Kirbie, Brittany, Janine & Christine
2) Explain how the human endocrine system influences body
development and maintenance
A) Describe the general structure of hormones.
Hormones are categorized into four main groups
·
Peptides and proteins -are compounds of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Protein forms the structural material of bodily tissues.
·
Steroids - are a class of organic compounds with a chemical structure that contains
the core of guanine
·
Amino acid derivatives -are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic
acid group
·
Fatty acid derivatives - Eicosanoids – are local hormones. They are synthesized and
exert their action in a tissue, and only certain eicosanoids are made by the cells of a
tissue.
What is a hormone?
A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or gland in one part of the body that sends
out messages that affect cells in other parts of an organism. It only requires a small
amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. Hormones affect every part of
the body and elicit a wide range of responses. Hormones are messages that circulate
through your bloodstream to specific target cells where they generate a wide range of
biological responses.
For Example of effects
When we get scared, adrenaline is released, which speeds up the heart and breathing
rate, making it possible to run away from danger or fight in defence. Mood affects the
release of certain hormones
B) Describe the influence of the pituitary gland on body processes and on other glands
This gland controls all of the other glands
-
The pituitary gland is the appetite center and the sleep center of the body
This gland is very sensitive to diet
-
Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help control the body processes:
Growth excess of HGH can lead to gigantism
Blood pressure
Pregnancy and childbirth; stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
Breast milk production
Sex organ function
Thyroid glad function
Conversion of food into energy
Water and regulation in the body
Regulates body temperature
The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including tropic
hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
There is the posterior and anterior pituitary gland;
Posterior pituitary- composed of nervous tissue
Anterior pituitary- composed of endocrine cells
c) Discuss the relationship between insulin and the body’s control of blood sugar levels
in the two functions of diabetes.
This diagram shows if you have low blood glucose (such as skipping a meal) the
pancreas’s Alpha Cell releases glucagon which goes to the liver. The liver releases
glucose into the blood and you blood goes back to normal.
This diagram shows if you have high blood glucose (or you just ate) the
pancreas’s Beta Cells release insulin and the fat cells take in the glucose for the blood
and your blood glucose level goes back to normal
Diabetes – There are two types of diabetes one is called Type 1 and the other Type 2
Type 1 diabetes- Is sometimes called insulin- dependent diabetes. It is caused by an
auto- immune reaction where the body’s defence system attacks the insulin producing
cells. The reason why is not fully understood; people with it produce very little of it or
none at all. It can affect people of all ages but mostly in children or young Adults; they
have to take insulin everyday in order to control the levels of glucose in their blood. If it
goes out of control they could get sick or even die.
Type 2 diabetes- Is sometimes called the non-insulin dependent diabetes. Is the most
common form of diabetes it affects 85-90% of people with the disease. This type is also
known as a late-onset of diabetes. This disease is strongly genetic in origin but lifestyle
factors such as excess weight, inactivity, high blood pressure and poor diet are major
risk factors for its development.
D) Outline the functions of hormones produced by several other glands
Testosterone
- Testes of males and ovaries of females
-Testosterone is a steroid hormone
-Also found by the adrenal glands
-Big part of male reproduction
-Men produce ten times more than females
Estrogens
-Female sex hormone
-Promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts
-Thickens the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual sperm
Sources:
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/physiology
/endocrinesystem/Hormones/Hormones.htm
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone
-http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_general_functions_of_hormones
-http://www.dietaryfiberfood.com/estrogen.php
-http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-the-Relationship-Between-Glucose-andInsulin?&id=3355517
-http://www.diethealthclub.com/articles/86/diet-and-wellness/pumpkin-extract-helpsinsulin-production.html
Exam Questions
Multiple Choice
1) The functions of hormones produced by other glands are:
a) Female sex hormone
b) Blood flow
c) Hair growth
d) Circulation
2) There are how many major types of diabetes?
a) Type 1
b) Type 1 and Type 2
c) Type 3
d) Diabetes
3) The pituitary gland controls what?
a) nervous system
b) Heart
c) All other glands
d) Maintains healthy skin
4) The four main groups of hormones are:
a) Peptides and proteins, Steroids, Amino acid derivatives and Fatty acid
derivatives
b) Proteins, nutrition, steroids and hormones
c) Amino acid derivatives, cell function, fat and steroids
d) Peptides and proteins, steroids, amino acid derivatives and nutrition
Answers
1)
2)
3)
4)
a
b
c
a