Test REVIEW!
What we have covered so far!
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DNA Structure and Replication
RNA & transcription
Translation
Mutations
Genetic Engineering
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting
The Human Genome Project
Ethics
Vocabulary Review
Test Information
• When?
• Friday, October 9th, 2015
• Test date was pushed back
• Pre testing going on throughout the coming days
• Allows TWO review days vs just one
• Format?
• Intending to give test on computers
• EOC format
• Gives you practice with computerized testing
• What’s on the test?
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Multiple choice
Vocabulary words
Matching
True/false
Fill in the blank
DNA Structure
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Double helix ; twisted ladder
Cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G)
Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases
Nucleotides-building blocks for nucleic acids; held together by
hydrogen bonds
DNA Structure
• Chargoff’s Rule: A’s match T’s & C’s match G’s (equal amounts)
• Complementary base pairing: pairing each nitrogenous base with
it’s complement (match)
• Adenine and Thymine have 2 hydrogen bonds between them
• Cytosine and Guanine have 3 hydrogen bonds between them
DNA Replication
• DNA must be copied before the cells can divide
• The sequence of the complementary strand can be predicted
because of Chargoff’s Rule
• Enzymes break apart the double helix at the hydrogen bonds
RNA & Transcription
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Purpose: To convert DNA into RNA
Why?: You can’t go from DNA straight to proteins!
What is RNA?: Ribonucleic acid!
Know the differences!:
• DNA:
• Double helix model
• Contains thymine (T)
• Deoxyribose sugar
• RNA:
• Single stranded
• Contains uracil (U)
• Ribose sugar
RNA & Transcription
Codons and Amino Acids
Codons-a sequence of 3 nucleotides coding for an amino acid
Know your RNA’s!
• mRNA-messenger
• Brings the message from DNA (nucleus) to the place of protein
synthesis
• tRNA-transfer
• Delivers the amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
• rRNA-uses instructions from mRNA to assemble the proteins
Translation
• Taking RNA and making proteins
• Last process in Central Dogma
Mutations
• What are mutations?
• Any change in the DNA sequence
• What are the two types of mutations?
• Point
• Frame Shift
• Cancer-uncontrolled cell division
Genetic Engineering
• Bacterial Transformation
Application of transgenic
organisms
• How do transgenic organisms affect society?
• Cattle
• Transgenic cattle were created to produce milk that contains a
human protein; helped to treat emphysema
• Pharmaceutical
• Human insulin
• Agriculture
• Crops that last
Longer
• Fuller fruits
DNA Fingerprinting
• Test used to identify and evaluate genetic information.
Gel Electrophoresis
How do you read a
gel?
How do you put
together/make you
gel?
Gel Electrophoresis
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Make up the gel that the DNA will be put into
Place rack with “combs” into liquid
Add dye to DNA
Add buffer to electrical box
Load your DNA into the wells
Hook up electrical current
Analyze results
Gel Electrophoresis
The Human Genome Project
• Purpose: To sequence the human genome
• Genome- all of an organisms hereditary information
• Create database of information
• Address ethical concerns
• SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder)
• When babies are first born, they have antibodies transmitted
from mother; after a period of time, their immune systems must
function on their own
• A series of disorders that cause abnormalities in immune systems
• Stem cells are taken from someone of close relation
• Hope is that new stem cells will inhabit the body and rebuild
immune system
• Ethical issues- who can have your information? What can you
do with it? Psychological affects?
ELSI
• Ethical and Legal Social Implications Program
• Est. 1990
• Study the ethical, legal, and social implications of the human
genome project
Vocabulary Review
• DNA, RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and
rRNA)
• Nucleotide
• nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C,
and U)
• ribose
• deoxyribose
• replication
• transcription
• translation
• peptide bonds
• codon chart
• mutations
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gel electrophoresis
restriction enzymes
DNA fingerprint
transgenic organism
bacterial transformation
plasmid
recombinant DNA
genomics
biotechnology
point-mutation
Frame shift mutation
Practice Test Questions
Question #1
Which prevents adenine from pairing with cytosine in DNA?
a)
Both bases have a double ringed structure and repel each
other.
b) The single ring structure of both bases creates opposing
negative charges.
c) C. Adenine uses double hydrogen bonds, and cytosine uses
triple hydrogen bonds.
d) D. The single hydrogen bond of adenine will not bond with
the double bond of cytosine
Question #2
• A sequence of DNA reads GTC AAT. What would the
complementary DNA sequence read?
a)
b)
c)
d)
A. CAG UUA
B. CAG TTA
C. GUC AAU
D. GTC AAT
Question #3
DNA contains the blueprints for protein synthesis; however,
proteins are produced in the ribosome. What role does RNA play
in the protein synthesis?
a) DNA leaves the nucleus and provides the message to RNA in
the ribosome.
b) DNA leaves the nucleus and provides the message to RNA in
the cytoplasm.
c) RNA transports the transcribed message from the nucleus,
and the code is translated in the ribosomes into amino
acids.
d) RNA transports the transcribed message from the
cytoplasm, and the code is translated in the ribosomes into
amino acids.
Question #4
An RNA codon chart is shown.
For which amino acid sequence does the RNA sequence
UUUCCUCAA code?
a) leu-thr-glu
b) phe-pro-gln
c) phe-pro-his
d) ser-his-gln
Question #5
• When preparing a electrophoresis gel, what is the purpose of
your DNA ladder?
a) To make the picture pretty
b) To keep the gel in place
c) To provide comparison for the results
d) To provide something for the DNA to climb up
Question #6
ELSI was established as part of the Human Genome Project for
what purpose?
a) A. to create new technologies to help accelerate the
sequencing process
b) B. to study the ethical, legal, and social implications of
mapping the human genome
c) C. to develop computational tools for capturing, storing, and
analyzing maps and sequences
d) D. to develop advanced communication technologies to
keep pace with genome scientific innovations
Question #7
Draw a diagram representing the recombinant DNA process:
Question #8
How does the human genome correct gene related problems in
people?
a) A defective gene can be targeted and removed from the
genome permanently.
b) An absent or faulty gene can be identified and replaced by a
normal working gene.
c) Genes from other species can be substituted for the
defective human genes during surgery.
d) Genes can be created by scientists and inserted into
embryos before genetic disorders begin to develop.
Question #9
• Draw a diagram of a gel electrophoresis (what does it look
like? Label the DNA ladder, positive/negative ends, power
source, and large/small DNA fragments.
Question #10
• Can you define the following terms?:
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Transgenic organisms
Codons
Genome
Amino acids
Peptide bonds
mRNA
DNA
ELSI