– herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, parasites.
• Response – Cephalization: octopus and squid (write at bottom of paper)
Octopus opens jar
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kuAiuXez
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Arthropods
Body plan – Bilateral with segmented bodies
Respiration – gills, lungs, tracheal tubes
Circulation- Open circulatory system
Excretion
– Malpighian tubules: saclike organs that extract wastes from the
blood and add them to the digestive system.
• Movement- Muscles, jointed appendages, exoskeleton
• Reproduction
– internal or external fertilization;
– some species undergo metamorphosis
• Digestion – Complex organ systems;
– herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, parasites, and
filter feeders
• Response- Brains with well developed nervous system (write
at bottom of paper)
Crustaceans – crabs, lobster, shrimp
• Have two pairs of antennae
• 2 – 3 body sections
• Chewing mouth parts called mandibles
Insects – beetles, cricket, centipede
• Have jaws
• One pair of antennae
Arachnids – Spiders, ticks, scorpions
• Two body sections
• Most have 4 walking legs
Echinoderms
• Body plan – radial with coelom
• Respiration
– use simple gills and tube
• Circulation
– network of fluid-filled canals that function called a water vascular system
• Excretion - no kidneys
– use diffusion to rid their bodies of nitrogenous waste
– solid waste through anus
• Movement – endoskeleton
– Tube feet which acts as a suction force
• Reproduction – Sexual: external fertilization
• Digestion
– Tube feet grab food, push stomach out, secrete enzymes to digest food, and
reabsorb food through mouth
• Response
– do not have brains
– they have nerves running from the mouth into each arm or along the body
(write at bottom of paper)
Echinodermata
brittle stars
sea cucumbers
sea lilies
sea urchins
Sea stars
Sand dollars
Chordata
• Body plan – bilateral
– With pharyngeal gill slits, tail, notochord, and dorsal
hollow nerve cord.
• Respiration – lungs, gills
• Circulation – closed circulatory system
• Excretion
– filter waste through kidneys and excrete solid waste
through anus
• Movement
– endoskeleton with many muscular connections
• Reproduction – Sexual
• Digestion – True digestive tract
• Nervous
– cephalization –
– brain with nervous tissue
Sand Lance
Tunicates
Amphibians
Fish
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals!