Canada Week
Commemorating the 40th Anniversary
of the Establishment of
Full Diplomatic Relations
between China & Canada
Organized by:
Nanjing University of Finance and Economics
Friday, October 22nd, 2010
Co-operation
in
Higher Education
between
China & Canada:
presented by
Dr. M.W. Luke Chan
Associate Vice-President
International Affairs
McMaster University
Overview
• geography, demographics and economy of China and Canada
• education system of China and Canada
• university education environment of both countries
• Canadian involvement in higher education reform in China
• programs funded by the Canadian government
(via Canadian International Development Agency – CIDA)
• effect on management education in China
• current state of co-operation between China and Canada, including
joint degree programs, student recruiting, student mobility, graduate
recruiting and training and young faculty training support
• discussion of where we go from here
Background - Geography
People’s Republic of China
Area: 9,596,961 sq km
Beijing•
•SF
•Toronto
•NY
40°N
Canada
Area: 9,984,670 sq km
Background - Geography
People’s Republic of China
Canada
Shores: East China Sea, Korea Bay,
Shores: North Atlantic Ocean,
Yellow Sea, and South China Sea,
North Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean
Borders: Mongolia, Russia, North
Borders: United States
Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar,
Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan
Climate: subtropical to subarctic
Climate: temperate to arctic
Background - Demographics
China's population:
0-14 years: 19.8% (male :140,877,745/female:124,290,090)
15-64 years: 72.1% (male 495,724,889/female 469,182,087)
65 years & over: 8.1% (male 51,774,115/female 56,764,042)
Canada’s population:
0-14 years: 16.1% (male 2,761,711/female 2,626,836)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 11,633,950/female 11,381,735)
65 years & over: 15.2% (male 2,220,189/female 2,862,787)
Background – Economy
China
• has changed drastically changed in past 30 years from centrally planned
system to a more market-oriented economy that has unprecedented growth
in the private sector and has become a major player in the global economy
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity):
$8.748 trillion (2009 est.)
2nd largest in the world (1. United States, 3. Japan, 4. India, 5.Germany)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$6,600 (2009 est.)
83rd in the world
Education expenditures: approx. 3% of GDP (2009)
Background – Economy
Canada
• as an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class,
Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern
of production, and affluent living standards
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity):
$1.279 trillion (2009 est.)
14th largest in the world
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$38,000 (2009 est.)
10th in the world
Education expenditures: approx. 6% of GDP (2009)
Background - Education
China:
• national level, public state-run system
• 12 year system (9 years mandatory)
• kindergarten and senior high school are fee-based
• rapidly growing private education providers
Literacy Rate: 93% (age 15+ can read and write)
Background - Education
Canada:
• provincial level, public state-run system
• 12 year system (+optional public Kindergarten,
structure varies slightly by province)
• small, established private education sector
Literacy Rate: 99% (age 15+ can read and write)
Background - Education
China Canada
approx. 2,400 universities, colleges
86 universities and 223 colleges
and other post-secondary institutions
19 million students nationally 1.2 million students nationally
( international students negligible) (international students as high as 10%)
1 institution to 9000 people 1 institution to 3800 people
est. 4% of Chinese population has
post-secondary education over 50% of Canadian population has
major discrepancy between rural some post-secondary education
(< 1%) and urban (approx. 12%)
6 million post secondary graduates 245,000 post secondary graduates
(2008) (2008)
Post-Secondary Education in Canada
Canada has 2 types of public post-secondary institutions:
1. University
• education institution that grants fully recognized degrees
• offers undergraduate degrees such as Bachelor's Degree
• offers graduate and doctoral degrees
• offers Post Doctoral research
2. College
• grant certificates or diplomas, but not degrees
• high degree of standardization across country
• some university-college partnership programs that grant select degrees
University in Canada - History
Oldest universities in Canada:
Université Laval (1663)
University of New Brunswick (1785)
Dalhousie University (1818)
McGill University (1821)
University of Toronto (1827)
McMaster University (1887)
• post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the
individual provinces and territories
• majority of funding from provincial government
• remainder of funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and
research grants
• alumni and private donations significant source of income
Canada - Global University Rankings
Times Higher Education
2010 World University Rankings - Top 200
University of Toronto
University of British Columbia
McGill University
McMaster University
University of Alberta
University of Victoria
University of Montreal
Dalhousie University
Simon Fraser University
17
30
35
93
127
130
138
193
199
Shanghai Jiaotong
2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities – Top 200
University of Toronto
University of British Columbia
McGill University
McMaster University
University of Alberta
University of Calgary
University of Montreal
University of Waterloo
27
36
61
88
101-150
101-150
101-150
151-200
University in China
Oldest universities in China:
Tianjin University (1895)
Zhejiang University (1897)
Peking University (1898)
Soochow University (1900)
University of Nanjing (1902)
Fudan University (1905)
Tsinghua University (1911)
• universities regulated from the national level by State Education
Commission (SEC)
• SEC has a far broader range of authority compared to the Canadian
provincial authorities
University in China
China has numerous types of public post-secondary institutions:
1. University
• education institution that grants degrees
• offers undergraduate degrees such as Bachelor's Degree
• offers graduate and doctoral degrees
• offers Post Doctoral research
2. College
• grant certificates or diplomas, but not degrees
3. Training Vocational colleges
• large number of schools providing low level technical training
4. Various Training institutes & schools
• school to provide specialized technical training for specific occupations
or workplaces
China - Global University Rankings
Times Higher Education
2010 World University Rankings - Top 200
Peking University
University of Science & Technology China
Tsinghua University
Nanjing University
Sun Yat-sen University
Zhejiang University
37
49
58
120
171
197
Shanghai Jiaotong
2010 Academic Ranking of World Universities – Top 200
Peking University
Tsinghua University
151-200
151-200
Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education
(1970-1979)
1973-4:
• a few years after the establishment of formal diplomatic relations both countries
began a series of small successful exchange programs for students (1973) and
scholars (Canada-China Scholars’ Exchange Program 1974)
1979:
• signed far-reaching government-to-government agreement on academic
cooperation; both countries experienced a dramatic increase in visiting scholars and
students
• Chinese scholars were at 38 universities in 9 provinces and over 500 Canadian
university professors had visited China.
• additional funding in Canada from the International Development Research Centre
(IDRC) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) made
collaborative research possible for the first time
• during this expansion phase over 40 institutional linkages were created and some
formal agreements were made
• these first agreements were only in principle (MOUs)
Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education
(1979-1994)
1979-1983:
• with China's return to the international community, the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA) began to support China's transition to knowledge
and technology transfer
• this in turn also strengthened Canadian-Chinese trade relations
• CIDA became a major contributor to fostering academic cooperation
1983:
• CIDA signed a General Agreement on Development Cooperation (GADC) that
was initially capitalized with $90 million for the first 5 years
1987:
• CIDA increased GADC funding to $200 million
• Chinese and Canadian institutions alike benefited from the development
agreement, especially through the establishment of the Canada-China University
Linkage Program that funded the linkage of 30 institutions
Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education
(1979-1994)
1987:
• the Canadian-Chinese Language Centre was founded jointly between Saint Mary’s
University and Peking Normal University to offer English language teaching in
China
• CCLC prepares scientists, government officials & other professionals linguistically
and culturally to study in Canada and improve language learning in China
1989:
• Chinese graduate students account for the majority of international students in
Canada
1994:
• CIDA develops Country Development Policy Framework (CDPF) for China
• the establishment of the Canada-China Higher Education program brings a
broad perspective which links directly to CDPF objectives
Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education
(1994-2001)
after 1994:
• later, the Canada-China University-Industry Partnership Program (CCUIPP)
added a private sector element to the scope of programs
• further support was created through the Canadian Partnership Branch of
CIDA through the University Partnerships in Cooperation and Development
Program (UPCD)
1981 - 2001:
• CIDA provided some $250 million in grants (including $150 million in bilateral
funding) toward more than 100 joint initiatives between Canadian universities
and colleges and Chinese universities and institutes
• investment was concentrated primarily in providing training and technical
assistance in the areas of administration, management, curriculum development,
educational methodologies and teaching technologies
• cooperation was predominantly in the fields of management, environment,
health, education, and governance
Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education
(CCMEP)
Canada-China Management Education Program (CCMEP):
• organized through CIDA in 1983; active for 10 years,
• this program had a considerable impact on:
• the establishment of management education systems in Chinese
institutions
• China’s economic development
• trained future nationwide known entrepreneurs, professors, scholars
and business school deans
• program ended as direct bilateral relationships flourished
Phase I (1983-1990):
• established the Canada-China Enterprise Management Training
(CCEMT) Centre
• 8 Chinese and 8 Canadian lead universities involved and many more
through subsidiary activities
Canada-China Cooperation in Higher Education
(CCMEP)
Phase II (1987-1994):
• over a 7 year period, 407 person years of training in Canada is provided
through government facilitated university linkages including:
Alberta/Xian Jiaotong
JiaotongDalhousie/Xiamen
McGill /People’s
UWO/ Waterloo/Tsinghua
Laval/ XianJiaotong/People’s
UBC/Shanghai
Concordia /Tianjin
Toronto/ HKUST
York /Nankai
McMaster/Tsinghua/Fudan
• about 150 Canadian faculty members supervised Ph.D. candidates, taught
Ph.D.s, MBAs or Executive Development classes
• more than 100 MBA courses were taught in China and about 300 Chinese
trainees were granted MBA degrees
• CIDA’s financial contribution for Phase II was more 26 million dollars
Modes of Co-operation
Aspects of Student Mobility:
A. 1-way Mobility, Exchange Agreements
• 1-way student mobility programs are common in Canada
• due to a number of factors:
• imbalance in academic standing of institutions
• language imbalance (predominance of English)
• incentive through scholarship
B. Single Term to Multi-year
• duration varies widely; single term allows students to get sample of
international experience with minimal disruption to Home
Institution education, some may allow multi-year which allows
students to complete studies Host Institution
C. X+Y, joint degree
• the terms under which studies are done vary ; x+y and joint
degrees allow student to be granted degrees from the host
institution (x+y) or both institutions (joint)
Modes of Co-operation
Aspects of Student Mobility:
Student motivation:
• international/cultural experience
• higher standard education
Institutional motivation:
• helps establish relationship
• gain students with international-standard
education
• identify potential graduate students (host)
Issues:
• cost to student/institution
• “brain drain” (home institution)
• determining/establishing equivalent
standards
Modes of Co-operation
X + Y Programs
• x+y means 2+2, 3+1, 3+2, 4+1 where “x” refers to years at the
home institution and “y” refers to years at the host institution
• allows students to do initial years at Home university and
complete degree at Host university
• graduates usually receive a degree from each institution
• some culminate in Bachelor and Masters degree
• e.g., University of Waterloo & Chinese university 2+2 for B.Sc.
(multiple partner universities: Nanjing, USTB, BIT, HIT, etc.)
Modes of Co-operation
X + Y Programs
Sustainability concerns for x+y programs:
• on-going “brain drain” effect
• may denigrate standing of Home institution
• fluctuations in Host institution capacity
• cost variation
• language issues
Modes of Co-operation
Other Modes of Co-operation:
• graduate student research, supervision and training
• post-doc research, supervision and training
• young faculty training
Undergraduate Students - China to Canada
Undergrads applying to Canadian university must submit:
• Senior High School Graduation Examination
• Chinese National University Entrance Examination (Gaokao)
• English language proficiency test results (e.g., TOEFL, IELTS, etc.)
• universities individually set their score requirements
Costs include:
Tuition: $10,000 – $22,000 per academic year (2 terms, 8 months)
Living: $5,600 - $9,400 per academic year (8 months)
• costs vary widely by university prestige and proximity to larger cities
Graduate Students from China to Canada
Graduate students are required to submit :
• diploma and transcript of bachelor's or comparable degree
• English language proficiency test results (e.g., TOEFL, IELTS, etc.)
• universities individually set their score requirements
Costs include:
Tuition: $10,000 – $30,000 per academic year (2 terms, 8 months)
Living: $5,600 - $9,400 per academic year (8 months)
• costs vary widely by university prestige and proximity to larger
cities
• many universities will make Teaching Assistant positions
available to offset costs
Graduate Students from China to Canada
China Scholarship Council (CSC)
• provides financial assistance to the Chinese citizens wishing to
study abroad
• provides financial assistance to the foreign citizens wishing to
study in China
• aims to develop the educational, scientific, technological and
economic cooperation between China and other countries
Graduate Students from China to Canada
China-Canada Scholars' Exchange Program
• enhanced in 2009
• CSC sponsors various types of scholarships including graduate,
doctoral and post-doctoral
• another type of CSC doctoral scholarship is called a “sandwich” or
“visiting” scholarship (1 year duration)
• provides “full” scholarships which cover living and travel costs, some
or all of tuition costs
• tuition costs are generally split between host institutions and CSSEP
• scholarships can last up to 4 years, depending upon the program
• What role could CSC have with regard to young faculty training
and support (e.g. visiting scholars)?
New Modes of Cooperation
Canadian university campuses in China
• great interest in the idea of “branch” campuses
• campuses are formed in partnership with local university and
with complex accreditation procedures
• difficulty in developing a viable model, issues include:
• concern about dilution of university identity/reputation
• adequate and stable revenue model
• stability of partnerships and costs
• possibilities are immense in terms of:
• realizing university’s vision
• expanding pool of excellent students and faculty
• revenue generation
New Modes of Cooperation
Where do we go from here?
How can CSC and other government and university support be
utilized further for post-doc training?
How can we create opportunities and expand upon:
• co-graduate supervision,
• co-executive training,
• co-teaching material development particular using Chinese
philosophy and culture and societal characteristics?
McMaster University
History:
• 122 years old, founded in Toronto in 1887
• moved to Hamilton 1930
Location:
• Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
• 1 hour west of Toronto, 1 hour north of Niagara Falls
Size:
• a 300 acre campus with a 30 acre self-contained core
Enrolment:
• a diverse and open community of over 21,000
undergraduate students and 4000 graduate students
• 1,408 faculty and 3,500 staff
McMaster University
McMaster is world renown for:
• Top 100 Universities in the World
• according to both Shanghai Jiao Tong and Times Higher Education
rankings
• the “McMaster Model””
• a student-centred, problem-based, interdisciplinary approach to
education which has been adopted by universities around the world
• high research intensity
• total sponsored research income over $345 million
• #1 in Canada research income per full-time faculty member
• averaging $308,000 per faculty member
• only North American host site of a United Nations University
Advantages to studying in Canada
• Canadian universities are among the best in the world
• Canadian universities are consistently ranked in top 100
universities in the world
• Tuition fees for international students in Canada and living costs
are among the lowest in the world
• On-campus work-study program, 3-year work permit after
graduation (easy to get Canadian work experience)
• Canada the most multicultural country in the world
• According to the United Nations, Canada offers one of the
highest standards for quality of life in the world