Matakuliah
Tahun
: L0044/Psikologi Faal
: 2009
Sistem Sensoris
Pertemuan 21
Sistem Sensoris
untuk berhubungan dengan dunia luar
kumpulan reseptor yang sensitif terhadap rangsang (reseptor
sensorik) → alat indera
terdiri dari :
a. alat penerima rangsang (reseptor), yaitu alat indera itu
sendiri
b. saraf penghubung antara reseptor dengan pusat susunan
saraf
c. pusat saraf (otak), yaitu alat yang bertugas menerjemahkan
dan mengelola rangsangan
Panca indera mempunyai fungsi tertentu dan peka terhadap
rangsang tertentu pula
Receptor potential : a slow, graded electrical potential produced
by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus
Two Categories of Receptors
• Somatic Senses: touch, pressure, temperature, and
pain. Distributed throughout skin and deeper tissues.
• Special senses: smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium, vision.
(more complex)
Chemoreceptors Receptor Types
• respond to changes in chemical concentrations
Pain receptors (Nociceptors)
• respond to tissue damage
Thermoreceptors
• respond to changes in temperature
Mechanoreceptors
• respond to mechanical forces
• → proprioceptor, baroreceptor, stretch receptor
Photoreceptors
• respond to light
Sensations
• A feeling that occurs when the brain interprets
sensory impulses
• All the nerve impulses that travel away from
sensory receptors into the CNS are alike. The
resulting sensation depends on which region of
the brain receives the impulse.
• Semua impuls saraf dari berbagai reseptor sensorik adalah
sama. Sensasi yang dihasilkan tergantung dari daerah
korteks serebral mana yang menerima impuls tersebut.
• Pada saat yang sama ketika sensasi terbentuk, serebral
korteks menerjemahkan darimana reeptor yang terstimulasi
→ seseorang dapat menunjukkan area stimulasi →
PROJECTION
• Adaptasi sensorik
Bila reseptor sensorik terus menerus terstimulasi, membran
reseptor akan menjadi kurang responsif terhadap stimulus
contoh : seseorang yang berada di pasar ikan
SPECIAL SENSES
1. Mata, merupakan indera penglihatan (organ visual) sensitif terhadap
rangsangan cahaya, menerima bayangan serta kesan-kesan untuk ditafsirkan
2. Telinga, merupakan indera pendengaran (organ auditorik), di sini kesan atas
suara atau bunyi diterima dan ditafsirkan
3. Hidung, merupakan indera pembau / penciuman (organ olfaktorius), sangat
peka dan kepekaannya mudah hilang
4. Lidah, merupakan indera pengecapan, yang sangat peka (sensitif) terhadap
rasa seperti pahit, manis, asam, dan asin
5. Kulit, merupakan indera peraba, sangat peka terhadap tekanan, suhu,
sentuhan, dan rabaan
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Penglihatan
Apakah informasi yang kita terima dari dunia luar adalah suatu realitas ?
1. Reseptor sensorik manusia hanya dapat mendeteksi jumlah yang terbatas dari
bentuk energi yang ada
contoh : gelombang radio, gelombang magnet tidak dapat dideteksi oleh
reseptor sensorik manusia
2. Informasi yang disalurkan ke otak manusia tidak melalui alat perekam canggih
yang peka. Selama proses prekortikal dari input sensorik, beberapa stimuli
ditingkatkan sedangkan yang lain dapat ditekan atau diabaikan
3. Serebral korteks selanjutnya akan memanipulasi data yang didapatkan dari
reseptor sensorik, dibandingkan dengan informasi lain seperti ingatan dari
pengalaman yang lalu
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed
Kanizsa’s
Triangle
“Peripheral drift” by Akiyoshi Kitaoka
Taken from Nationalgeographic.com
Which Line is Longer?
They are both the same.
Explanation
• This is one of the most studied illusions,
and was created by a German psychiatrist
Franz Müller-Lyer in 1889. It it not well
understood why this illusion works, but
we think it is related to the fact that the
first object is simply larger, and the
second object is "pointed."
•
http://www.opticalillusions.biowaves.com/Perspective/MullerLyerLineLength.cfm
Are the Red Lines Parallel?
http://www.optical-illusions.biowaves.com/Perspective/ParallelLines.cfm
Spinning Effect Optical Illusion
• Move toward and away from the screen
while staying focused on the red dot.
• Notice that the outer rings seem to rotate
or spin when you move toward or away
from the screen.
Explanation
• The eye interpretes visual cues to assist in
day to day living. In this case, the visual
cues mislead one to percieve motion.
•
http://www.optical-illusions.biowaves.com/Misc/SpinningEffect.cfm
Disappearing Haze
• Stare at the Red Dot.
• Notice that the haze disappears after 20 to
30 seconds.
Explanation
• The retina gradually changes senstivity to
adapt to the existing light conditions. This
is what allows the eyes to work with such
incredibly diverse light conditions, from
bright sunlight to faint moonlight. You
can learn more about this on our pages
about eyesight.
•
http://www.optical-illusions.biowaves.com/Color/DisappearingHaze.cfm.
Do you See Gray?
• This picture is only made with black and
white.
• You can see that the above picture all black
and white by covering either side of a white
row with paper.
Explanation
• The eye, which responds to an amazing wide
variety of light sources, from moon light to
direct sunlight, tries to adjust to the present
light levels. Here, the contrast is so strong and
irregular, the white ends up looking gray.
• You can learn more about color perception
here.
•
http://www.optical-illusions.biowaves.com/Color/DisappearingHaze.cfm.
The Stacked Blocks Optical Illusion
• Are the lines straight and level?
• The lines are all exactly parallel.
Explanation
• The eye interpretes visual cues to
assist in day to day living. In this
case, visual cues mislead they eye to
perceive an increased distance,
therefore a narrowing where the
blocks recede.
http://www.optical-illusions.biowaves.com/Distortions/StackedBlocks.cfm
Are the Boxes the Same Size?
Explanation
• Yes, they really are exactly the same
size. Hard to believe, isn't it. The artist
is taking advantage of a very powerful
three dimensional technique where all
of the lines meet at one point off the
edge of the canvas, thus making the
mind see the picture as a 3-D model of
reality, rather than just lines on a
screen.. The eye then adjusts for the 3-D
effect, which results in the farthest
block looking much larger.
http://www.optical-illusions.biowaves.com/3D/PerspectiveBoxes.cfm
•
IS THIS SPIRAL? LOOK AGAIN, THEY ARE ALL SEPERATE
CIRCLES
http://www.indianchild.com/is_this_spiral.htm
Seeing is
believing
MATA
• analog dengan kamera
• terletak di dalam rongga mata (Orbital Cavity)
• 70% dari reseptor sensorik terletak pada mata
• digerakkan oleh otot mata
otot lurus : m. rektus okuli superior, inferior, medial,
dan
lateral
otot serong : m. obliquus okuli superior dan inferior
• Bagian : kornea, Iris, pupil, lensa, retina (sel batang dan kerucut) sclera,
kamera okuli anterior dan posterior, humor aqueous, humor vitreous
• lateral terhadap bintik buta (tempat keluarnya pembuluh darah dan saraf),
terdapat daerah lonjong disebut makula lutea, dengan cekungan kecil di
pusatnya disebut fovea sentralis (hanya mengandung kerucut)
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Mata manusia dapat menangkap radiasi elektromagnet
dengan panjang gelombang 380 - 760 nm
Kecepatan Cahaya : 300.000 km/detik
Persepsi terhadap Warna ditentukan oleh :
- Hue (ditentukan oleh panjang gelombang)
- Brightness (intensitas)
- Saturation (purity)
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Cornea
•
•
•
•
Bulges forward
Transparent window of the eye (contains few cells, no blood vessels, cells
and collagenous fibers form unusually regular patterns)
Helps focus entering light rays.
Continuous with the sclera (white portion of the eye)
Sclera
•
•
•
•
White portion of the eye
Posterior 5/6th of the outer tunic
Opaque due to many large, disorganized collagenous and elastic fibers.
Protects the eye and is an attachment for the extrinsic muscles
Lens
•
•
Lies directly behind the iris and pupil
Composed of differentiated epithelial cells called lens fibers.
Lens Capsule
•
•
•
Surrounds the lens
Clear, membrane-like structure composed largely of intercellular material
Elastic nature keeps it under constant tension. Can assume a globular
shape.
Human Eye – cross
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Iris
•
•
•
The colored part of the eye
Thin diaphragm composed mostly of connective tissue and smooth muscle
fibers
Pupil – central opening of the iris
– Regulates the amount of light entering the eye during:
• Close vision and bright light – pupils constrict
• Distant vision and dim light – pupils dilate
• Changes in emotional state – pupils dilate when the subject matter is appealing or
requires problem-solving skills
•
Divides the space (anterior cavity) into the anterior chamber (between the
cornea and the iris) and posterior chamber (between iris and vitreous body
containing the lens)
Hole, Human Anatomy &
Physiology, 10th ed
Dim light stimulates the radial muscles of the iris to contract, and the pupil dilates. Bright
light stimulates the circular muscles of the iris to contract, and the pupil constricts.
•
Suspensory ligaments attached to margin of lens capsule and the ciliary
muscles. Changing tension changes the shape of the capsule and lens for
focusing.
•
Accommodation: the ability of the lens to adjust shape to facilitate focusing.
Close objects= lens thickens; distant objects= thinner, less convex
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology,
10th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Summary of Cranial Nerves and Muscle
Actions
• Names, actions, and cranial nerve innervation of the
extrinsic eye muscles
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Pergerakan Mata :
• Vergence movement : the cooperativew movement of the eyes, which
ensures that the image of an object falls on identical portions of both retinas
•
Saccadic movement : the rapid, jerky movement of the eyes used in
scanning a visual scene
•
Pursuit movement : the movement that the eyes make to maintain an
image of a moving object on the fovea
Accomodation : changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished
by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the
retina
Aqueous Humor
•
Watery fluid secreted by the epithelium on the inner surface of the ciliary
body into posterior chamber.
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
Aparatus Lakrimalis
Consists of the lacrimal gland and associated ducts
• air mata dihasilkan oleh kelenjar lakrimalis superior dan inferior. Melalui duktus
ekskretorius lakrimalis masuk ke dalam sakus konjungtiva. Melalui bagian depan
bola mata terus ke sudut tengah bola mata ke dalam kanalis lakrimalis mengalir
ke duktus nasolakrimalis terus ke meatus nasalis inferior.
•
Tears
– Contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme
– cleanse and protect the eye surface as it moistens and lubricates it
– Enter the eye via superolateral excretory ducts
– Exit the eye medially via the lacrimal punctum
– Drain into the nasolacrimal duct
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
Retina. A.) Nerve fibers leave the eye in the area of the optic disc (arrow) to form the
optic nerve. B.) Major features of the retina.
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
•
Fovea centralis :
terdapat pada macula lutea, cekungan kecil dengan lebar 1 derajad, di
tengah macula lutea
the region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision. Color-sensitive
cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found in the fovea.
•
Macula lutea / macula retina :
irregular yellowish depression on the retina, about 3 degrees wide, lateral to
and slightly below the optic disc
•
Optic disc :
the location of exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells
that form the optic nerve ; responsible for the blind spot
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
The retinal consists of several cell layers.
Hole, Human
Anatomy &
Physiology, 10th ed
Note the layers of cells and nerve fibers in this light micrograph of the retina.
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
RETINA
Cahaya harus melewati beberapa lapisan sel
yang relatif transparan sebelum mencapai sel
batang dan sel kerucut.
Fotoreseptor ini berkomunikasi dengan sel-sel
ganglion melalui sel bipolar.
Pengolahan informasi visual dimulai di retina
itu sendiri. Akson sel batang dan sel kerucut
bersinapsis dengan neuron yang disebut sel
bipolar, yang selanjutnya bersinapsis dengan
sel ganglion.
Campbell & Reece, Biologi, Edisi kelima jilid tiga
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
FOTORESEPTOR PADA
RETINA
a) Fotoreseptor yang disebut sel batang sangat
sensitif terhadap cahaya dan berfungsi dalam
penglihatan hitam putih pada malam hari. Selsel kerucut bertugas dalam penglihatan warna
selama siang hari.
b)
*
Rhodopsin, pigmen visual pada membran cakram sel batang, terdiri atas molekul retinal penyerap cahaya
yang berikatan dengan sejenis protein membran spesifik, opsin. Opsin mempunyai tujuh bagian heliks
alfa yang menembus membran cakram.
Fotopigmen : opsin (protein) dan retinal (lipid, disintesis dari vitamin A)
Campbell & Reece, Biologi, Edisi kelima jilid tiga
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
•
•
•
Fotoreseptor : batang dan kerucut
Batang : 120 juta
Kerucut : 6 juta
Sel kerucut banyak pada fovea sentralis, makin ke perifer makin banyak
batang
bayangan yang jatuh ke retina : lebih kecil dan terbalik
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Visual Receptors
Rods
• long, thin projections
• contain light sensitive pigment
called rhodopsin
• hundred times more sensitive to
light than cones
• provide vision in dim light (night
vision)
• produce colorless vision
• produce outlines of objects
•Much convergence in retinal
pathways Less precise images
because nerve fibers from many
rods converge their impulses and
transmit them to the brain on the
same nerve fiber.
• Human eye has 125 million
•More numerous in periphery
Cones
• short, blunt projections
• contain light sensitive
pigments called
erythrolabe, chlorolabe,
and cyanolabe
• provide vision in bright
light (day vision)
•produce color vision
• produce sharp images
•Convergence of impulses
less common. Brain can
pinpoint stimulation more
accurately.
•Human eye has 7 million
•Concentrated in foves
Visual Pigments
Rhodopsin
• light-sensitive pigment in rods
• decomposes in presence of
light
• triggers a complex series of
reactions that initiate nerve
impulses
• impulses travel along optic
nerve
Pigments on Cones
• each set contains different lightsensitive pigment
• each set is sensitive to different
wavelengths
• color perceived depends on
which sets of cones are stimulated
• erythrolabe – responds to red
• chlorolabe – responds to green
• cyanolabe – responds to blue
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th
ed
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
Nyata, diperkecil, terbalik
Stereoscopic Vision
• provides perception of distance and depth
• results from formation of two slightly different retinal
images
Binocular vision →
stereocospic vision
→ simultaneously
perceives distance,
depth height, and
width of objects
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
The visual pathway includes the optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, and optic
radiations.
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 5th ed
Human Visual System
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
JALUR NEURON UNTUK
PENGLIHATAN
Karena susunan neuron dalam retina,
saraf optik, dan kiasma optik, maka sisi
kanan otak dapat menerima informasi
sensoris mengenai benda di medan
visual kiri, sementara sisi kiri otak
menerima informasi dari medan visual
kanan.
Masing-masing saraf optik
mengandung sekitar sejuta akson yang
bersinapsis dengan interneuron pada
nukleus genikulata lateral.
Nukleus merelai sensasi ke korteks
visual, yang diyakini merupakan yang
pertama dari banyak pusat otak yang
bekerja sama dalam membentuk
persepsi visual kita.
Campbell & Reece, Biologi, Edisi
kelima jilid tiga
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th ed
(striate cortex)
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed
Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th ed
•
•
Warna primer : merah, biru, hijau
Warna komplementer
Contoh : hitam-putih, biru-kuning, merah-hijau
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th ed
Photoreceptors : trichromatic coding
Retinal Ganglions Cells : Opponent-Process Coding
Red opposing Green
Yellow opposing Blue
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Neil R. Carlson,
Physiology of
Behaviour, 9th ed
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Different forms of color blindness result from lack of different
types of cone pigments.
Color Blindness → 7% males, 0,4% females
Protanopia dan Deuteranopia terkait dengan kromosom X
Tritanopia : tidak terkait kromosom X. Kejadian sama antara
pria dan wanita
Sherwood, Human
Physiology From
Cells to Systems, 5th
ed
Rainbows and
Ethno-Linguistics
•
•
http://www.missiology.org/animism/Learning/wordsandsounds.htm
“The cultural categorization of colors is the most discussed illustration in the study
of ethno-linguistics. Americans see six colors in the rainbow: red, orange, yellow,
green, violet, and blue. Some cultures see eight, others four, others three. Kipsigis
classify blue and black together and consider the sky tue, the word that I initially
translated literally as "black." Tue, however, has a broader color range than simply
black. The Malagasy speaker of Madagascar distinguishes over 100 basic categories
of color (Nida 1952). The Shona of Zimbabwe and Bassa of Liberia both have fewer
color categories than English speakers, and they break up the spectrum at different
points (Gleason 1961, 4). ”
Color Categories of the Shona of Zimbabwe and Bassa of Liberia
Negative Afterimage
•
Warna komplementer : warna yang membuat menjadi putih atau abu-abu
ketika dicampurkan
•
Penyebab : adaptasi pada sel ganglion retina
Bila sel ganglion retina tereksitasi atau terinhibisi dalam waktu yang lama,
sel ganglion akan menunjukkan rebound effect
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Functions of the major Components of the Eye
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed
Functions of the major Components of the Eye
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed
Visual Fields
Rabbit
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Human
Gangguan Penglihatan
• Mata normal : emetrop
• miopi : rabun jauh
• hipermetrop : rabun dekat
• presbiopi : pada orang tua, berkurangnya kekenyalan lensa sehingga daya
akomodasi berkurang
• astigmatisme : karena berubahnya bentuk kelengkungan lensa
Diktat Faal, Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Tarumanagara
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Sherwood, Human
Physiology From
Cells to Systems, 5th
ed
Amblyopia
• Dim vision due to a cause other than a refractive
disorder or lesion
Amblyopia is the medical term for poor
development of vision in one eye. The word comes
from the Greek. [ambly- (dull) + -opia (vision)]
Amblyopia is often referred to as "lazy eye." It
affects just two to three percent of the population.
Central vision does not develop properly, usually in
one eye, which is called amblyopic. The eye is
anatomically normal, but visual acuity is reduced
even with glasses. Amblyopia develops sometime
between birth and 8 or 9 years of age, the critical
period of time when the visual system develops
and matures. Amblyopia causes more visual loss in
the age group under 40 than all the injuries and
diseases combined.
Anopia
• Absence of an eye
Conjunctivitis
• Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Viruses, bacteria, irritating substances
(shampoo, dirt, smoke, pool chlorine),
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or
allergens (substances that cause allergies)
can all cause conjunctivitis. Pink eye
caused by bacteria, viruses or STDs can
spread easily from person to person but is
not a serious health risk if diagnosed
promptly; allergic conjunctivitis is not
contagious.
Diplopia
• Double vision
Emmetropia
• Normal condition of the eyes; eyes with no refractive
defects.
Enucleation
• Removal of the eyeball
Exophthalmos
• Abnormal protrusion of the eyes
Associated with hyperthyroidism and Grave’s disease. In the case of Graves Disease,
the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit
and extraocular muscles (Epstein et al, 2003) which can be visualized by CT or MRI.
If left untreated, exophthalmos can causes the eye lids to fail to close during sleep
leading to corneal damage. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may
also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery leading to blindness
Cataract
• cloudy eyes → distorted view
• inadequate nutrient delivery to deeper lens fibers
• causes
– congenital
– age-related hardening, thickening of lens
– secondary result of DM
• risk factors
– heavy smoking
– frequent exposure to intense sunlight
Night Blindness - Nyctalopia
• condition in which rod function is
impaired
• most common cause : prolonged
vitamin A deficiency → leads to rod
degeneration
Hemianopsia
• Defective vision affecting half of the visual field
Iritis
• Inflammation of the iris
Also called anterior uveitis. It is the 3rd leading cause of blindness in the developed
world. White blood cells are shed into the anterior chamber of the eye in the
aqueous humor. These cells can accumulate and cause adhesions between the iris
and the lens. Iritis is associated with over 90 different pathogens and autoimmune
disorders. Some treatments include antibiotics and steroids.
Keratitis
• Inflammation of the cornea
Symptoms include pain, and profuse tearing. Can be caused by infection, trauma,
dry eyes, UV exposure, contact lens over-wear, degeneration.
Herpes simplex keratitis
Neuritis
• Inflammation of a nerve
Optic neuritis is acute visual loss owing
to demyelination of the optic nerve. It
may be an isolated autoimmune
condition or part of multiple sclerosis.
Fortunately, vision recovers to normal or
near normal in over 90% of patients
within six months. No treatment
improves those chances.
Optic neuritis
Retinoblastoma
• Inherited, highly malignant tumor arising from immature
retinal cells
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer of the
retina (the innermost layer of the eye,
located at the back of the eye, that
receives light and images necessary for
vision). About 300 children will be
diagnosed with retinoblastoma this year. It
accounts for 3 percent of childhood
cancers. Treatments include surgery,
radiation, chemotherapy, laser therapy,
phototherapy, thermal therapy, and
cryotherapy.
Trachoma
• Bacterial disease of the eye that causes conjunctivitis,
which may lead to blindness
Trachoma, an infection of the eye caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis, ranks worldwide as the most
common preventable cause of blindness and the
second most common cause of blindness after
cataract. It has been estimated to cause 15% of the
world's blindness.1,20 The disease is endemic in 48
countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East,
Asia, and Australasia [see Fig. 1], and is most
prevalent in poor, rural communities with lower
standards of hygiene and sanitation.2 The WHO
currently estimates that 6 million people are blind due
to trachoma, and that an additional 146 million people
have active forms of the disease.
Uveitis
• Inflammation of the uvea, the region of the eye that
includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid coat.
There are different types of uveitis, depending on
which part of the eye is affected:
When the uvea is inflamed near the front of the iris, it
is called iritis. If the uvea is inflamed in the middle of
the eye, it is called cyclitis. Cyclitis affects the
muscle that focuses the lens.An inflammation in the
back of the eye is called choroiditis.
Eye drops, especially steroids and pupil dilators, can
reduce inflammation and pain. For more severe
inflammation, oral medication or injections may be
necessary.
Uveitis can have these complications: Glaucoma
(increases pressure in the eye); Cataract (clouding of
the eye's natural lens); Neovascularization (growth of
new, abnormal blood vessels).
Daftar Pustaka
• Campbell & Reece, Biologi, Edisi kelima jilid tiga
•
•
•
•
Diktat Faal, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tarumanagara
Hole, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed
Neil R. Carlson, Physiology of Behaviour, 9th ed
Sherwood, Human Physiology From Cells to Systems, 6th ed