Balinese Dance
Music, Rhythm, and Trance State
Group 1: Alicia, Fred, Javier
Monday, June 4, 2007
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia
OVERVIEW:
1. History and Culture of Balinese DanceAlicia
2. Anthropological Studies and The Hypnotic
Trance
3. Neurophysiology of Dance – Fred
4. The Induction of Trance – Javier
5. Long Term Effects of Dance
6. Discussion - All
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia
History of Balinese Dance
• Indigenous origincombination of MalayoPolynesian ancestor worship culture of a 25001000 BC migration to Bali and more modern
Hindu-Javanese elements (prior to 14th century
AD)
• Dance as religion->ancestor worship as well as
ritual blessings offered to gods
• Children begin dance education/school from
walking
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia
The Purpose of the Dance
• Educating the Community: Story-telling of
tradition and cultural values
-Balance of Good and Evil
-Gender Roles/Identity
-Cultivating control of the self
(body and emotions)
• Communion With the Gods
– Possession and Trance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia
Hypnotic Trance
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Anthropological Studies of Margaret Mead
Analysis of Trance by Erickson:
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Absorption in dance
Unified movement of the body
Increased muscle tone/rigidity
Minimum use of energy
Additional Parallels to Hypnosis
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Amnesia
Unusual Physical Feats: Kris Dance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia
The Character of the Dance
• Primary Musical
Instrument: Percussion
• Training of specific types
of coordinated
movements: arms, hands,
legs, shoulders, eyes
• Rhythmic movement on
time with drum
• Controlled Eye
Movements
•
???How do these potentially
induce trance???
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Neurophysiology
• Human Dance
• Swinging in the Brain
• Eye Movements
Fred
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Human Dance: Neural Basis
- PET imaging
- Pattern Entrainment Study
- Interacting network of brain areas during
patterned rhythmic dance movement.
Steven Brown1,2, Michael J. Martinez1 and Lawrence M. Parsons. The Neural Basis of Human Dance.
Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published October 17, 2005. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/bhj057v2.pdf
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Neural Basis of Dance:
PET Studies
• Amateur dancers: small-scale movements
• Comparison:
– Metric vs. Motor condition
– Metric vs. Non-metric condition
– Metric vs. Contractions
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Neural Basis of Dance:
Activations
- Right Putamen (BG Circuit)
- Movement :: regular rhythm vs. irregular
rhythm
- Test voluntary control during metric motion
- Medial Superior Parietal Lobe
- Spatial navigation (pattern)
- Proprioceptive and somatosensory activations
(in dance)
- Anterior cerebellar vermis
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Neural Basis of Dance:
Activations (cont.)
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bilateral motor
somatosensory and premotor areas
right supplementary motor area
right frontal operculum
left medial superior parietal cortex
superior temporal regions
right cingulate motor area
basal ganglia
bilateral anterior vermal
and posterior-lateral cerebellum
Fred
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Behavior and Dance
• Sequence learning and Sensorimotor
coordination during tapping task
• Perceptual and motor systems are coupled
across multiple levels of processing.
– simple coupling
– complex
:: foot-tap
:: dance
PetrJanata and Scott T Grafton. Swinging in the brain: shared neural substrates for behaviors related to sequencing and music.
Volume 6 Number 7 July 2003 Nature Neuroscience
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Behavior and Dance:
Timing …
• Metric Condition:
– requires perception and production
• Non-metric Condition
– require explicit memory
• “… rhythmic properties of a piece of music
entrain neural oscillators that facilitate
synchronization of both perception and action
with the underlying beat in music.” (9,10)
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Behavior and Dance:
… and sequencing
• Serial Reaction Task (SRT)
• Outside temporal context
• Explicit memory
• Attention dynamically allocated to salient moments in time
• Attentional processes are embodied
• Attention and timing are interwoven, involved in
sensorimotor coupling
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
Eye-Movement:
Lucidity Research
• EEG mapping of lucid dreaming
• Lucid Dreams generally initiated during periods of
high ANS activity
• decreased finger pulse amplitude
• increased respiration rate and irregularity
• increased eye-movement activity relative to normal REM sleep
• Lucidity occurs during periods of relatively high
brain activation
• sufficient CNS activation necessary before consciousness can
be attained
LaBerge, S., Levitan, L., & Dement, W. (1986). Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep.
Journal of Mind and Behavior, 7, 251-258.
http://www.psywww.com/asc/ld/research.html
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred
EMDR
• Francine Shapiro
• New therapeutic movement:
– Eye Movement Desensitization
Reprogramming (EMDR).
Cincinnati Skeptic Vol. 4, No. 3. EMDR Works! Is That Enough? The Newsletter of The Association for Rational Thought 3 February, 1995
http://www.cincinnatiskeptics.org/newsletter/art4-3.html
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Long-term Effects
Dance and Trance
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Trance State
Long-Term
The Mind-Body Connection
Music Perception and Movement
Javier
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Javier
Trance State
• What is trance?
– A sleeplike state that is sometimes followed by
an indifference of objective environment and
amnesia.
• How is it induced?
– induced by rigorous tasks that require focused
attention, such as dance, running, fasting,
etc…
– However, also induced by drugs, stress, and
emotions, which all affect the cholinergic
system.
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Long-Term:
See Fred, see Fred Dance
• MNS and Dance
– trained dancers showed more
activity of MNS to known
dances when compared to nondancers - Daniel Glaser
• Benefits of Dance
– Movement can serve as a
mediator to facilitate behavioral
change and well being.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3204/01-resup.html
Javier
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Mind-Body Connection
• Rhythm
– “People moving in the same rhythm with the
same spatial configuration become identified
with one another. Gradually they assume a
common expression, moving with the same
dynamic qualities (effort synchrony), in
comparable areas of space (spatial
synchrony), to the same rhythm (rhythmic
synchrony. In this way the group achieves a
sense of solidarity.”
(p.19, Moreno 1988) – Mind/Body Connection
Javier
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Mind-Body connection
• Effects of rhythmic sounds on the brain
– Beat &Tempo
• Pulse rate, galvanic skin response, and blood
pressure stabilize to match external tempi.
• Respiration and metabolism accelerate.
• Rhythmic Movements
– An inherited biological response regulated by
internal rhythmic generators and reactive to
external rhythmic factors
Javier
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Discussion
• What are ASCs?
– Lack of PFC activity
- Attention Shift
• Rhythm and collective consciousness
• Social cognition and music
• Dance Dance Revolution
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Works Cited
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Bandem, I. and deBoer, F. Balinese Dance in Transition. Oxford University Press, New York 1995.
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Cynthia F. Berrol. The neurophysiologic basis of the mind-body connection in dance/movement therapy. American Journal of Dance
Therapy, Volume 14, Number 1 / March, 1992, 19-29. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p48633k645807x32/
•
Cincinnati Skeptic Vol. 4, No. 3. EMDR Works! Is That Enough? The Newsletter of The Association for Rational Thought 3 February, 1995.
http://www.cincinnatiskeptics.org/newsletter/art4-3.html.
•
Haley, R. and Haley, J. Dance and trance of Balinese children [videorecording] / Triangle Productions ; Filmakers Library, New York, N.Y,
c1995.
•
LaBerge, S., Levitan, L., & Dement, W. (1986). Lucid dreaming: Physiological correlates of consciousness during REM sleep. Journal of
Mind and Behavior, 7, 251-258. http://www.psywww.com/asc/ld/research.html
•
Large, E.W. On synchronizing movments to music. Hum. Mov. Sci. 19, 527-566 (2000)
•
Large, E.W & Palmer, C. Percieving t emporal regularity in music. Cognit. Sci. 26 ,1-37 (2002)
•
PetrJanata and Scott T Grafton. Swinging in the brain: shared neural substrates for behaviors related to sequencing and music. Volume 6
Number 7 July 2003 Nature Neuroscience.
•
Stefan Koelsch1 and Walter A. Siebel2. Towards a neural basis of music perception TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.12 December
2005.
•
Steven Brown1,2, Michael J. Martinez1 and Lawrence M. Parsons. The Neural Basis of Human Dance. Cerebral Cortex Advance Access
published October 17, 2005. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/bhj057v2.pdf
•
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3204/01-resup.html
•
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