Central Dogma
Date: 4/1/2013
Pd: 1
By: Clesi Crochet, Lexi Gocken, Joelle Chowaiki, Tanguy
Deriot, Rob Levine
Chapter 12 vocab
12.1
 Transformation: the process in which one
strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or
genes from another strain of bacteria.
 Bacteriophage: virus that infects bacteria
 Nucleotide: monomer of nucleic acids made
of a 5 carbon sugar a phosphate group and
a nitrogenous base
 Base paring: principle that bonds in DNA can
form only between adenine and thymine and
between guanine and cytosine.
Chapter 12 vocab
12.2
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Chromatin: granular material visible within the
nucleus consists of DNA tightly coiled around
proteins
Histones: proteins in the molecule around
witch DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
Replication: copying process by which a cell
duplicates its DNA
DNA polymerase: enzyme evolved in DNA
replication that joins individual nucleotides to
produce DNA molecules.
Chapter 12 vocab
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12.3
Gene: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus
determines a trait.
Messenger RNA: molecule that carries copies of instructions for the
assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the
cell.
Ribosomal RNA: type of RNA that makes up the major part of the
ribosomes.
Transfer RNA: type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to
ribosomes during protein syntheses.
Transcription: proses in which part of the nucleotide sequence of
DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.
RNA polymerase: enzymes similar to DNA polymerase that binds to
DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription.
Chapter 12 vocab
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12.3
Promoter: region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme
where to bind and make RNA.
Intron: sequence of DNA that is not involved in
coding for a protein.
Exon: expressed sequence of DNA codes for protein.
Codon: three nucleotide sequence on mRNA that
codes for a single amino acid.
Translation: decoding od an mRNA message into a
polypeptide chain.
Anticodon: group of three bases on a tRNA molecule
that are complementary to an mRNA codon.
Chapter 12 vocab
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12.4
Mutation: change in a DNA sequence that
effects genetic info.
Point mutation: gene mutation involving
changes in one or a few nucleotides.
Frameshift mutation: mutation that shifts the
“reading” frame of the genetic message by
inserting or deleting a nucleotide.
Polyploidy: condition in which an organism
has an extra set of chromosomes.
Chapter 12 vocab
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12.5
Operon: group of genes that operate
together
Operator: region od chromosomes in an
operon to which the repressor binds when the
operon is turned off.
Differentiation: the process in which cells
become specialized in structure and function.
Hox gene: series of genes that controls the of
differentiation cells in tissue in an embryo.
DNA
 Base
pairs: A(adenine)=T(thymine)
C(cytosine)=G(guanine)
 Nucleotide=phosphate+sugar+base
DNA replication
5
steps of DNA rep:
1) Enzyme initiates(starts) replication and
untwists the helix
2) DNA unzips
3) Free nucleotides attach(the nucleotides
bind the unzipped DNA strands).
4) Enzymes check for errors.
5) Enzymes twist the new strands (creating
the double helix) results in 2 identical copies.
RNA notes
 RNA=
Ribonucleic Acid
 RNA structure:
composed of nuclotides
uracil replaces thymine
single stranded
only 1 gene
3 types of RNA
 Messenger
RNA (mRNA)
 Facts:
-usues DNA as template
- single strandes
- U replaces T
- largest RNA molecule
 Function: mRNA is used to carry the
genetic code from the nucleus to the
ribosomes
3 types of RNA
 Transfer
RNA (tRNA)
 Facts:
-on one end of the tRNA a specific
amino acid detaches.
- on the other end is a sequence of 3
base pairs called anticodons, that
complement the codon on the mRNA
 Function: tRNA bonds to amino acids and
is used in the syntheses of proteins
3 types of RNA
 Ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
 Facts:
-the small subunit of a ribosomes that
contains an rRNA strand(1542 nucleotides
long)
- the larger subunit contains 2 strands
of rRNA(one 2904 nucleotides in lenth and
the other starnd is 120 in thengt).
 Function: component of ribosomes
RNA Transcription
 Transcription:
the process of building an
mRNA copy of a DNA sequence
 DNA replication vs. RNA transcription
-RNA is single stranded
-U replaces T in RNA
-RNA transcription only happens in small
sections(one gene)
-DNA replication copies the whole strand
6 Steps of Transcription
Enzymes untwist the DNA and starts
transcription
2.
Enzyme unzips DNA(transcription bubble)
3.
Free RNA nucleotides base pair with DNA
- A=U / C=G
4. RNA nucleotides bond together at the
backbone
5. New single strand RNA detaches from DNA
template
6. Enzymes close(rezips) and twists DNA
1.
3 Steps of Translation
1.
Initiation
1.
2.
2.
Elongation
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
Ribosomes attaches to the mRNA
Start codon is always AUG
tRNA anticodon matches with codon on mRNA
Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids
Amino acids released from tRNA
Ribosome moves down the mRNA and continues
adding amino acids
Termination
1.
2.
Ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons
mRNA and protein are released
Mutations
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Mutations: a change in a base sequence of
DNA
What causes mutations?
-Mistakes in replication(spontaneous)
-mistakes in base pairs
-environmental factors(mutagens)
-high energy radiation
-chemicals
-high temperature
Mutagens: any agent that causes a changes to
the DNA sequence
Types of Mutations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Point Mutations
Frameshift Mutations
Deletions
Insertions
Inversions
Translocations
Quiz
1.
2.
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What is transcription?
What is translation and where does it occur?
Where do we store our genetic information?
What is DNA polymerase used in?
What is a mutation?
What makes up a nucleotide?
What is the function of mRNA?
What are3 the differences between RNA and
DNA?
What are the 6 steps transcription?
Outline the central dogma pathway.
Quiz answers
The process of building an mRNA copy of a DNA sequence
The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
3.
The nucleus
4.
Used in DNA replication
5.
Change in a DNA sequence that effects genetic information
6.
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
7.
To carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes
8.
RNA: single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose\DNA:
nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose
9.
A. Enzymes untwist the DNA and starts transcription
B. Enzyme unzips DNA(transcription bubble)
C. Free RNA nucleotides base pair with DNA - A=U / C=G
D. RNA nucleotides bond together at the backbone
E. New single strand RNA detaches from DNA template
F.
Enzymes close(rezips) and twists DNA
10. See picture in book.
1.
2.