• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that transports information from DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes to e assembled into proteins
• Ribosonal RNA (rRNA)
RNA that makes up the ribosomes; clamps onto mRNA & uses its info. To
assemble amino acids in the correct order
• DNA Replication
Process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis & mieosis
• Translation
Process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in
a protein
• Transcription
Process in the cell nucleus where enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA stand
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What is the primary composition of chromosomes?
DNA
What are DNA molecules made up of?
Nucleotides
What are nucleotides composed of?
Nitrogen Bases, Deoxiribose (sugar), & Phosphate group
What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA?
Adenine & Thymine ; Cytosine & Guanine
The order of the nitrogen bases along a gene forms a
genetic code that specifies what type of protein will be
produced
• What is protein synthesis?
• During protein synthesis the cell uses information from a
gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein
• What organelle synthesizes protein?
• Ribosomes
• Where are ribosomes located?
• ER & cytoplasm
• Where are the chromosomes?
• Nucleus
• What is DNA replication?
• Process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before
mitosis or meiosis
• How is this phenomenon possible?
• RNA /ribonucleic acid / “messenger”
• DNA
– Two sided / Double Helix (twisted ladder)
– Nitrogen bases
• Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Thymine
• Phosphate & sugar molecule (What is it?)
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA
– Only one sided strand (ladder sawed in half)
– Phosphate & Sugar molecule (What is it?)
– Ribonucleic acid (carries codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the
ribosomes)
– Nitrogen bases
• Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Uracil
– Messenger RNA- m RNA- (copies the coded message from DNA in the
nucleus)
– Ribosomal RNA – binds to the mRNA & uses the instrucctions to assemble
the amino acids in the correct order
– Transfer RNA- tRNA -(carries amino acids “building blocks of proteins” &
adds them to growing proteins)
– amino-acid - is C bonded to an amino (-NH2) & carboxyl (-COOH)
Translating DNA
1) DNA “unzips” between it’s base pairs
2) One strand of DNA the “director” directs the
production of messenger RNA
3) Uricil replaces Thymine “instructor”
4) RNA leaves the nucleus & attaches to a
ribosome in the cytoplasm
5) Transfer RNA pick up amino acids (three letter
code)
6) Each transfer RNA molecule puts amino acid it
carries in the correct order along the growing
protein train
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Are these statements true or false?
___The main function of genes is to control the production
of proteins T
___ Proteins do not help determine the size, shape, & traits
of organisms F
___ The cells use information from a gene to produce
specific proteins T
___ Messenger RNA copies information from DNA & carries
messages into the cytoplasm T
___ Transfer RNA carries growing proteins & adds them to
amino acids F
___ All changes brought about by mutations are harmful to
organisms F
___ The nitrogen bases found in RNA are cytosine,
guanine, adenine, & uracil T
• DNA “____” between it’s base pairs
• One strand of ____“director” the production of
messenger RNA
• Ribosonal RNA bases _____ with DNA bases
• Uricil replaces _______ “instructor”
• RNA leaves the nucleus & attaches to a ______ in
the cytoplasm
• Transfer RNA pick up ______ (three letter code; 3
nitrogen bases)
• Each ______ RNA molecule puts amino acid it
carries in the correct order along the growing
protein train
• Given 6 Pairs of Nucleotides
• “NEATLY” Cut out each Nucleotide
• Color:
– RIBOSE – BLACK
– Phosphates – orange
– URACIL – WHITE
– Adenine - green
– Guanine – red
– Cytosine – blue
• Glue the nucleotides on the inside of the “GATE”
• Make two Codons: arrange the nucleotides into
the appropriate order (A & U ; C & G)
• “Flip it” “Move it” “Align it”