CP Biology - Note packet to go along with video lessons
2014-2015
UNIT 1A: Characteristics of Living Things
* Biology: the scientific study of life
1.3
Studying Life
Nonliving things may share some features in common with living things, but only living things show ALL of the characteristics of life.
Living and nonliving things are alike because they are both made of atoms and/or molecules
An organism is any one individual living thing.
What characteristics do all living things have in common? There are 8 major characteristics presented in the "Visual Summary" on pages 18-19 of your textbook.
8 Characteristics of Life
1.
8 characteristics of living things- after #5 diff order than packet but easy to find. Watch both but this part only asks for a list of all 8 characteristics.
1. http://youtu.be/upX1gWeyOjc
2. http://youtu.be/MQNoo5ptntM?list=PLebLVLQsrd_jO6
WdHy4NXUCekp8TBbAqJ
1) ___________________________________________
2)___
3)___
4)___
________________ ________________________
__________________________
___________________
______________
_____________________
5)____
6)____
7)____
_________________________________
_
______
______________________________________
_______________________________________
8)___
Name
_________
______ ____________
_______________________________

LIVING THINGS:
A molecule called DNA is used within the cell(s) of all living things to store the complex information they need to live, grow and reproduce.
DNA is the genetic material of the cell, which contains codes for the building of proteins .
To clarify, DNA is NOT made of protein. It is made of nucleotides.
It does, however, have the CODE for making proteins for the body.
Use the entire space to draw a section of DNA and write down notes that the speaker puts up on the screen. http://youtu.be/igZdLN7nw6k
(You may stop the video at 8:05 minutes)
The backbone is made of ______________ and
__________________________. The steps are made of
________________________ ____________ that have
__________________bonds between them.

LIVING THINGS:
1. http://youtu.be/CqtvcZBZ9Zc?list=PLebLVLQsrd_jO6WdHy4NXUCekp8TBbAqJ
2. http://youtu.be/CqtvcZBZ9Zc
 What is the difference between growth and development?
Growth means getting larger;
Development means changing features.
(ex: butterfly life cycle; puberty)
 The degree of growth and development depends upon the characteristics of the individual species AND the amount of available energy.
 The amount of growth and development can be limited by how well an organism synthesizes and assimilates .
Definitions  Use the book to answer the questions on the right or use http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_Synthesis_and_Assimilatio n
.

Watch just a few minutes of unicellular organisms - http://youtu.be/_cpBK2t0Yeo
2. Start watching from 0.45 sec – 2.33sec only http://youtu.be/TIp5Bzvc-3Y
 To grow:
unicellular organisms will increase in
___________
multicellular organisms will increase in__________ AND
______________________________
Synthesize: _ ______________________
_
Assimilate________________________
_________________________________

LIVING THINGS:
http://youtu.be/MQNoo5ptntM
*Stimulus (S): a signal to which an organism responds
*Response (R): specific reaction to a stimulus
Stimuli and/or responses may be internal (inside the body) or
external (outside the body).
Example:
*Label each of these examples –
Put an " S " by the stimulus and an " R " by the response: a) When you touch something hot ___ you pull your hand away ____ http://youtu.be/aBbIcoW-5nE b) A blowfish becomes larger and extends is spikes _____ when it is
threatened by a predator _____ c) The carbon dioxide level in your blood becomes too high ____ so
your breathing rate increases ______
LIVING THINGS:
Review all plus cells - http://youtu.be/47DZciaxV9Q
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
 This is an animal cell
 This is a plant cell

All cells come from other cells.
*cell: the basic unit of all forms of life
 unicellular: made up of only one cell
Unicellular organisms must accomplish all life activities within one cell.
 multicellular: made up of more than one cell
In multicellular organisms, cells must work together to
accomplish the organism's life processes.
Cellular specialization takes place in complex, multicellular organisms. Different types of cells perform specific functions as parts of different tissues and organs.
May give the cell a unique form to fit its particular functions. This is due to expressing only certain parts of the DNA code common to all the cells in that organism.
This  organism is a protist
and is ___________________
(uni- or multicellular)
 This organism is a(n)
________________(animal or plant)
and is ______________________(uni- or multicellular)
Cellular specialization http://youtu.be/jp6L5emD8rw - (only watch until 4.15sec)

LIVING THINGS:
1.
http://youtu.be/CVVbBCxppQI
2. http://youtu.be/A5kzxOtvCjc
3. humans evolve (very interesting if time - 44 min) - http://youtu.be/MsHEAnPX59Y
Organisms pass on traits (characteristics) from one generation to the next by their DNA. Organisms can't generally choose or change their characteristics - an organism’s traits are largely predetermined by their
DNA (though they may be influenced by their environment).
Examples of Types of Traits :
List examples of the types of traits:
Physical :
Physical : parts of the cells/body
_____________________________________________
Physiological : processes occurring within the
_____________________________________________________ cells/body
Physiological :
_________________________________________
Behavioral : survival behaviors
_____________________________________________________
How do new traits arise? Remember, traits are controlled by an individual's genes.
Behavioral : ____________________
In sexually reproducing species, variations arise from unique combinations of the mother & father's genetic material. Variations are differences in organisms.
______________________________
______________________________

In sexually & asexually reproducing species, variations can also arise from random mutations which change the genetic material of a cell.
*Mutation : change in the genetic material of a cell
Certain variations may enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. These traits are referred to as adaptations .
*Adaptation : heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
The environment largely dictates what is an adaptation and what is not. A trait may benefit survival in one environment and hinder survival in another. (ex, think of a snowshoe hare trying to hide in a NJ forest!) variation and mutation - http://youtu.be/3U4dJleBtlg adaptation - http://youtu.be/N3gp9sCxAvA
How do populations change (evolve) over time?
* Natural Selection: the process by which organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.
Each time an organism reproduces, there is a chance that the DNA of the offspring will lead to new and different traits which may enhance their survival.
 If the trait benefits the organism the organism is more ‘fit’ for
survival and reproduction of another generation of offspring.
Natural Selection -
A.
http://youtu.be/0SCjhI86grU
B .

 The new trait may be passed on to the next generation of offspring.
 Eventually, if successful then this trait will be present in a greater percentage of the population.
 The group of organisms can be said to have adapted to their
environment.
As one adaptation follows another, eventually the species may undergo subtle or even drastic changes.
Over time, groups of organisms can become different enough from one another that they are considered new species.
*Evolution change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
C.
Discuss what is happening in the picture labeled “C” above
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

LIVING THINGS:
1.
Photosyn vs cellular respiration - http://youtu.be/JUmT24R8CyA
2. (auto vs hetero)(chemo)(at end skip details about photo and CR)- http://youtu.be/0IJMRsTcwcg
Materials and energy move between the living ( biotic ) and nonliving ( abiotic ) parts of ecosystems. Materials (atoms, molecules) must be recycled but energy is NOT - therefore a constant supply of energy must enter every ecosystem
(usually from the sun). Organisms must be able to: a) produce or obtain nutrients; b) convert the nutrients into usable forms of chemical energy (making ATP through cellular respiration); and c) use these forms of energy to power their life processes.
All living things fit into one of the following two categories, based on A ) how they produce or obtain nutrients: http://youtu.be/gUt__nYl7sY
Living things must -
_______________________________________
Consumers - http://youtu.be/-xBIfqE-X14
There are various categories of consumers such as:
_____________, ______________, _____________
*heterotroph: organisms that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer
Examples: all animals, fungi, various types microorganisms
(bacteria, protists)

*autotroph: organisms that are able to capture energy
from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its
own food from inorganic compounds; also called a
producer
Examples: all plants, various types of microorganisms
(bacteria, protists) http://youtu.be/r1SauFv9Kq4
There are two different types of autotrophy:
1.
___________________________
2.
___________________________
Photosynthesis: can be summarized by the following chemical equation:
6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O  C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2 carbon dioxide +_______-->glucose + _________
B) Organisms must convert the nutrients into usable forms of chemical energy (making ATP through cellular respiration).
Cellular Respiration: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food
molecules in the presence of oxygen
Cellular respiration can be summarized by the following chemical equation:
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? http://youtu.be/hmU84eu4P_o
Song - http://youtu.be/QswRoa-5Mys
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6 O
2
 6 CO
2
+ 6 H
2
O
Important!
1.
Do not confuse cellular respiration with the act of breathing .
(Breathing is inhaling/exhaling – not all organisms do
this!!! )
2.
All living organisms (autotrophs and heterotrophs) must undergo some type of cellular respiration to produce ATP.
C) Organisms will then use many forms of
energy to power their life processes.
(forms of energy)
*metabolism: the combination of _____________
________________ through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials.
When metabolism stops, an organism cannot perform life functions which leads to death.
Organisms will then use these forms of energy to power their life processes. Some examples include:
D __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ : breaking down food into forms which cells can use
T __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ : moving materials around a cell or throughout an organism
M __ __ __ __ __ __ __ :changing position of a body part or locomotion of an entire organism
Other life processes are: growth, reproduction, excretion of wastes, respiration, regulation of cellular activities, metabolism, etc. – in other words, ALL LIFE
PROCESSES!
Special types of metabolic reactions help organisms obtain and use energy from the environment to produce new compounds that
______________________________________.
Life functions are based on E ___ ___ ____ ___ ___ !

LIVING THINGS:
1.
http://youtu.be/zaNXvEbHoxo
2. http://youtu.be/_0afKWu4yVg
* Homeostasis: relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain.
Homeostasis is about trying to stay (relatively) the same inside no matter what goes on outside.
LIVING THINGS:
1.
Sexual vs asexual reproduction - http://youtu.be/jk2RJm5RBEk
2. More detailed – including multi and unicellular http://youtu.be/xU2vg9F0qF4
More including chart - http://youtu.be/oHTqpYObFZ8
The process of reproduction ensures that DNA is passed from parent(s) to offspring.
Reproduction is necessary for the survival of the species
NOT the individual.
Two types of Reproduction:
Examples: a) regulation of body
temperature: when it's cold humans
________ and when it's hot we ________ so that we can maintain our body temperature around 98.6F. b) regulation of blood sugar levels c) regulation of water balance in blood
Label each picture as an example of sexual or asexual reproduction.
This shows (sexual or asexual ) reproduction.
* Asexual: process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
This shows (sexual or asexual ) reproduction.

* Sexual: type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
Either method of reproduction has the potential to be very successful - depending on the species and its environment.
Some organisms can undergo both asexual and sexual reproduction.
Use the following directions to complete the table below:
A.
use the numbers 1 or 2
B.
use the words low (little or none) or high
C.
use the words stable/unchanging or unstable/changing
D.
fill in with examples of organisms that reproduce asexually and sexually
Asexual Reproduction
A
B
# of parents
Degree of genetic variability of offspring
C
D
Environment that this type of reproduction is best suited for
Examples
Typical in: _________________________
___________________________________ and some multicellular organisms like hydra, jellyfish, some plants, artificially cloned organisms
Sexual Reproduction
Occurs in:
______________________________________
______________________________________

all topics thus far - http://youtu.be/YFxBhVGLzPU cute – http://youtu.be/Pn6fqfVoGhY http://youtu.be/KPtAuojPQVQ
Taxonomy: the science of classification - which involves grouping and naming organisms.
* Species : a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
How do we group and name species?
Organisms are named using a system of
* Binomial Nomenclature : classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name .
Each organism is placed into a series of hierarchical groups based on characteristics and similarities shared with other members of that group. Classification gives us a way to sort and group organisms for easier study, as well as assign each its own scientific name.
The scientific name of an organism is often very different from the organism’s common name.
Scientific Name : composed of an organism's genus AND
1)
2)
What is the scientific name of the bactrian camel?
Circle the pair of organisms that have more in common from the choices below
A: Bactrian Camel and Llama
B: Bactrian camel and Dromedary
: species names.
C: Bactrian camel and Sea Star

The genus is capitalized and the species is not. Put the words in italics or underlined.
Ex) Red Oak tree - Quercus rubra
Modern humans? Homo sapiens
The more classification groups that two organisms share, the more closely related they are.
Recently, the science of classification has been undergoing a great deal of change. The original scheme proposed back in the 1800’s by Carolus Linnaeus included only 7 classification levels shown above (KPCOFGS). Currently an additional grouping, called a “domain” is more widely accepted as a level above (more general than) “kingdom”.
Biochemical evidence (i.e. DNA) has helped to continue to revise and/or reinforce the classification groupings being used today.
Let's discuss just one more feature that all living things have in common... all living things must die.
Life Span: how long an organism lives
Why can’t organisms just live forever? Over time there is damage to the DNA and cells – things “wear out” despite constant maintenance and repair throughout the organism’s lifetime.
Do NOT memorize this Organism Lifespan Chart!

Organisms cannot always maintain homeostasis in all environmental conditions. If an organism cannot continue its metabolism and maintain homeostasis, its life will cease.
Earth has a limited supply of resources. When organisms die, the materials in their cells are recycled back into the environment for use by new generations of living things.
Decomposers are essential to the recycling of materials between the living & nonliving portions of every ecosystem.

- http://youtu.be/s-HThHRV4uo http://youtu.be/3xRttWuf3wQ
living or not living - http://youtu.be/X-jb2Ov6R7M
There is some debate over whether viruses are living or nonliving. Most agree that they are nonliving because they are unable to
INDEPENDENTLY carry out all life processes – they are particles made of DNA and other organic chemicals that can replicate only by infecting living cells.
Explain why someone would think that viruses are considered living things based on the 8 characteristics of life.
_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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