Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
1
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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Dr. Danny Faulkner published an article on the
above subject in the Answers In Genesis
website on February 12, 2015. Dr. Faulkner
retired from the position of a Distinguished Full
Professor of Physics from the University of
South Carolina at Chapel Hill a few years ago.
He now devotes his time to disseminate
technical subjects to laymen in Answers In
Genesis. I now quote his article in the following
pages.
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Abstract
“Many Christians today embrace the big bang theory
as an avenue for evangelism. They reason that a big
bang origin of the universe naturally leads one to
conclude that there must be a Creator, thus opening
the door for sharing the gospel. However, there is a
growing belief that a quantum fluctuation gave rise to
the universe apart from God. This belief is based upon
several speculative and probably incorrect ideas
concerning physics, but it appears to be the direction
that big bang cosmogony is headed. If big bang
evangelism ever was effective, its window is rapidly
closing.
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“The Reason for Belief in an Eternal Universe
“Christians who believe the big bang model frequently
argue that if the universe had an origin, then there must be
a transcendent Creator. Indeed, the implication of a
Creator was the main reason why so many cosmologists
and astronomers opposed the big bang model for many
years in the middle of the 20th century. Many scientists
chose to believe in an eternal universe rather than the big
bang origin primarily because an eternal universe avoids
the need of a Creator. However, the 1965 discovery of the
cosmic microwave background convinced most scientists
that the big bang was the correct origin model of the
universe. Consequently, the big bang model has been the
dominant cosmogony for nearly a half century, so today
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few people are aware of that early opposition.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Even though the big bang model now enjoys wide
acceptance, the need for a Creator has not gone
away. To counter this problem, cosmologists and
physicists have devised arguments that
supposedly show how the big bang could have
happened apart from a Creator. Over the years,
those who criticize recent creationists have
chastised us for not publishing our work on
creation in what they consider legitimate scientific
journals. The critics claim that when creationists
write popular-level books, creationists are
attempting to circumvent the scientific process.
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Interestingly, very little of the supposed
mechanisms of how the universe came into
existence spontaneously is published in scientific
journals either. Instead, atheist scientists write
their thoughts on this subject in popular-level
books. A recent example of this is Lawrence
Krauss’ 2012 book, A Universe from Nothing. In
this book, Krauss draws upon topics that have
been published in scientific journals to make
some conclusions about the origin of the
universe apart from a Creator, but those
conclusions were made in the book, not in the
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scientific literature.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Enter Quantum Fluctuations
“The question arises whether any articles have been
written in the traditional scientific journals on the
spontaneous appearance of the universe. One
possibility is Tryon (1973). Tryon published in Nature,
a prestigious science journal, but his brief article reads
more like a letter or opinion piece, so it is doubtful that
it went through any sort of rigorous peer review.
Apparently, Tryon was the first to suggest that the
universe began in a quantum fluctuation. Perhaps a
better example would be the more recent, detailed
paper on the supposed quantum fluctuation origin of
the universe by Stenger (1989).
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“What is a quantum fluctuation? In classical physics,
we know that energy is conserved, that is, that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed. Our
understanding of the conservation of energy comes
from countless experiments of localized parts of the
universe, but, presumably, the law of conservation of
energy applies to the universe as a whole. Therefore,
it would seem that the sudden appearance of energy,
as required by the big bang model, would violate the
conservation of energy. However, many physicists
think that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP)
offers a way around this problem. The HUP is an
aspect of quantum mechanics, the physics of small
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systems, such as atoms and sub-atomic particles.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
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“The HUP places a limit on how well we can know information
about a small particle. One formulation of the HUP relates our
uncertainty in knowing a particle’s energy to the uncertainty in
the measurement of time that the particle occupies the
measured energy . Let ΔE represent the uncertainty in the
amount of energy and ∆t represent the uncertainty in the time.
Then the product ΔE∆t is approximately equal to ħ, where ħ =
h/2π, and h is Planck’s constant. Planck’s constant has the
value 6.626 x 10-34 Joule-second. Notice that Planck’s constant
has the appropriate units of energy and time. Planck’s constant
is very small, so the uncertainties are vanishingly small on a
macroscopic scale. That is why the HUP is not observable in
the macroscopic world. However, on the scale of subatomic
particles, the uncertainties can be large compared to the
quantities involved, so the consequences of the HUP can be
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significant on the microscopic scale.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“But Does This Mechanism Work?
“There are certain experimental results that
demonstrate the HUP, so the HUP is a wellaccepted phenomenon in quantum mechanics.
However, a problem arises when physicists
attempt to expand the meaning and application of
the HUP to violations of the conservation of
energy. This expansion is the teaching that
violations of energy conservation are allowed as
long as they do not last very long. That is, if ΔE is
the violation of the conservation of energy over
some time ∆t, then such violations are permitted as
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long as the product ΔE∆t is less than ħ.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
 “To support this interpretation, physicists often refer to
certain experiments where they infer that pairs of virtual
particles pop into existence before popping back out of
existence. Albert Einstein showed with his famous E =
mc2 equation that matter and energy are equivalent
things. Hence, the appearance of particles would violate
the law of conservation of energy, unless the pairs of
particles exist for a very short period of time. While this
is a common interpretation of the HUP, it is
controversial. For instance, Bunge (1970) has called
virtual particles fictitious and argued that quantum field
theory can explain these experiments without appeal to
virtual particles. Or consider the comments of David
Griffiths, a physicist with two well-respected textbooks in
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relevant fields. In one text he wrote this:
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“’It is often said that the uncertainty principle
means energy is not strictly conserved in
quantum mechanics—that you’re allowed to
“borrow” energy, as long as you “pay it back” in
a time; the greater the violation, the briefer the
period over which it can occur. Now, there are
many legitimate readings of the energy-time
uncertainty principle, but this is not one of them.
Nowhere does quantum mechanics license
violation of energy conservation, and certainly
no such authorization entered into the
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derivation of Equation 3.74.’(Griffiths 2005)
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“And in another text he wrote the following:
“’In special relativity, the energy E,
momentum, p, and mass m of a free particle
are related by the equation E2-p2c2 =m2c4. But
for a virtual particle E2 – p2c2 can take
on any value. Many authors interpret this to
mean that virtual processes violate
conservation of energy (see Problem 1.2).
Personally, I consider this misleading, at best.
Energy is always conserved.’ (Griffiths, 2008)
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Negative Energy
“Dismissing these objections, many physicists and
cosmologists want to apply this approach to the entire
universe. They ask, “What if the sum of the energy in
the universe is zero?” They conclude that if the energy
of the universe is exactly equal to zero, then the
universe could have popped into existence without
violating the conservation of energy and could
continue to exist for billions of years. In his essay,
Tryon (1973) famously quipped that “our universe is
simply one of those things which happen from time to
time.” This is the ultimate evolutionary theory, because
the universe itself is just a sort of accident; there was
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15
no cause, and so there is no need of God.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Besides relying upon a very questionable
application of the HUP, this approach also
requires that the total energy of the universe is
zero. There is a tremendous amount of energy
in the universe. Much energy is in the form of
light or other electromagnetic radiation.
Quantum mechanically, we think of radiation
consisting of particles called photons. Each
photon has energy E = hn, where n is the
frequency of the photon. Since both h and n are
positive, all energy of electromagnetic radiation
3/12/2016
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is positive.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Matter in the universe has an equivalent energy
given by the famous Einstein equation E = mc2,
where m is mass and c is the speed of light.
Since c is a large number that is squared, matter in
the universe has considerable energy (this is why
nuclear power is so efficient). Since m and c are
positive numbers, the total energy of matter in the
universe is positive as well. Together, the mass
and radiation energy of the universe is
considerably positive, so for the universe to be the
result of a quantum fluctuation, there must be a
tremendous amount of negative energy to
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counterbalance the positive energy.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Where might this negative energy be? In physics, the
only negative energies are those encountered with
potential energies. Indeed, Tryon used gravitational
potential energy in the general form –GmM/R to
estimate the total gravitational potential energy of the
universe. Using values then current (circa 1973),
Tryon found that gravitational potential energy and the
energy of matter were roughly equivalent, from which
he concluded that the universe had zero energy.
However, potential energies are zero only if we
choose an appropriate reference point to make them
so (the mathematics is simpler this way).
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“In classical physics, the choice of reference point is
arbitrary, and if we choose a different reference point,
all potential energies could be positive. Hence, in an
absolute sense, one cannot so easily make the energy
of the universe zero. However, some physicists have
argued that in non-classical physics this is possible
(Berman 2009) or have put forth theories of how
certain fields may be present in the universe that may
require negative potential energies. Indeed, the entire
motivation for this sort of approach appears to be the
bias against the possibility of a Creator rather than
some formal requirement based upon observation of
the universe or known laws of physics.
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“THESE MUSINGS DEMONSTRATE THE FUTILITY OF
MAN’S THINKING APART FROM GOD.
“Setting this difficulty aside for now, the manner in which
a quantum fluctuation could operate is not totally agreed
upon. One possibility is to argue that the universe
appeared truly out of nothing in a manner consistent with
itself. In a world without quantum fluctuations, the
sudden appearance of energy would violate a basic
property of the universe, the conservation of energy, so
a universe governed by classical physics without the
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle cannot spontaneously
appear out of nothing. However, a universe governed by
quantum mechanics allows for quantum fluctuations, so
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the universe could have arisen in this manner.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Another possibility is to argue that the big bang was
preceded by . . . well, nothing. But does nothing truly
exist? Quantum mechanically, a vacuum totally devoid
of matter isn’t so empty. As previously mentioned, this
whole line of reasoning relies upon a particular
interpretation of the HUP. This same interpretation
requires that virtual particles spontaneously pop into
and out of existence. Those virtual particles amount to
a form of energy. If this vacuum that preceded the big
bang had more energy than the current universe, then,
since physical systems naturally go from higher to
lower energy, the big bang inevitably followed that
earlier, higher energy state.
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“However, Tryon (1973) hinted at the current thinking on
the subject when he suggested that the universe
appeared, not out of nothing, but in “. . . the vacuum of
some larger space in which our Universe is imbedded.”
Now many astronomers and cosmologists think that our
universe is just one universe in a vast multiverse
consisting of myriads of other universes. In this view, our
universe was spawned by a hypothetical process called
inflation. This process is supposedly spawning even
more universes even now in a supposedly never-ending
process. The multiverse is the totality of all these past
and future universes. This amounts to a return to the
eternal universe, albeit on a much grander scale. As
previously mentioned, an eternal universe has no place
3/12/2016
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for God.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Conclusion
“Notice that these things are discussed in popularlevel books, not in the scientific literature, so
apparently evolutionists are not held to the same
standard that creationists are. This sort of reasoning
may seem silly or even bizarre to most people, but
such ideas have gained tremendous traction among
physicists in recent years. At first, these were just wild
ideas that physicists informally discussed, followed by
more formal discussions in colloquia, followed by brief
mentions in popular-level books. The statements in
books eventually were expanded to the point that they
became the main focus of books.
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“For instance, nearly 30 years before Krauss
published his book, James Trefil (1983, pp. 203–208)
briefly discussed such ideas in his book, The Moment
of Creation. Halfway between, Before the Beginning:
Our Universe and Others, a book by Marin Rees
(1997), took a decidedly less tentative approach.
While Krauss’ recent book appears more definite,
most readers may not notice his frequent use of
qualifying terms, such as “could,” “might,” and “may.”
In the near future we can expect physicists,
astronomers, and cosmologists to take a much more
forceful attitude in insisting that it is as indisputable as
gravity that a quantum fluctuation gave rise to the
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universe.
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“There are at least three serious logical problems with
this entire line of reasoning:
“1. Quantum mechanics implicitly assumes the
existence of time and space, so how can the laws of
quantum mechanics create time and space?
“2. The only way that we know quantum mechanics is
(at least approximately) correct is because we can do
experiments and make observations to verify its
predictions. Even if we accepted at face value the
claim that QM allows particles to “pop” into and out of
existence, who has ever observed a universe popping
into existence?
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“3. Point #2 is one of the big logical problems with the
claim that the laws of physics can explain the creation
of the universe. These laws have only been observed
to be applicable within our universe. We thus
have zero justification for believing that they would
apply “outside” the universe.
“Of course, these musings demonstrate the futility of
man’s thinking apart from God. As the Apostle Paul
warned in his epistle to the Romans (1:21–22, KJV),
“Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him
not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in
their imaginations, and their foolish heart was
darkened. Professing themselves to be wise, they 26
3/12/2016
became fools. . . .
Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Unfortunately, many Christians embrace the big bang as
evidence of the God of the Bible, and thus they have wedded
the big bang model to their apologetics. Often their
motivation is to bring people to salvation, reasoning that the
big bang model shows that there must be a Creator, and so
people will want to investigate who God is. However, people
who take this approach fail to grasp the significance of these
new developments within the big bang model. Lost souls who
follow the latest pronouncements of scientists about the big
bang are inclined to take those scientists’ opinions about
there being no need for a Creator as well. While the
motivation for evangelism of those Christians who accept the
big bang is commendable, their approach is doomed to
failure as the big bang model continues to assume a more
atheistic bent.
3/12/2016
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Quantum Fluctuations May Kill Big Bang Evangelism
量子涨落会杀害大爆炸福音
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“Answers in Genesis stands for the authority of Scripture, so we
start with the Bible when interpreting science rather than
starting with the pronouncements of fallible scientists to
interpret the Bible. We recognize that there are scientific
problems with the big bang model (see “Does the Big Bang Fit
with the Bible?”), but, more importantly, there are numerous
biblical problems with the big bang model as demonstrated in
the following articles:
The Big-Bang God or the God of Scripture?
Does the Big Bang Fit with the Bible? (video)
The Big Bang? (Chapter 2 in Evolution Exposed: Earth Science
The Big Bang: God’s Chosen Method of Creation?
Big Bang topic page.”
Thank God for Dr. Faulkner’s contribution.
3/12/2016
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Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝
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3/12/2016
29
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
30
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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
Dr. John G. Hartnett is a professor of physics in Australia. He
authored a book on Starlight, Time and the New Physics. He
published an article in the Answers in Genesis website on the
above subject on February 11, 2015. I now quote his article
below:
“Abstract
“I speculate on a new cosmological redshift mechanism due to
“tired light” in a created static-yet-unstable 6000-year-old finitesize universe. This utilizes Lisle’s Anisotropic Synchrony
Convention (ASC) model, but I show a one-to-one
correspondence with the Hartnett-Carmeli model that was so
successful when tested against type Ia supernova
measurements. This gives a theoretical underpinning to the
ASC model with a Hubble law redshift-distance dependence,
but not from expansion, yet where, today, we see all sources in
3/12/2016
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the universe only 6000 years after they were created.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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“Introduction
“In standard cosmology it is normal practice to assume no
Creator and that the material world is all that there is.
Therefore it follows that only the laws of physics, time, and
chance are to be considered when formulating a
description of the creation and history of the universe we
see. This means that within the visible horizon there has
been sufficient time for the gravitational and
electromagnetic influences of the matter elsewhere to be
felt locally. Assuming an expanding universe, the only
limitation comes from the notion that the universe has
expanded faster than the speed of light (c) and therefore
this has introduced to the Cosmic Microwave Background
(CMB) radiation what is known as the horizon
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problem (Hartnett 2014a).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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
“It is implicitly assumed that redshifts, seen in the light from
extragalactic sources, correctly describe an expanding universe and
that any past epoch in the history of the universe can be defined by
its redshift. This is because the Hubble law is explained via the
hypothesis of stretching of the wavelengths of light emitted from the
galaxies as they recede from us.
It thus follows from this assumption that any region of space
characterized by a particular redshift had a history back to the big
bang. This might not be immediately obvious to the casual observer
but this assumption is tied to redshifts defining an expanding
universe, which began from a single point and expanded to all that
we see today. Hence it follows that all epochs one observes, via the
regions of space defined by the redshifts of the galaxies within those
regions, are representative of all past epochs for regions that cannot
be observed. It follows, therefore, from the assumption of the
cosmological principle, that the history assumed by inspecting a 33
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sequence of redshift regions is typical for all regions in the universe.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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“A similar idea can also be assumed for a static
universe where redshift is a measure of distance,
but quite obviously not due to expansion. I have
recently discussed the notion of expansion of
space and expansion of the universe, which are
not necessarily the same thing, but both lead to the
idea that cosmology is more philosophy than
science (Hartnett 2014b). Also I have taken
another look at the biblical creationist light-traveltime problem (Hartnett 2015) to which this paper is
a sequel.
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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
“Non-Equilibrium Universe
“What I speculate about here is the idea that what we
observe in the universe is not in equilibrium, that is, the
state of the universe is in a transient state. It is a universe
just freshly created. That of course implies a fair amount of
“mature creation” from the Creator. But the physics we
interpret from the observations of the cosmos, might be
better interpreted by assuming it is still in a non-equilibrium
condition. One example of this may be the anomalous
rotation curves observed in thousands of spiral galaxies.
When a spectrograph is placed on the emissions across
the disk regions of a spiral galaxy, redshifted and
blueshifted spectral lines are observed on opposite sides
of the central nucleus.
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“This is (correctly, in my opinion) interpreted as
rotation of the galaxy, and the red and
blueshifted lines are due to the Doppler Effect
in the light from the gases in the disk regions.
However, at large distances from the nucleus,
the rotation speeds of the disk gases and stars
is much too fast compared to what is expected
using standard Keplerian physics. At those
rates of rotation the galaxies would
disintegrate—fly apart—in a matter of a
hundred million years. But if the universe is only
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6000 years old this is not a problem.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“Those rotation curves are currently interpreted as
requiring massive amounts of halo dark matter to
keep the galaxies stable over their lifetimes of ten
billion years or so. The implicit assumption is that
they have built themselves up over the assumed
age of the universe by accumulating matter from
elsewhere (mergers etc.) but always resulting in a
stable gravitational condition. Essentially this is the
cosmic equivalent of geological uniformitarianism.
The belief that what we observe now has been
going on for billions of years into the past. But what
if that is not the case?
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“Our own sun is a good example, too. Radiation
from the core to the surface should take about
10,000 to 170,000 years to get to the surface
(NASA 2007), yet only 8.3 minutes to get to
earth. Adam saw the sun, therefore light
already was at its surface within 2 days of its
creation, and I think we can infer it was able to
be seen on the same day of its creation. That is
what I would argue is the central reference
point of the whole Creation Week.
3/12/2016
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1
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
“Another assumption that is made when modeling the
universe is the cosmological principle. In particular, the
assumption is that the universe we observe around us is
just a time advanced version of any other part of the
universe. This means that there is no special place in the
universe; there is no centre and no edge. Thus it is
assumed that our galaxy is not in any special place.
But what if all that is wrong? What if our galaxy, at least, is
cosmologically somewhere near the centre of the
universe, which is finite and bounded and hence has both
an edge and a centre? The universe does not appear to
be in any sort of an equilibrium condition, so what if the
created universe is nonhomogeneous but isotropic around
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a unique centre with a finite extension?
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“One argument some use against this idea
is that it would be unstable and collapse
into its centre. That could even be
possible, but not if we are only at the 6000
year mark in its history. Who says a
created universe needs to be stable
against collapse? Nevertheless it could
be, but the point is, why is that even a
requirement? It is a uniformitarian
assumption.
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1



“Hubble on Redshifts
“Edwin Hubble observed a systematic trend
between the redshifts of galaxies and their
distances from earth. This result was interpreted to
mean that the universe is expanding.
“Now Hubble was not a believer in the Creator, but
rather that the universe was the product of random
chance and the laws of physics. His
measurements indicated that the galaxy redshifts
are proportional to their distances from earth,
which seemed to strike him as quite significant. So
in 1937 he wrote,
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42
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“Such a condition would imply that we
occupy a unique position in the universe .
. . But the unwelcome supposition of a
favored location must be avoided at all
costs . . . . [it] is intolerable; moreover, it
represents a discrepancy with the theory
because the theory postulates
homogeneity. (Hubble 1937, pp. 50–59)
3/12/2016
43
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1


“What prompted this comment was that he believed he
was seeing galaxies in all directions speeding away
from him by the same proportion, that is, the more
distant the faster they moved. Understand though, the
redshifts were only inferred as being caused by the
recession speed of the galaxies. Astronomers then
often spoke like that, as if it due to the Doppler Effect,
but most now believe it is due to the cosmological
expansion of the universe (Hartnett 2014b).
One way you could interpret those observations is that
we are at the centre of the universe and the galaxies
are all receding away from us. However Hubble
rejected that concept on philosophical grounds. He
3/12/2016
44
went on to say:
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1



“’Therefore, in order to restore homogeneity, and to
escape the horror of a unique position, the departures
from uniformity, which are introduced by the recession
factors, must be compensated by the second term
representing the effects of spatial curvature. (Hubble
1937, p. 59)
“He resorts to curvature of space. By assuming that
space is curved a centre could be avoided. Thus there is
no need for a centre or an edge to the universe. Thus it
follows that we are not in a unique position in the
universe and the cosmological principle can be saved.
“Prior to these aforementioned comments from his 1937
book, Hubble, in 1935, expressed the following concern.
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45
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1



“’. . . the possibility that red-shift may be due to some other
cause, connected with the long time or distance involved in the
passage of the light from the nebula to observer, should not be
prematurely neglected. (Hubble and Tolman 1935, p. 303)
“He was suggesting that there could be other mechanisms
causing light to be redshifted, besides recession of the galaxies
due to the Doppler Effect or cosmological expansion; a
mechanism possibly resulting from the passage of light through
the vast distances of the cosmos.
“Again by 1947 Hubble was to express doubts about an
expanding universe. His own Hubble law says that the further
away the object, the greater the redshift. But it seems, at least
by this time in his life, he did not strongly believe in the notion of
the expanding universe and wrote that redshifts result from
some hitherto-undiscovered mechanism (Hubble 1947).
3/12/2016
46
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1



“A Possible Redshift Mechanism
“It is always difficult to know exactly what was in
the mind of some past scientist, who may have
changed his view from time to time. But the notion
of some other mechanism to explain the overall
systematic trend of redshifts in galaxies is worth
considering.
“Previously I have discussed the idea of Halton
Arp’s intrinsic redshifts, and there is a lot of
evidence to support the notion that quasars have
large redshifts which are not related to their
distance in the universe (Hartnett 2003a, 2013a, 47
3/12/2016
2014c).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1




“I speculate here on a redshift mechanism, a “tired light”
mechanism. Tired light is not new, and was probably first
suggested by Fritz Zwicky in 1929 (Zwicky 1929). But this tired
light mechanism that I propose here is a direct consequence of
creation.
“Scripture tells us (emphases added):
“Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth
beneath: for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the
earth shall wax old like a garment, and they that dwell therein
shall die in like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and
my righteousness shall not be abolished. (Isaiah 51:6 KJV)
“Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth: and the
heavens are the work of thy hands. They shall perish, but thou
shalt endure: yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; as a
vesture shalt thou change them, and they shall be changed: .48. .
3/12/2016
(Psalm 102:25, 26 KJV)
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1



“Which is quoted in the book of Hebrews (emphases added):
“And, Thou, LORD, in the beginning hast laid the foundation of the
earth; and the heavens are the works of thine hands: They shall
perish; but thou remainest; and they all shall wax old as doth a
garment; And as a vesture shalt thou fold them up, and they shall
be changed: but thou art the same, and thy years shall not fail.
(Hebrews 1:10–12 KJV)
“The suggestion here in Scripture is that the heavens, the starry
cosmos, is not here forever; it is not eternal, and at some future
date God will “fold up” the heavens like He is folding up and
putting away a tent. Scripture is quite clear that the heavens shall
not endure but shall vanish away. The Bible also describes the
stars “melting” or “dissolving,” which I have previously suggested
could relate to comets melting as they approach the sun (Hartnett
2006), but also it could have meaning in regards to the end of the
stars, as they are destroyed in the collapse of this universe
3/12/2016
49
(Hartnett 2003b).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1


“But the day of the LORD will come . . . the
heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and
the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth
also and the works that are therein shall be burned
up. . . . Looking for and hasting unto the coming of
the day of God, wherein the heavens being on fire
shall be dissolved, and the elements shall melt
with fervent heat? (2 Peter 3:10, 12 KJV)
(emphasis added)
“And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and
the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll:
and all their host shall fall down, . . . (Isaiah
3/12/2016
50
34:4 KJV) (emphasis added)
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“The suggestion here then is that the universe
was created by God in an inherently unstable
condition. It was only the sustaining power of
God that could hold it in place. But since the
curse that power has been withdrawn, and the
whole universe is headed for destruction and
collapse. God had foreknowledge of the
choices man would make anyway. In other
words, we should not make the implicit
assumption that the universe was designed to
be in a stable equilibrium condition and remain
so forever.
3/12/2016
51
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1




“Nevertheless, the universe is ruled by the inexorable laws
of thermodynamics. It has a finite energy content and is
trending to follow the path that those laws (God’s creation)
set. As part of that wearing out (“waxing old”) process
(second law of thermodynamics; Hebrews 1:11) photons
began losing energy from their creation about 6000 years
ago.
“My proposal has two important features,
“1. All photons, which we observe from the distant
cosmos, were created at the beginning of the universe
about 6000 years ago;
“2. The energy of all photons, of initially any wavelength,
exponentially decays with the same characteristic time
constant.
3/12/2016
52
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1







“A “Tired Light” Model
“Let’s suppose the most distant sources have a redshift of zmax and
that all photons at frequency 𝜈 with initial energy h𝜈0 lose energy
such that at any time (t) measured from their moment of creation,
h𝜈 = h𝜈0 e−t/T, (1)
where t advances from the moment of creation, and T is a
characteristic time constant. The initial photon frequency 𝜈0 is
measured in the source rest frame while 𝜈 is measured in the
observer rest frame with time t = r/c, where r is the distance
travelled and c represents the canonical speed of light.
“The tired light model suggested by Zwicky was of the form,
h𝜈 = h𝜈0 e−r/δ, (2)
where δ = c/H0 is a characteristic distance, the Hubble distance
(about 13.8 billion light-years). The parameter H0 is the Hubble
constant. Zwicky (1929, p. 778) has my form of the Zwicky
3/12/2016
53
equation in differential form.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1


“It was suggested that the photon’s interaction with the vacuum
during its flight is not a lossless process, but that scattering
causes losses and hence an increase of wavelength. Criticism
has been that such interactions should not result in a straight
path for light and hence blur the images, and also that it would
introduce a frequency dependence, a dispersion, neither of
which are observed (Hartnett 2014d).
“A more recent paper (Urban et al. 2013) however, provides
support for the idea that the finite speed of light (c) is
determined by an interaction with the ephemeral particles in the
quantum vacuum. This occurs at the sub-atomic Compton
wavelength energy scale. The photon travels at a bare infinite
speed between interactions with fermion pairs in the vacuum,
which slow its progress to speed c. Such an idea was once
suggested by Dicke (1957).
3/12/2016
54
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“If this is valid then it would follow straight paths (within current
measurement limits) and in the Urban et al. (2013) model it is
non-dispersive for all wavelengths. However the latter assumes
it does not exchange energy or momentum with the vacuum,
just retards its progress, that is, it is lossless. But over
cosmological distances that is impossible to verify. I only
speculate that the interaction, which impedes the speed of the
photons also causes a miniscule loss of energy to the vacuum.
This is not unreasonable as there are no other known lossless
scattering processes in nature. That miniscule loss then
accumulates along the very long interaction path the photons
take to reach earth from distant cosmic sources. The energy of
a photon as a fraction of its initial energy (h𝜈/h𝜈0) travelling
through space from a distant source, with redshift z = 10,
arrives with about only 9% of its initial photon energy after
3/12/2016
55
travelling a distance of 13.8 billion light-years in a time of 2.4 T.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1



“From equation (1) we can determine the redshift (z) of any
distant source is given by,
(3)
The beginning of time measured backwards in cosmic time
from the present is t0. Therefore the maximum redshift possible
is, zmax = et0/T – 1, (4)
which means the characteristic time constant T = t0/ ln(1 + zmax)
where t0 ≈ 13.8 billion years. Thus assuming a maximum
redshift zmax = 10 for the most distant sources means T ≈ 5.75
billion years (as would in principle be measured by local earth
clocks) (Ellis et al. 2012). Thus, in terms of the Zwicky model
but redefining the distance scale as, δ = c T, means δ = 5.75
billion light-years under the same assumption zmax = 10. This
value is tentative; I am not claiming this as a prediction, just
stating some upper limit to redshifts, from the assumption that
the universe had a beginning, not from a singularity (Hartnett56
3/12/2016
2014e), and is finite in extension and even bounded.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1


“Losses Per Unit Distance
“If the photons lose 1/e of their energy after travelling
for δ = 5.75 billion light-years, then their energy loss
is 0.06 ppb/light-year. Since photons are all
continually moving and interacting with the vacuum
this means they lose their fractional energy at the
rate of 2 × 10–18/s (Poli et al. 2013). Current state-ofthe-art optical clocks are beginning to approach this
sort of precision and have the accuracy for
measuring shifts in spectral lines over real time, near
this level. But the precision astronomical redshift
measurements would have to be at this level to
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57
measure the evolution of the line in real time.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-1
创造的宇宙红移揣测-1

“Currently redshifts are measured at about the 1%
level (10,000 ppm) in robot astronomy surveys but
in individual cases the best spectroscopy has
yielded redshift measurements down to the 10
ppm level. If the latter could be achieved in a 1 s
sampling time it would still be about 13 orders of
magnitude away from detecting the effect
described here. If the spectroscopy could average
for 10,000 s and still maintain a coherent
signal that would reduce the margin another 4
orders of magnitude, but still way beyond the reach
of human technology to measure in the
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58
foreseeable future.
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
59
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
60
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2


“Cosmic Creation Processes
In the cosmos we see processes from creation
Day 4 only 6000 years after creation if all
objects in the universe are only 6000 years old.
Stars and galaxies, like our own sun are 6000
years old. Under the assumption of the Einstein
Synchrony Convention (ESC) (Hartnett 2013b),
the travel time of light at constant c (the
canonical two-way speed of light) may be up to
many billions of years, but all light originally
arrived at the earth for the first time on Day 4 of
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61
Creation Week.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2

“Under the alternative assumption of the
Asynchronous Synchrony Convention (ASC) the
one-way speed of light towards us may be
assumed to be infinite, that is, there is no travel
time. Thus we see all events in the cosmos as they
are happening, or, they are time-stamped by the
moment the light arrives at the earth under the
ESC (Hartnett 2014f, g). But this is a choice of
convention. Since the one-way speed of light has
no physical meaning in the universe, under the
ASC this means we are free to choose our timing
convention (see Hartnett 2015 for a more detailed
3/12/2016
62
discussion).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2
3/12/2016
63
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2

“In this worldview, we are at most seeing events in
the cosmos only 6000 years after the conclusion of
the Day 4 of Creation Week. Therefore on the
timescales inherent in the cosmos, this is an
extremely brief period. For example, at the current
measured (constant) rotation speed spiral galaxies
should rotate once in about 200 million earth
years, if there was that time available to them.
Therefore allowing for a mature creation in much of
the cosmos, we are seeing it in a state that is very
close to what it was when God finished creating it.
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2

“It should be added though, that what an astronomer defines as
a measure of age, like the spiral structure of galaxies, or the
sequence of stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, depends
on implicit uniformitarian assumptions. But these are externally
imposed measures of age, based on the observer’s worldview.
No doubt some content of mature creation (what appears to be
mature based on this arbitrary human perceived definitions of
age) is necessary in this cosmology, as it is in nearly all
creationist cosmologies. Day 4 of Creation Week necessarily
involves some mature content, for example, our own sun; no
one would assume it started in some embryonic condition, but
that God created it essentially as it is seen today. Also some
form of mature creation might be expected with the formation of
other stars as well as galaxies. Here I conjecture that quasar
redshifts result from large energy loss to the vacuum due to
3/12/2016
65
conditions in their creation process (Hartnett 2005).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2

“In terms of the creation processes on Day 4 with quasar
ejections at speed u one can estimate that in 6000 years
since then about 6000∙u/c years of process has occurred. If
ejection velocity u = 0.1 c (from the Arp-type hypothesis),
then their locations would be out to 600 light-years from their
parent galaxies, assuming uniform motion. If non-uniform
motion, then their distances could be larger but less than
6000 light-years, assuming u = c, even for an initial plasmoid
of zero inertial mass under the Hoyle-Narlikar variable mass
hypothesis (Hoyle and Narlikar 1974; Narlikar and Arp 1993;
Narlikar and Das 1980). The Hoyle-Narlikar variable mass
hypothesis is a possible explanation for the creation of new
matter through galaxy or quasar ejections from other
galaxies, which also results in a quantized intrinsic redshift
3/12/2016
66
component (Hartnett 2003a).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2

“However based on ejections at the speed of
light c the maximum distance a quasar could travel out
from its parent in 6000 years is about 2 kpcs, which is
a lot less than the typical size of a galaxy. Since the
hypothesis involves zero inertial mass during the
creative process when God is creating this matter in
the centres of active galaxies, on Day 4, when current
laws of physics may not be all in operation, one might
imagine/conjecture superluminal ejections (u > c)
initially, followed by retardation only after Day 4 is
over. With that came the introduction of the
impedance of the vacuum, which caused large losses
of energy to the vacuum and hence the large redshifts.
3/12/2016
67
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2



“So those large redshifts are largely not due to the
travel of the photons to earth, but the latter would
contribute a small component (z) from equation (3) to
the measured redshifts of the quasars (z0) as follows:
1 + z0 = (1 + zQ)(1 + z), (5)
where z here is the redshift of the parent galaxy
and zQ is some intrinsic redshift associated with the
quasar resulting from its creation. For small z the
measured redshift z0 ≈ zQ. Equation (5) is derived by
the product of energy losses from two different
processes, where each process (i) contributes as (1
+ zi) to the measured redshift (1 + z0) (Fulton and Arp
3/12/2016
68
2012; see also Arp, Fulton, and Roscoe 2005).
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2




“Correspondence to the Carmeli Model
“In my book Starlight, Time and the New
Physics (Hartnett 2010) I attempt to use Carmeli’s
cosmology to explain some physics in the universe
without invoking fudge factors. Here let us consider the
simplest Carmeli metric,
ds2 = c2dt2 − dr2 + τ2dv2, (6)
where dr2 = (dx1)2 + (dx2)2 + (dx3)2; only radial distances
are considered, angular terms can be suppressed with
isotropy. The parameter τ is the Hubble-Carmeli time
constant in an expanding universe, dv is the infinitesimal
expansion speed of the universe, dt is the infinitesimal
time element for local atomic time.
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2


“The expansion is encoded in the velocity-dimension, which in
reality represents redshift space (z) not motion of galaxies
through physical space. Now consider that Carmeli posited that
his spacevelocity universe arises when one assumes dt = 0,
because what we see in the universe is like taking a still
photograph.
“In such a case, equation (6) becomes a spacevelocity equation
with no time dependence, hence static. And I found that the
formulation where matter is included, tests very well against the
high redshift type Ia supernova measurements without the need
for dark energy (DE) or dark matter (DM) (Hartnett 2008).
Recently this was confirmed (Oliveira 2014) where an author
even added dark matter and dark energy as free parameters,
but the best fit was achieved where their sum was set to zero
(DE + DM = 0).
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Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2


“In the case of my type Ia supernova tests, they were on the
redshift-distance (actually luminosity) dependence (Hartnett
2008). So if redshifts for the host galaxies of those supernovae
have a Hubble-law–type distance dependence then it does not
necessarily imply an expanding universe. All then the Carmeli
formulation is doing is testing that redshift dependence against
luminosity in the cosmos. So it could apply to a static universe
also.
“As stated by setting dt = 0 in equation (6) we derive the
(linearized) Carmeli spacevelocity metric. But doing this is
equivalent to defining the one-way speed of light as infinite
towards the observer. This is not some measurable quantity as
has been addressed before. It is only by a convention (Lisle
2010; Newton 2001). In this case the convention is determined
by the choice of time coordinates. But in equation (6) the
3/12/2016
71
measurable two-way speed of light is a universal constant c.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2

“If this is true then it also follows that the
successful fit to the data of the highredshift type Ia supernova measurements,
which has been demonstrated via
Carmeli’s spacevelocity cosmology, is true
also in this static universe, provided that
the Hubble law still holds.
3/12/2016
72
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2


“But of course this redefines the meaning of the velocity
dimension in the Carmeli metric, resulting in a new theory
entirely. The important difference is the interpretation we place
on Carmeli’s velocity dimension. Instead, in this paper, I
interpret it as a redshift dimension, yielding a distance-redshift
relationship for the cosmos. I could speculate that this redshift
dimension is something like an additional time dimension.
Possibly time is really a vector, where locally we experience
only one scalar component?
“From the metric of equation (6) where we choose the
convention of dt = 0 it naturally follows that it is as if we are
observing light with an infinite towards-the-observer one-way
speed. Hence no light travel time problem, in a cosmology with
a clear explanation for measured data, without the need to
include the fudge factors such as dark energy, dark matter,
3/12/2016
73
inflation, and the expansion of space.
Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe-2
创造的宇宙红移揣测-2



“Conclusion
Taken together, this paper and its prequel (Hartnett
2015) provide different aspects of a creationist
cosmogony consistent with the biblical history in
Genesis. It is an extension of the Lisle ASC model. Here
I speculate on the possibility of a “tired light” mechanism
in a static universe, which is not ruled out by any known
physics. This universe is finite in extension and not in
equilibrium. Only God’s sustaining power need uphold
this universe; in any case, I believe that was removed at
the curse and the universe will eventually be “rolled up,”
or changed by God as he promised.”
Thank God for Dr. Hartnett’s contribution.
3/12/2016
74
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
75
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
76
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型



Dr. Elizabeth Mitchell, a biologist, published the above article in
the Answers In Genesis website on February 13, 2015. I now
quote her article below:
Sources: The New York Times, “In Bedbugs, Scientists See a
Model of Evolution”; BBC Earth, “Origin of Bed Bugs Revealed”
“From the DNA of bat-biting and people-biting bedbugs,
researchers from Tulsa to Prague have demonstrated that
bedbugs are still bedbugs. In fact, despite their disturbing
resurgence in domestic dwellings, bedbugs are showing no
sign of becoming anything else, other than more-difficult-toeradicate bedbugs. Genetic analysis supports the hypothesis
that today’s common bedbug originated in bat-caves and,
having transitioned to cave-dwelling people, then developed
populations with a preference for people and people’s houses.
But is that a model for Darwinian evolution?
3/12/2016
77
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型



“Darwin’s Darlings?
“For something that is so hated by so many people, it might just
be a perfect model organism for evolutionary questions,” says
University of Tulsa’s Warren Booth, coauthor of a study
in Molecular Ecology. Variants of the same species—Cimex
lectularius—bite bats and humans. Booth’s study demonstrates
they do not normally interbreed. Booth says the human-biter is
“right on the cusp” of diverging into a new species.
“A New York Times journalist—in “In Bedbugs, Scientists See a
Model of Evolution”—claims the bedbug shows how Darwinian
evolution works. Of course, Darwin held that through natural
processes life evolved in all its complexity from simple lifeforms through modification and selection. The NY Times author
asserts that the bedbug illustrates Darwin’s conclusion that
“from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and
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most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型



“Of Bats and Bedbugs
“Bedbugs are wingless parasites that feast on the blood of warmblooded hosts. Members of the insect family
Cimicidae, cimicids are obligatory parasites in which both adults
and larvae depend on their hosts’ blood. A third of these species
live on birds, but about two-thirds of the cimicids are associated
with bats. In 1913, long before the advent of genetics, it was
suggested that bats were the original host species for parasitic
bedbugs, which then adapted to live on other hosts. This study
supports that hypothesis.
Because they depend on their hosts for transportation, individual
populations of bedbugs easily become isolated—marooned in a
particular person’s habitat. Not that the bedbugs mind. And those
best suited to their particular paradise—even when it gets invaded
by insecticides—survive to reproduce and pass on the genetically
mediated traits that make them most suited to their abode.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“By examining the DNA of 756 Cimex
lectularius captured from human houses and
attic bat roosts across the United States and
Europe, teams led by Booth and Ondrĕj
Balvín in Prague looked for the relationship
between bat-biters and our more familiar
nemeses. (They did not examine batbiting Cimex species from non-humanassociated bat roosts for this study.) The
researchers also assessed the bugs for the
sodium
channel
genes
associated
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with pesticide resistance.
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“Bat-biting and human-biting bedbugs look a little
different. The people-biting variety have short body
hairs and longer, skinnier legs, perhaps less suited
for defying gravity by hanging onto bats than for
lounging in places where people lounge. Peoplebiting bedbugs also are more active at night than
bat-biters, apparently adapted to be awake at the
times when the chosen hosts are more likely to be
asleep and available. Evolutionists have even
suggested that people co-evolved to retain fine
sensitive hairs covering our skin after losing fur to
better detect and squash such parasites before
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they nip.
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“Booth and Balvín have found genetic footprints
suggesting how bedbugs differentiated to produce
populations optimized for different hosts. And they noted
that human-biting bugs, if fed only bat blood, do not live as
long. Bats love to roost in human-built structures—barns,
bell towers, lofts, and attics. Bat-biters definitely bite
people, but they do not at present seem to establish
sustained populations on people unless bats are
unavailable (since they much prefer a bat-meal). That is
small comfort to those whose dwellings are infested with
bats and their parasitic companions. Of perhaps more
comfort is the discovery that the bat-biting population does
not yet possess the genetic markers for insecticide
resistance.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型


“The Clan of the Common Bedbug
“Comparison of DNA from Cimex lectularius varieties
demonstrates that even though they are all of the
same species, their lineages have diverged
substantially. Booth and Balvín found 14 different
lineages (haplotypes) of Cimex lectularius among their
bat-biting subjects and 7 different lineages among the
human-biters. That all ancestral bedbugs in the
species started out their parasitic lifestyle on bats is
suggested by the marked biodiversity of the bat-bugs,
compared to the very limited diversity among the
human-biters. Thus, once the varieties diverged, they
apparently followed very different paths.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型


“THAT THEIR GENOMES DISPLAY FAR LESS
DIVERSITY THAN THEIR BAT-BITING COUSINS
SHOWS THEY HAVE LOST GENETIC
INFORMATION.
“The DNA from human-biting bedbugs suggests a lot
of inbreeding. Such a “founder effect” occurs when a
population descends from a small group of isolated
individuals. Genetic diversity is minimized. This
“founder effect” is what we would expect if a few
ancestral bat-biters sampled available humans where
their paths crossed—perhaps in caves—and then
reproduced exclusively in the new niches people
provided.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“In contrast, bats carry their families of freeloaders far
and wide, producing a lot of genetic diversity within
bat-biting populations. But when bat-biting and
human-biting bedbug populations live in close
proximity, even with overlapping territories as in this
study, genetic analysis shows they do not interbreed.
And laboratory hybrids have reduced fitness. The
authors write, “It appears that C.
lectularius parasitizing humans are following an
evolutionary trajectory essentially independent of
those found to parasitize sympatric bats.”
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型



“Evolutionary Trajectory?
But where is that “evolutionary trajectory” taking bedbugs? From the
headline hoopla comparing their course to Darwin’s majestic
conclusion in On the Origin of Species, one would think this model
shows how organisms acquire genetic information to become
something new and more complex. But these bedbugs are doing
nothing more than developing into a more exclusively host-specific
sort of bedbug. In fact, given that their legs appear less suitable for
hanging onto bat bodies, and that they do not live as long if fed only
bat blood, it appears they are losing these traits. That their genomes
display far less diversity than their bat-biting cousins shows they
have lost genetic information, rather than acquiring the tools to
become better, badder bugs.
The bedbug does provide a living laboratory to study speciation—
which is limited to variation within a created kind—but it does not
provide a laboratory to show how new, more complex forms of living
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things evolve as Darwin poetically and imaginatively asserted.
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型


“Bedbugs of the Past
“Bedbugs have cohabited with humans for a very long time.
Writers of the classical period—Aristotle, Aristophanes, Pliny,
Dioscorides, and the author of a 3rd century BC Egyptian
papyrus—described these pests. Ground bedbugs were even
thought to have medicinal properties! But fossilized bedbugs in
housing from ancient Egypt’s Tel-el-Amarna prove their
presence among Mediterranean people much earlier. The Telel-Amarna dig site marks an 18th Dynasty village for housing
workmen and royal guards under the pharaohs Aknenaten and
Tut’ankhamun, respectively. Furthermore, that people’s pains to
eliminate bedtime pests stretch way back to the Middle Stone
Age is evident from fossilized bedding mats in South Africa’s
Subidu Cave, where bedding was repeatedly burned and also
mixed with aromatic insect-repelling leaves.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“Bedbugs are primarily a nuisance and cause a good deal of
misery and discomfort, including itching, rashes, and allergic
reactions. Unlike malaria-carrying mosquitos, however, they are
not known to be vectors for infectious disease. Bedbugs were
simply an unpleasant fact of life before World War II. They
ceased to be a problem in developed nations after the
widespread use of DDT in the 1940s and 50s. Unfortunately,
they staged a worldwide comeback about 15 years ago. Lurking
by day in bedding, in furniture, and in crevices in walls and
floors, they emerge at night to feast on the blood of sleepers.
“While you sleep at night they are feeding on your blood, you
are a meal ticket for them,” says Booth. “That can lead to
enormous psychological issues.” Everyone is at risk, and Booth
says there are two types of people: “the type that have had bed
bugs and the people that will still get them. We're living in a
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time where they're becoming much more common.”
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“About 90% of the bedbugs infesting homes today are
resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. However, any
reports of rapidly “evolving resistance” are poorly
worded. Bedbugs remain bedbugs. They don’t evolve
into anything. Those genetically equipped to survive
the assault of pesticides have restored their
populations with pesticide resistant offspring. This is
an example of natural selection (and possibly other
mechanisms), as pesticide-resistant individuals
selectively survive to breed another day. But neither a
bat-to-bedbug trajectory nor the emergence
of pesticide resistant populations illustrates the
Darwinian evolution of complex forms of life.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“Did bedbugs acquire their taste for human blood by
moving from bats to humans in long ago caves?
Maybe. Human beings have long sought shelter in
caves. Some still do. That bedbugs moved onto the
beds and bodies of people hanging out in bat-caves is
entirely plausible. And populations mooching on the
blood of their new companions, separated from their
bat-biting cousins, would have passed on their most
successful adaptive characteristics to their offspring.
They would have produced populations of the bugs
best fitted for life in the ecological niches available
among humans. The pesky parasite may have thus
taken advantage of a new host, but it remained a
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bedbug.
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“There is nothing in this research either
reminiscent or predictive of the evolution of
increasingly complex “new forms” either
wonderful or dreadful. Instead, what this
research demonstrates is that bedbugs are still
bedbugs, varying within their created kind to
survive and thrive in a sin-cursed world. And
those with the genetic equipment to resist the
best we throw at them survive to bite—and
reproduce—another day, much to our chagrin
but not to our surprise.
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In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型


“Bad Bugs in a Good World?
“So why is it that the good world God created in the
beginning (Genesis 1:31) is full of blood-sucking
insects? The answer lies in the Genesis 3 account of
man’s rebellion against God. We know from Genesis
1 that God provided all creatures with vegetation to
eat. After Adam sinned, things began to go wrong with
the world. We—the sinners of today—still live under
the shadow of the Curse, augmented by 6,000 years
of problems piled upon problems. Biology affirms this
biblical truth: There is good biological evidence that
another far more dangerous parasite, the mosquito,
was once a harmless creature. (Read about it in “The
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93
Genesis of Malaria.”)
In Bedbugs, Scientists Don’t See a Model of Evolution
在臭虫，科学家们没有看到进化模型

“Parasites abound in this world gone wrong. God equipped the
living things He made in the beginning with a wealth of genetic
information and the ability to vary, allowing them to adapt to the
world’s many ecological niches. Though some have gone
extinct, the ability to vary has sustained countless kinds of
organisms, including bedbugs, through 6,000 years of living in a
sin-cursed world. Perhaps one aspect of sin’s curse included a
withdrawal of some of the barriers that kept organisms from
hurting each other. Perhaps mutations deprived some—such as
today’s parasites—of the ability to sustain themselves without
injury to other living things. But as we infer from Genesis 1 and
observe in biology, living things—including bedbugs—only
reproduce and vary within their created kinds. Bedbug research
actually affirms this scriptural truth rather than lending any
support to the bacteria-to-bedbug fallacies of Darwinian
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evolution.” Thank God for Dr. Mitchell’s contribution.
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
95
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
96
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？



Dr. Danny Faulkner published an article on the above subject in
the Answers In Genesis website on February 19, 2015. I now
quote his article as follows:
“Abstract
“A recently published cosmology incorporates an alternate
geometry and attempts to include quantum mechanical effects.
The authors of the model suggest that they have answered
several problems of modern cosmology, such as the identity of
dark matter and dark energy (or alternately, the cosmological
constant). An interesting feature of this model is that it rules out
a big bang singularity origin of the universe. It is not clear
exactly what the authors of the model mean by this; however, it
does not appear that this model is compatible with biblical
creation.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？



“Introduction
“ACCORDING TO THIS PROPOSED COSMOLOGY,
THERE WAS NO BIG BANG.
“There have been recent news reports of a new
cosmological theory that eliminates a beginning to the
universe. In a first paper (henceforth referred to as
Paper 1), Saurya Das and Rajat K. Bhaduri wrote
about the basic assumptions of this new model. In a
second paper (henceforth referred to as Paper 2),
Ahmed Farag Ali and Saurya Das developed this
cosmology. According to this proposed cosmology,
there was no big bang. This is sure to be of interest to
many people, because the big bang has been the 98
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reigning cosmological model for a half century.
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“Some Christians see in the big bang God’s
method of creation. However, many of us realize
that the big bang is not biblical. Lest we be
tempted to embrace this new model, we must
realize that this model appears to be a return to an
eternal universe, which was very commonly
believed until the big bang became popular in the
1960s. At least with a big bang, the universe had a
beginning, so there might be room for a Creator,
but if the universe is eternal, then there is no need
of God. Let us sort through this new model.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？


“The Rise of Modern Physics
“Physics underwent a revolution a century ago.
Since the late seventeenth century, Newtonian
physics had ruled supreme. But by the late
nineteenth century and early twentieth century,
many experimental results did not agree with
predictions of classical physics. Modern physics is
founded upon two pillars: general relativity and
quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein published his
theory of general relativity one hundred years ago.
In general relativity, time is treated in a similar
manner to space, so that we now say that there 100
is
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a four-dimensional space-time manifold.
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“Space-time may be flat or curved on large scales, but
the presence of large amounts of matter or energy will
curve space-time locally. It is the motion of objects
following straight paths through curved space-time
(geodesics) that gives rise to what we see as
gravitational attraction. Gravity appears to be the
dominant force across the universe, so general
relativity would seem to be the appropriate tool for
studying cosmology, the structure of the universe.
Indeed, shortly after publishing his theory of general
relativity, Einstein published a cosmology based upon
his theory. Nearly every cosmology since, including
big bang, has been based upon general relativity.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？


“THERE IS AN INHERENT FUZZINESS IN THE
WORLD OF QUANTUM MECHANICS.
“While general relativity is appropriate when studying the
largest things in the universe (such as the universe
itself), quantum mechanics deals with the smallest
things in the universe, such as atoms and subatomic
particles. In quantum mechanics, particles have a wave
nature. This is quite a departure from classical physics
where particles and waves are very different entities, so
there are some fundamental differences in the sorts of
predictions that classical physics and quantum
mechanics make about small particles. For instance, in
classical physics a particle can be localized as a point.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“There is no fundamental limit to how accurately we can
locate the position of a particle; the only limits to the
precision of locating a particle are practical. However,
since waves are not confined to one point but instead
spread out over some distance, in quantum mechanics
we cannot determine where a particle is with infinite
precision. That is, there is an inherent fuzziness in the
world of quantum mechanics. On scales much larger
than atoms this fuzziness disappears, so we do not
notice quantum mechanical effects in our everyday
world. Hence, to most people the concepts of quantum
mechanics seem weird. However, quantum mechanics
is a very powerful theory that explains much about the
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atomic and subatomic world.
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“General relativity and quantum mechanics are very different
theories. But in physics there is a long history of unifying what
had appeared to be disparate phenomenon. For instance, for a
long time electricity and magnetism had seemed to be very
different things, but experiments in the early nineteenth century
showed that there was a relationship between them. James
Clerk Maxwell, building upon the experimental work of Michael
Faraday, unified electricity and magnetism into a single theory
with four equations that he published in 1865. There is a belief
that all physical theories, including general relativity and
quantum mechanics, can be unified into a single theory.
Einstein was working on this unification when he died 60 years
ago. While much progress has come since then, we probably
still are far away from this ultimate theory.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？
3/12/2016
105
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？


“What Is This New Cosmology?
While the authors of the newly published cosmology do
not claim that they have produced a full theory of
quantum gravity, they suggest that their theory may be a
good start. They supposed that the universe is filled with
a type of particle called bosons. Physicists divide all
particles into two broad classes: bosons and fermions.
All particles appear to spin (although the spin of the
Higgs boson is thought to be zero). For the sake of
argument, imagine a particle spinning like a baseball.
Like most analogies, this one has many shortcomings.
For instance, while a baseball may spin at any rate,
elementary particles can spin only at multiples or half-106
3/12/2016
multiples of a certain fixed value.
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“Particles that spin with integral multiples of this
fundamental value are bosons; particles that spin with
half-integral multiples are fermions. Electrons and
protons have half-integer spin, so they are fermions.
Photons, particles of light, have integer spin, so they
are bosons. Bosons and fermions behave very
differently. Nearly a century ago, Albert Einstein and
Satyendra Nath Bose (for whom the boson is named)
predicted that at very low temperatures bosons can
assume an odd state with unusual properties. We call
this odd form of matter the Bose-Einstein condensate.
This state of matter has been produced and studied in
the lab.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“It is important in the new cosmological theory that
most of the bosons assumed to fill the universe
remain as a Bose-Einstein condensate. This is
possible only if the temperature of the universe
remains below a certain critical temperature. The
critical temperature depends upon the mass of the
particles. To ensure that most of the particles
remain in a Bose-Einstein condensate, the
particles must have very low mass. The electron is
one of the lightest known particles, but the electron
would have more than 500,000 times more mass
than the hypothesized particles.
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108
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“The authors of Paper 1 suggested that their
hypothetical bosons may be gravitons or axions.
Gravitons are hypothetical particles that are
involved with gravitational interaction. Gravitons
are very difficult to detect, so we do not yet have
evidence for them, though most physicists think
that gravitons exist. Similarly, axions are difficult to
detect, and so we have not observed them, though
most physicists think that axions exist. Axions are
required by the standard theory of particle physics.
The authors of Paper 2 concentrated on the case
in which the bosons in their model are gravitons.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？


“The authors of the new cosmological model made further
modifications to the standard approach to general relativity.
They assumed a different kind of geometry, and then included
quantum mechanical effects. This produced a quantum
mechanical wave function that they then solved. Actually, Paper
2 made two quantum mechanical corrections. They concluded
that the universe did not undergo a singularity in the past. In
mathematics, a singularity is a condition where the
mathematics breaks down. The classic singularity is division by
zero—when one divides by zero, all sorts of errors can arise, so
we conclude that division by zero is undefined. The big bang
amounts to a singularity. Hence, Paper 2 reached the following
conclusion:
“’Thus, the second quantum correction in the Friedmann
equation gets rid of the big-bang singularity.
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110
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“Paper 2 claimed to solve several problems. Among those
problems was the identification of dark matter and the
identification of dark energy or, alternately, the
cosmological constant. Dark matter has been invoked to
explain strange, fast motions of objects orbiting galaxies.
This new cosmology identifies dark matter as the
hypothesized bosons. Dark energy, or the cosmological
constant, amounts to a repulsion that space has for itself.
Secular scientists think that the apparent acceleration of
very distant objects in the universe is proof of this
repulsion, although it should be noted that George Ellis, a
well-known cosmologist, has pointed out that this
conclusion could be based upon a misinterpretation of the
data. The new cosmology suggests that this apparent 111
3/12/2016
repulsion is a result of a quantum mechanical wave.
Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？


“IF THERE WAS NO BIG BANG IN THE PAST, THEN HOW
DID THE UNIVERSE BEGIN?
“What does this new study mean? First of all, I do not expect
many scientists to abandon the big bang model in favor of this
new one. The big bang model is firmly entrenched (the big bang
is too big to fail, so to speak), so not many scientists will give it
up willingly. The discovery of the cosmic microwave
background a half-century ago is taken as the great proof of the
big bang model. It would require a complete reevaluation of the
cosmic microwave background to dislodge the widespread
support that the big bang model has. There are a few scientists
who are committed to belief in an eternal universe—some of
them likely will be attracted to this new model. I think that this
might be the motivation of the authors of this new study. If there
was no big bang in the past, then how did the universe begin?
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？

“Of course, there is the option of biblical creation, but this
does not seem to be the underlying belief of the authors of
this new study. They have not yet indicated what they
think. One possibility is that they may propose that the
universe is oscillating. Normally, the idea of an oscillating
universe is an infinite series of a big bang, followed by
expansion, an eventual contraction, leading to a big
crunch, followed by a new cycle initiated by another big
bang. However, if there never was a big bang, as these
authors claim, then an oscillating universe would undergo
expansion and contraction without ever passing through a
singularity. Another possibility is that the big bang was not
a singularity, and that prior to the big bang the universe
existed eternally in a state different from today.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？




“Conclusion
“How might other scientists object to the new theory? One
avenue may be to dispute the alternate geometry used in this
model. In discussing their conclusion that there was no big
bang singularity in the past, the authors of Paper 2 stated the
following:
“’This is precisely what is expected from the no-focusing of
geodesics and the quantum Raychaudhuri equation.’
“That is, the fix was in when they assumed a geometry that did
not allow for singularities. Given the nature of their geometric
assumption, it would have been difficult to reach any other
conclusion. However, there are other things to quibble with,
such as the manner in which the authors included quantum
mechanics.
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Study Says Universe Had No Beginning and No Big Bang?
研究称宇宙无始无大爆炸？



“In short, I do not expect this model to gain much traction,
so I am not very concerned with it. Previous papers have
claimed to eliminate a beginning for the universe while
explaining dark energy and expansion. Some of these
models appear good at first, but problems emerge long
after the media attention.
“What if a theory like this gains traction? This would be a
large problem for Christians who have wedded the
Genesis creation to the big bang. If we interpret Genesis in
terms of the big bang, and the world were to decide to
embrace some model other than the big bang, then it
would undermine the authority of Scripture. This is why it
is important to examine man’s ideas in light of the Bible
rather than the other way around.”
3/12/2016
115
Thank God for Dr. Faulkner’s contribution.
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
116
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
117
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-1
确定恐龙平均大小-1



Scientists Timothy L. Clarey and Jeffrey P. Tomkins published
the above article in the Answers In Genesis website on
February 18, 2015. I now quote their article below:
“Abstract
“The median mass of a dinosaur is determined to be 630 kg
(1389 lb), or the size of an American bison, based on the
largest published and most accurate data set to date. Most
dinosaurs seem to have stayed very small (0–60 kg [0–132 lb])
or grew very large (1081–56,000 kg [2383–123,459 lb]), with
less species in the medium-sized range. The dinosaurs buried
in the lower Flood layers (Upper Triassic series) were mostly
small. Although there was an average size increase upward
into younger Flood layers, it was not universal or statistically
strong. There were many small dinosaurs buried throughout the
entire spectrum of dinosaur-bearing rocks.
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
“The largest sauropodomorphs were buried in the Upper
Jurassic series, about midway through the Flood record of
dinosaurs. Whereas, ornithopods showed an increase in size
from earliest to latest Flood deposits, attaining greatest size in
the Upper Cretaceous series. Theropods generally showed an
increase in size from the earliest deposits to the later Flood
deposits, but had a small peak in size in the Middle Jurassic
deposits also. The sizes of dinosaurs buried at different times in
the Flood seem to have been influenced by several factors,
including habitat elevation, mobility, and reaction to danger or
intelligence. The larger brain size and mobility of the
coelurosaur theropods may explain their prevalence in the
Cretaceous system. Higher mobility of theropods in general
may explain their greater than expected proportion of footprints
also.
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

“Introduction
“It has often been stated in the literature that the
average dinosaur was only the size of a sheep or
large dog. This notion probably originated in the
secular scientific literature where Horner and
Lessem (1993) have claimed that most dinosaurs
were smaller than bulls, and in popular literature
where Crichton (1995) has stated that they were
the size of sheep or a pony. Unfortunately, most of
these estimates have been based on very little
empirical data. It is critical that creationists base
their statements on the best available data, so this
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contribution hopefully assists that endeavor.
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

“There are about 1350 species of dinosaurs, with several new
named each year (O’Gorman and Hone 2012). Most of these are
named on incomplete specimens, so occasionally a species
becomes combined with another, reducing the overall number of
species. Benton (2008) estimated that the overall success rate in
naming a new dinosaur species has been about 50%. A lot of this
uncertainty is due to the fragmentary nature of most discoveries.
“Fig. 1 shows one way to classify dinosaurs. Dinosauria are first
divided into two clades (Orders) by hip style, the Ornithischia (birdhipped) and the Saurischia (lizard-hipped). These two groups are
further subdivided into five suborders based on additional skeletal
similarities, the Thyreophora, the Marginocephalia, the
Ornithopoda, the Sauropodomorpha and the Theropoda. Currently
accepted infraorders are also shown for each suborder. The data
set used in this study occasionally differentiated down to the
Family level.
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
“Determining the exact mass of a dinosaur is something
we’ll never be able to do without a living specimen.
Scientists can only make estimates using skeletal data.
For this reason, mass estimates for some dinosaurs
have changed dramatically over the years. The earliest
models and paintings portrayed dinosaurs as fat,
sluggish, lethargic-looking reptiles. Most of the first
reconstructions of upright dinosaurs were in the classic,
kangaroo-like pose, with the tail dragging on the ground
behind. More recent portrayals have made dinosaurs
into leaner and more agile-moving creatures. Detailed
computer analyses, footprint data, showing a lack of taildragging marks, and movies such as Jurassic Park have
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made these slimmer reconstructions mainstream.
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
“There are three generally accepted ways to
estimate dinosaur mass: 1) use of leg bone
circumferences, 2) use of fleshed-out scale
models, and 3) use of leg bone lengths. Some
paleontologists prefer to use scale models (Lucas
2007), but there are distinct advantages and
disadvantages to all methods. The beauty of the
circumference method is in its simplicity. All a
paleontologist needs is a couple of leg bones,
which are often well preserved, in order to make a
reasonable estimate of body mass, and the same
is true of the leg-length method.
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

“Anderson, Hall-Martin, and Russell (1985) developed a method to
estimate mass of a quadruped based on the circumferences of the
humerus and femur bones, measured at the midpoint where the
bones are the thinnest. They summed the two circumferences and
plotted the value against body mass on a logarithmic scale and
found a straight-line relationship and corresponding best-fit
equation for us to use. A similar method involving the
circumference of only the femur was also developed for bipedal
dinosaurs (Anderson, Hall-Martin, and Russell 1985).
“The scale model method requires a more complete skeleton to
begin with in order to make an estimate and may be less accurate
due to a possible greater variation in the fleshed-out volume of the
model (Benson et al. 2014). The leg bone length method of
estimating dinosaur mass is also thought to be less reliable
compared to the circumference method (Benson et al. 2014).
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
“There have been several large studies that have tried to
address the question of average dinosaur size. However,
because most dinosaur specimens are incomplete and many
do not possess sufficient leg bones, an average dinosaur size
has been difficult to determine. An early attempt by Peczkis
(1994) used 220 dinosaur genera. Peczkis determined that the
mass of dinosaurs varied across six orders of magnitude with
the modal mass range falling in the 1–10 tonnes (1.1–11.02 US
short tons, 0.98–9.8 British long tons) category. More recent
research has examined individual species instead of genera.
O’Gorman and Hone (2012) used 329 species of dinosaurs, but
relied heavily on less accurate methods of mass estimation,
including bone lengths and scale models. Benson et al. (2014)
exclusively used leg bone shaft circumference measurements
of 441 species of dinosaurs and fossil birds to compile their
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mass estimates.
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

“Methods
“The data used in this study was taken from the
species listed in Dataset S1 of Benson et al.
(2014). These data include species name,
suborder classification, some infraorders, a mass
estimate (kg) if leg bone material was available
and the level of occurrence in the rock strata. This
is likely the most accurate, and comprehensive,
data set of dinosaur mass estimates to date.
Unfortunately the data set also included many
fossil birds.
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
“Before beginning our study, we eliminated all mass
estimates that were classified as birds (Avialae) and
five arguable bird-like species that were classified as
theropods such as Microraptor gui. We also dropped
all species that had no given mass estimate, paring
down our analysis to a final total of 350 dinosaur
species. This final data set included some mass
estimates from different species within the same
genus when leg bone material was available. We
also left in 10 theropods and one sauropodomorph
with multiple (two, and sometimes three) mass
estimates from the same species, but determined
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using different specimens.
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
“We were able to extract classification information from the
published data set to place each of the dinosaurs into one
of the five suborders listed in Fig. 1. Further classification
into infraorders was not attempted as the numbers in
some of these categories were quite small, making
statistical analysis less meaningful. We also used the
geologic occurrence information given for each specimen
to place the dinosaurs into one of six, accepted geologic
series, the Upper Triassic, the Lower Jurassic, the Middle
Jurassic, the Upper Jurassic, the Lower Cretaceous, and
the Upper Cretaceous, in ascending Flood depositional
order. Two of the 350 dinosaur species used in this study
did not have any geologic series information provided.
Statistics and graphing of data were done using both MS
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Excel and the R statistical programming language.
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
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Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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


“Results
“Basic mass trends
“Table 1 shows the overall basic statistics for the dataset. Adult
dinosaur masses were found to range from 0.14 kg (0.3 lb) to
56,000 kg (123,459 lb) in this data set, with a mean of 4282 kg
(9440 lb) and a median of 630 kg (1389 lb). This mean is
approximately equivalent to a small adult African elephant and
the median mass is equivalent to an adult American bison.
However, median size is probably a better measure of the
average adult dinosaur size as it is not skewed as much by the
high number of sauropodomorph specimens in the data base,
and their extreme size, compared to the mean. Table 1 also
shows that there are small dinosaurs (less than 10 kg [22 lb]) in
every suborder of dinosaurs, except the Thyreophora. As
expected, the median and mean are highest for the
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sauropodomorphs and smallest for the theropods.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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
“Table 1. Basic mass (kg) statistics for the five major dinosaur
orders.
N
Range
Mean
Sauropodomorphs 91 1.2 to 56,000
12,640
Theropods
152 0.14 to 7700
652
Marginocephalia
25
3 to 14,000
2305
Thyreophora
18
610 to 7400
2858
Ornithopoda
64 0.73 to 17,000
2189
All dinosaurs
350 0.14 to 56,000
4282
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Median
9800
99
120
2300
415
630
133
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
“Fig. 2 shows the number of dinosaurs in various mass
categories in the data set. This graph suggests adult dinosaur
masses exhibit a bimodal distribution, either very light (0–60 kg
[0–132 lb]) or very heavy (1081–56,000 kg [2383–123,459 lb]).
The fewest dinosaurs in the data set fall in the 61–360 kg (134–
794 lb) range. So, yes there were a lot of small dinosaurs, but
there were even more large and extremely large dinosaurs. For
some reason though, the medium-sized dinosaur was the least
common. This may have to do with the ecological niches that
small and large dinosaurs were able to fill, or it could be a
designed survival tactic. A really small dinosaur could hide
more easily, and a large dinosaur was less likely to be
threatened by predators. It was likely an advantage to be one or
the other. On the other side, small predators could hunt small
prey and large predators could hunt larger prey, possibly
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explaining why there were fewer medium-sized predators also.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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“These data show that it is unlikely that the average
dinosaur was the size of a large dog or pony as
often quoted in the literature. Instead, a mediansized adult dinosaur was comparable to the mass of
a modern adult bison. However, just because the
median size of an adult dinosaur was fairly large, it
doesn’t mean there was a room problem on Noah’s
Ark during the global Flood. Most dinosaur pairs on
the Ark would likely have been juveniles or young
adults, not the largest and oldest dinosaurs so often
seen in museum specimens. The dinosaurs taken
on the Ark might have only averaged 70–100 kg
(154–320 lb), or about sheep sized.
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
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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
“All dinosaurs went through a year or two when
they grew very rapidly, a growth spurt similar to
teenage humans (Erickson, Rogers, and Yerby
2001). Dinosaurs were possibly taken on the Ark
about a year prior to this growth spurt, thereby
needing less to eat over the course of the yearlong Flood. After the Flood and their release to
land, the dinosaurs would have experienced their
growth spurt, rapidly maturing to adult size and
sexual maturity, and therefore able to fulfill God’s
plan to repopulate and fill the earth (Genesis 9:7).
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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

“Results of Dinosaur Mass by Order of Flood
Burial
“We also examined the data set for mass
distribution patterns with order of deposition in the
Flood sediments. It has been suggested that the
larger dinosaurs might have survived longer as
they were more mobile and able to withstand the
earlier Flood events compared to smaller ones
(Snelling 2014). This implies a relationship to size
and timing of burial in the Flood, and that
dinosaurs should become larger with time, sorting
themselves upward in the Flood strata.
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

“In order to test this hypothesis, we analyzed the total
dinosaur (n = 348) distribution by stratum, and the
individual suborders of the Sauropodomorphs,
Theropods, and Ornithopods by their order of
deposition. We did not examine the Marginocephalia
(n = 25) and Thyreophora (n = 18) suborders
individually by order of their burial because there were
so few specimens in these categories.
Table 2 lists the means and medians for all 348
dinosaur taxa and selected suborders by geologic
series or depositional sequence. In this analysis, the
mean is probably the most significant number as it
minimizes the large mass ranges within the dinosaur
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groups.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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
“Table 2. Means in kg (median in parentheses) of dinosaurs by
geological series.
Upper
Lower

Triassic Jurassic
Sauropodomorphs 1015
1,950

(805)
(460)

Theropods
53
(16)
Middle
Upper
Lower
Upper
Jurassic Jurassic Cretaceous Cretaceous
12,382
22,508
12,660
13,386
(8900) (16,000) (11,500)
(9050)
223
(195)
642
(560)
557
(72)
551
(20)
854
(180)
20
(7)
301
(150)
2386
(800)
3093
(3200)
3108
(260)
3221
(675)
Ornithopoda
17
(17)
16
(6)
All dinosaurs
575
(30)
1097
(260)
6009
(1400)
9866
(2300)
46
(31)
166
(88)
617
(360)
1216
(375)
All dinosaurs (minus
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Sauropodomorphs)
1165
(51)
1782
140
(420)
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
确定恐龙平均大小-2

“Results show that only smaller varieties of dinosaurs seem to
have become buried in the lowest dinosaur-bearing strata. The
mean mass for all dinosaur taxa buried in the Upper Triassic
series is 575 kg (1268 lb). In the next stratum above, the mean
mass of all dinosaurs goes up dramatically, with a mean of
1097 kg (2418 lb) in the Lower Jurassic series. This trend in
mean mass continues to increase through the Middle Jurassic
(6009 kg [13,248 lb]) and Upper Jurassic (9866 kg [21,751 lb])
series until the Lower Cretaceous, when the mean dinosaur
mass drops to 3108 kg [6852 lb]. Finally, the mean mass stays
nearly constant through the last of the dinosaur-bearing
stratum, the Upper Cretaceous series, where the mean mass is
3221 kg (7079 lb). These data suggest that dinosaur deposition
as a whole did not get systematically larger and larger as the
period of the deluge progressed.
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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

“Although only small varieties of dinosaurs are found in the
lowest dinosaur-bearing strata, similar small dinosaurs are
found continually throughout all subsequent Flood strata,
through the Upper Cretaceous series. The mean mass in each
higher level stratum is merely altered by the immense sizes of
dinosaurs found in Jurassic and Cretaceous strata.
“We also conducted linear regression analysis of the 348
dinosaur taxa to see if there was any statistical correlation
between dinosaur mass and strata. The R-value was nearly
zero at −0.0097 due to the inclusion of many small dinosaurs in
every stratum (Fig 3). Overall, it can be said that there is no
significant correlation between dinosaur mass and strata.
However, a visual inspection of the plots indicated that the
sauropodomorphs were potentially masking any detectable
linear trend. After their removal, the data set and regression
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analysis gave a positive, but low correlation of R = 0.19.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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
“Both the theropods and the ornithopods exhibit
the largest mean masses in the Upper
Cretaceous strata (Table 2). In contrast, the
sauropodomorphs show a peak in mean mass
in the Upper Jurassic and a dramatic drop in
mean mass in the final two dinosaur-bearing
series. This peak was almost double the mean
mass of the previous series (Middle Jurassic)
and was again, nearly double the mean mass of
each subsequent series (Lower and Upper
Cretaceous).
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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
“Because the sauropodomorphs make up a
substantial amount of the data set (n = 91), and their
mass distribution pattern was completely different from
the other suborders, we also calculated the mass of all
other dinosaur suborders collectively, excluding the
sauropodomorphs (Table 2). Results of this analysis
showed a different pattern with burial compared to our
earlier analysis of all the dinosaurs. The mean mass of
dinosaurs failed to show a clear, systematic increase
with time of burial even without the influence of the
sauropodomorphs. Although the mean mass generally
increases with time, there is still an observable drop in
mean mass in the Lower Cretaceous series.
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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

“However, we do not just observe large dinosaurs in
the last of the dinosaur-bearing strata. As shown in
Fig. 3, there are many small dinosaurs in every rock
layer, from the Upper Triassic through the Upper
Cretaceous, complicating statistical relationships. Fig.
3 does show the larger dinosaurs getting larger with
time, boosting the mean masses and contributing to
the observed weak statistical significance. But this
relationship is skewed by the very largest
sauropodomorphs which peaked in the Upper
Jurassic.
Fig. 3 (A). Plot of all individual dinosaur masses by
geologic strata. (B). Plot of all individual dinosaur
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masses by geologic strata omitting sauropodomorphs.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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

“Discussion and Conclusions
“Where does this all lead? Are we any closer to
explaining the fossil record of dinosaurs? Yes and no.
Yes, we now have a fairly accurate median adult
dinosaur size of 630 kg (1389 lb), based on the
largest, most accurate survey of the currently available
data on dinosaur taxa. This is a lot heavier than many
earlier estimates of a dog or pony, and closer to that of
an American bison. We would suggest that
creationists should be careful not to state that the
“average” dinosaur was necessarily small. There were
many small dinosaurs, but just as many large
dinosaurs, boosting the median size considerably.
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
“And no, there is no simple explanation to the
distribution of dinosaurs in the Flood rocks—the model is
clearly multi-factor. In fact, Snelling (2014) suggested
there were at least three factors that determined the
burial order of organisms in the Flood: 1) their elevation
of habitat, 2) their reaction to danger (and possibly
intelligence), and 3) their mobility. If we assume the
dinosaurs were living at about the same elevation and
habitat, we can essentially eliminate the first factor,
leaving us with two main variables. A fairly similar
elevation of habitat is possibly why dinosaurs are found
only in limited Flood strata (exclusively in the Mesozoic
Erathem). Obviously, there was some variation in their
habitat elevations, but overall, it may not have been as
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significant as the other two factors discussed below.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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
“Dinosaur reaction to danger may be partly related to their
intelligence. Dinosaurs exhibited large variations in brainto-body ratios (Lucas 2007). Most dinosaur suborders, the
sauropodomorphs, thyreophorans, and ceratopsians had
relative brain sizes much less than that of a modern lizard.
Whereas, the ornithopods had relative brain sizes similar
to modern lizards, or slightly larger. Theropods had the
largest brain-to-body ratios of any dinosaur group, with
most of them possessing brains larger than a comparablesized lizard (between 1.0–1.8 times greater; Lucas 2007).
And the coelurosaurs (a subcategory of the theropods
which includes the “raptors”) had by far the largest brains
of any dinosaur category, with brains about 5.8 times
larger than a comparable modern lizard (Lucas 2007).
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
“The reason so many small coelurosaur
dinosaurs were found in higher Flood
strata, like the Lower and Upper
Cretaceous systems, may be because
these dinosaurs were the most intelligent.
They likely recognized and reacted to the
dangers of the rising Floodwaters quicker
and more efficiently than many other
dinosaurs, and thus, survived longer
before eventually succumbing to burial.
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
“Dinosaur mobility also probably played a big role in
stratification of the dinosaurs. Few large dinosaurs are found in
the lowest dinosaur-bearing strata because the larger ones
were able to escape more readily. And yet, the largest
sauropodomorphs are found in Late Jurassic rocks, near the
middle of the dinosaur-bearing strata. It is likely that the
sauropodomorphs could not run as fast or sustain travel as far
as many of the other larger dinosaur groups, like the
ornithopods and the ceratopsians. As mentioned above, the
sauropodomorphs also had the smallest brain-to-body ratios of
any dinosaur suborder which probably caused them to react
much differently to the impending dangers of the rising water.
The large herds (numbering thousands) of ornithopods and
ceratopsians that likely were very mobile and could sustain
travel for great distances are also found dominantly in the
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uppermost dinosaur-bearing rocks of the Cretaceous system.
Determining Average Dinosaur Size-2
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“Many of the largest theropods are found in the final dinosaur

bearing Flood strata also. It was likely their combination of size,
mobility, and intelligence that allowed them to survive as long
as they did. It is no surprise, therefore, to find Tyrannosaurus
rex fossils near the top of Upper Cretaceous strata.
“Dinosaur mobility may also explain why there appears to be an
overrepresentation of theropod footprints compared to the bone
record of theropods. Bone fossils of theropods make up much
less than 10% of the dinosaur fossils (Lockley and Hunt 1995).
Tracks at the Purgatoire site in Colorado, in Jurassic system
rocks, show a 60% theropod (predator) to 40%
sauropodomorph (prey) distribution (Lockley and Hunt 1995).
And tracks within the Dakota Group (Cretaceous system) near
Denver, Colorado at Dinosaur Ridge exhibit proportions of 25–
30% predator to 70–75% prey (Lockley and Hunt 1995).
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
“Why the discrepancy between dinosaur footprint
data and the bone data? Higher activity levels of
the theropods may be the solution. This makes
even more sense if considered in a Flood context,
however. During the Flood, the theropods may
have used their higher intelligence, speed, and
agility levels to disproportionately escape the
advancing Floodwaters and leave more tracks,
compared to the slower, and less agile, plant
eaters. This may be one reason why the proportion
of theropod bones does not match the proportion
of theropod tracks.
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


“It appears there are competing and complicating
factors to the order of dinosaur burial in the Flood.
Variables such as reaction to danger and mobility
seem to have strongly influenced the burial order of
some dinosaur groups, and to a lesser degree, the
relative differences in habitat elevation. Although
some dinosaur groups seem to follow distinct patterns,
it may not be possible to sort out which factor was
most dominant in every case.
It is inevitable that future finds on dinosaur bones
might change our current conclusions, though we
suspect our estimate will not be changed drastically.”
Thank God for the contributions of scientists Timothy
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L. Clarey and Jeffrey P. Tomkins.
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
156
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
157
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？



Dr. Elizabeth Mitchell published the above article in the Answers In
Genesis website on February 21, 2015. I now quote her article as
follows:
“Did viral invasion help the mammalian brain evolve?
“About 8–10% of human DNA, as well as the DNA of animals like
mice, consists of scattered DNA sequences matching those of
retroviruses. These sequences are called endogenous
retroviruses (ERVs) because they are actually a part of the healthy
host cell’s DNA. (Exogenous retroviruses—like HIV that causes
AIDS—come from outside a cell and infect it.) How ERVs came to
be part of our DNA and what they are doing there have been the
subjects of much speculation and research. Scientists have known
for some time that placental formation depends on ERVs.
Evolutionists credit such viruses with making mammalian evolution
possible. Now scientists have shown that ERVs play a crucial role
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in the development of the mouse brain.
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？

Exogenous retroviruses invade cells. They make DNA copies of
their own RNA genome, and each DNA copy inserts itself into
the host cell’s genome, where it is called a provirus. Once
incorporated into a cell’s DNA, this provirus may replicate itself
and move on to infect other cells or it may linger for a time.
Proviruses can also be inherited as a part of a host cell’s
genome; an inherited provirus is called an endogenous
retrovirus. A provirus—whether exogenous or endogenous—
can affect the expression of nearby genes. And if a virus is
incorporated into the genome of a reproductive cell, it can be
passed down to offspring. Evolutionists think that endogenous
retroviruses are broken-down versions of ancient exogenous
retroviruses that were incorporated into many genomes millions
of years ago. Reproduced from user “Mrdavis21,” Wikimedia
Commons.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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
“What’s a Virus to Do?
“’We have been able to observe that these viruses
are activated specifically in the brain cells and
have an important regulatory role,” explains Johan
Jakobsson, who led the Lund University team that
made the discovery. “We believe that the role of
retroviruses can contribute to explaining why brain
cells in particular are so dynamic and multifaceted
in their function. It may also be the case that the
viruses’ more or less complex functions in various
species can help us to understand why we are so
different.”
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？

“Many viruses contain DNA, but retroviruses contain RNA
instead. An RNA virus normally makes DNA copies of its
genome and inserts them into a host cell’s DNA. Exogenous
retroviruses are RNA viruses that invade cells and, like DNA
viruses, hijack the host cells’ machinery to replicate themselves
and then go on to infect other cells. But endogenous
retroviruses (ERVs) do not behave like this. They—or rather the
DNA versions called proviruses—are actually part of the cells’
genome. They do not seem to be in the business of copying
themselves and breaking free to infect other cells but simply get
copied along with the rest of the DNA and passed along from
generation to generation. Whether endogenous or exogenous,
this retroviral DNA can trigger the expression of other genes in
the DNA. Exogenous retroviruses that do this can, for instance,
cause tumor production. But what sorts of things might
endogenous retroviruses do?
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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
“The Placental Story
“Before exploring what Jakobsson and colleagues
discovered about the brain cells in mouse embryos, let’s
step back a moment and examine the role of ERVs in
the formation of the placenta.
“Cell membranes normally keep their cell “insides” in and
the outside out. They regulate what part of the outside is
allowed to come in and what part of the inside is allowed
to exit. But placental formation requires cell fusion! So
what did God design in order to make this happen?
Something we know as a virus. Specifically, an
endogenous retrovirus. Except that this virus is not an
enemy alien, a pathogenic invader come to destroy, but an
integral part of the mammalian genome and essential to
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mammalian life.
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？

“Disease-causing viruses, a scourge to mankind,
insert their genetic material into host cells and hijack
the cell’s reproductive machinery to replicate the
components to build more viruses. Retroviruses must
bring along the molecular tools to make DNA copies of
their own RNA. Therefore, they must fuse with the cell
membrane so that all of their components enter the
host cell. Retroviruses are able to do this because
they produce a particular protein product that tags the
cell membrane, acting like an entry-pass by making
the cell recognize the retrovirus as “friendly” and
respond to it by merging its membrane with the virus’s.
Endogenous retroviruses associated with placental
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formation also make this substance.
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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
“As a mammalian embryo forms, some of its cells are
partitioned off to form the placenta. Those cells—called
trophoblasts—invade the uterine wall and fuse together to
form the placenta, a complex organ that builds blood vessels
continuous with those of the developing embryo, connecting
via the umbilical cord. In recent years scientists have learned
that the ability of the trophoblastic cells to fuse, forming the
placenta, comes from certain retroviral genes in the
mammalian genome. The specific genes differ from species
to species, but expression of these genes is essential to
placental formation and therefore to mammalian
reproduction.
Of course these particular retroviruses are actually part of the
genome. How did mammals get these viruses? Were these
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endogenous retroviruses ever really invaders?
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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
“Ancient Invaders Bearing Evolutionary Gifts?
“Did ERVs start out as invaders bestowing the
information life needed to evolve into complex
organisms like mammals? Evolutionists believe so.
Evolutionists maintain that long ago retroviruses infected
cells of evolving organisms, supplied those cells with the
ability to fuse or do other things useful for survival or
reproduction, and—like the formerly outdoor feline that
now lives exclusively inside my house—stayed on like
freeloaders. And unlike the cat, these ancient
retroviruses provided some useful services in their new
homes. Evolutionists believe endogenous retroviruses
no longer break loose to infect other cells because
millions of years of mutations damaged them.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？

“Many creation scientists instead maintain
that the same Designer, the creator God of
all, used this design to make life and
reproduction possible in many organisms,
including human beings, from the beginning.
If that is the case, then at least some of
these “endogenous retroviruses”—
regardless of their disconcerting, dangeroussounding name—were never random
invaders that took up residence in cells but a
part of God’s design from the beginning.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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
“Transposable Elements
“Scattered throughout DNA, endogenous retroviruses
(ERVs) were once thought to be part of the so-called “junk
DNA” that evolutionists thought were evolutionary leftovers
without any function. Of course, now scientists, with the
ENCODE study, have demonstrated that much if not most
of so-called “junk DNA” has a function. Like many other
transposable elements (DNA sequences that are repeated
in many places in the genome), ERVs can regulate the
expression of other genes. ERVs are found in all
vertebrate genomes. As such, the ERVs may help explain
at a genetic level how species with genetic similarities
differ greatly. Of course, understanding how animals
differ is not the same as demonstrating how they came to
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differ in the unobservable past.
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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

“Controlling Genetic Expression
“The expression of genes in DNA is controlled in several
ways. DNA methylation—attaching “methyl” chemical groups to
DNA in order to silence certain genes—is one way. Another
such epigenetic (“above the level of the gene”) method of
controlling genetic expression includes wrapping the genes
around spool-like proteins called histones. With such controls,
genes can be expressed at the time when they are needed,
such as at particular phases of embryonic development, and
then be silenced.
“Most known ERVs seem to be controlled by DNA methylation.
But, Jakobsson says, “There seems to be a different
mechanism regulating endogenous retroviruses in brain cells
than in other cells.” These cells control the expression of their
ERVs with histone modification.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
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

“Architects of Neural Complexity?
“Early in embryonic development, these embryonic brain cells
may, researchers suspect, fine-tune the way nerve cells develop
and the complex connections they form using ERVs. “Brain cells
are very complex compared to other cells,” explains Jakobsson.
“Co-opting endogenous retroviruses allows for much more
complexity, especially since they make up so much of the
genome.”
“Jakobsson’s team found that a gene called TRIM28 is responsible
for the histone modification of ERVs in mice. They experimented
with disabling TRIM28 genes to see what would happen. In most
cells, the loss of histone modification made no difference. But in
mouse brain cells the effect was dramatic. When TRIM28 is
disabled in the embryonic brain cells, their ERVs seemed to “wake
up” and trigger expression of various nearby genes and even the
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transcription of some other non-coding regions of the DNA.
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？


“When both copies (alleles) of TRIM28 are destroyed in living
mouse embryos, they die. When only one copy of TRIM28 is
eliminated, the embryos survive but have various behavioral
abnormalities such as hyperactivity and symptoms mimicking
human psychiatric disorders. This suggests, the researchers
believe, that ERVs could not only be important for mammalian
embryonic brain development but even be associated with
behavioral problems:
“’Together, these findings demonstrate that disruption of
TRIM28 levels in the mouse brain results in behavioral changes
that are similar to impairments found in humans with certain
psychiatric disorders. With this in mind, it is noteworthy that
increased levels of ERV transcripts have been detected in
patients with several neurological and psychiatric disorders.’
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？


“Functional Significance
“Many scenarios are possible. ERVs may play a crucial role in
early embryonic brain development—perhaps by helping
orchestrate other complex controls on gene expression. And
they might ultimately cause problems if not shut down properly
once their job is done. It is far too early to draw any definitive
conclusions about the functional significance of ERVs in normal
and abnormal brain development and function, even in mice,
much less in humans. And it will be difficult to nail down too
many specifics, as the same ERVs appear at many locations in
the genome, multiplying the potential complexity of their effects.
Nevertheless, it now seems likely that the ERVs do play some
sort of role in mouse—and possibly all mammalian—embryonic
brain development.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？

“The next question to address, however, is where these ERVs
came from. And if they somehow help tweak and tailor the
complex development of the embryonic brain, does that mean
they played a role in the evolution of the complex mammalian
brain? Evolutionists often claim they can extrapolate from
observations of embryonic development to unobservable
speculations about a hypothetical evolutionary past. (This is
called Recapitulation Theory. Read more about in
“Recapitulation Repackaged and Re-Applied.”) Indeed, since
ERVs comprise a significant percentage of the mammalian
genome and are necessary for proper placental development,
do we, as biological mammals with superior brain function, owe
our very existence to the intrusion of ancient retroviruses on the
evolutionary process? Many evolutionists would answer “yes.”
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？


“Evolutionists generally assume that ERVs are the hobbled
remains of retroviruses that invaded the genomes of evolving
organisms millions of years ago, bringing in essential genetic
information to facilitate evolution. Jakobsson and colleagues
speculate about the possible evolutionary pros and cons of
ancient retroviral incorporation into genomes:
“’Occasionally, retroviruses infect germline cells allowing the
integrated proviruses to be passed on to the offspring as an
endogenous retrovirus (ERV). Around 8%–10% of the human
and mouse genome are composed of this type of TE
[transposable element], and, despite up to millions of years
since their integration in host germline, many ERVs contain
sequences that can serve as transcriptional start sites or as
cis-acting regulatory elements in the host genomes.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？
 “’The large amount of ERVs in mammalian
genomes suggest that they play important roles
in the host organisms, for instance, by
influencing gene regulatory networks, but ERVs
have also been linked to diseases. In humans,
aberrant expression of ERVs has been found in
both cancer and brain disorders, although
causality remains to be established. Thus ERVs
may contribute both beneficial and detrimental
effects, which have been balanced throughout
evolution, to the host organism.’
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？


“We must remember, however, that no scientist has
observed these ubiquitous proviral elements being
integrated into vertebrate genomes, nor can anyone
show that these events occurred millions of years ago.
DNA sequences do not come with labels giving their
age. Efforts to say how many millions of years old a
particular gene is are based on a stack of unverifiable
evolutionary worldview-based assumptions.
“Dr. Yingguang Liu, associate professor of
microbiology at Liberty University’s College of
Osteopathic Medicine, commented on the significance
of this study and how it is explained by the biblical
creationist model of origins:
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？


“’For a number of years, I have been advocating that ERV
elements were created in the cell to provide coordinated
regulation of interspersed genes, among other possible
functions. Our laboratory studies showed that multiple human
ERV elements were controlled simultaneously by female sex
hormones. It is encouraging that mouse ERVs are found to
regulate nearby genes in the brain. However, these authors still
believe ERVs are recent insertions into the mouse genome. Did
mice all have psychiatric/behavioral disorders before they were
infected by ERVs?’
“Many ERVs are not only critical to life through irreducibly
complex associations with other cellular processes but are also
tightly controlled by the molecular mechanisms that normally
control genetic expression in cells. This suggests they were
a critical design element present from the beginning—not of
molecules-to-mammals evolution, but of divinely designed 177
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creation.
Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？



“Viruses in a Very Good World?
“So if these important ERVs are not the vestiges of
viral invasion representing a pivotal event in
evolutionary history, why do they look like viral
elements? Where did viruses come from anyway?
Do they serve any good purposes?
“Well, as much as we are accustomed to thinking
of viruses as our enemies—especially in the flu
season and more particularly in view of the terrible
scourges of viruses like HIV and Ebola—we need
to remember that many viruses do not hurt us. In
fact, many viruses serve useful roles.
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？

“For instance, bacteriophages—viruses that infect
bacteria—help our immune system fend off
pathogenic viruses. Bacteriophages may also facilitate
the transfer of genetic information between
microorganisms, enabling them to adapt to a changing
environment. And since most microbial organisms are
actually beneficial and even essential to us and to our
environment rather than harmful, the fact that God
apparently designed microbes to adapt in this way is
an example of God’s good design. That some viruses,
bacteria, and other microbial organisms have become
pathogenic is an effect of sin’s curse on a world
originally created perfectly good (Genesis 1:31).
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Endogenous Retroviruses: Key to Mammalian Brain Development?
内源性逆转录病毒：哺乳动物大脑发展的关键？


“Much research remains to be done to discover the functions of
ERVs and to learn more about how today’s pathogenic viruses
could be related to non-pathogenic counterparts. Some
scientists—both evolutionists and creationists—have even
suggested that endogenous retroviruses could be the source of
some exogenous retroviruses! But we do know from God’s
eyewitness account in the Bible that God created all kinds of living
things to reproduce after their kinds about 6,000 years ago. Even
though viruses were first discovered in connection with disease,
we should not discount their importance in a perfectly good world.
And given that the same Creator—our common Designer—
created mammalian genomes and viruses, the existence of
homologous DNA sequences among them should not be a
surprise. Perhaps as more research is done, clues about possible
relationships between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses
will become apparent.”
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Thank God for Dr. Mitchell’s contribution.
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝
3/12/2016
181
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
182
Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树



Scientist John UpChurch published the above article
in the Answers In Genesis website on March 12, 2014;
last featured February 22, 2015. I now quote his article
below:
“How do you make water flow upward? It’s not a
problem if you’re the Creator of the universe.
“American poet Joyce Kilmer famously penned the
words, “I think that I shall never see a poem lovely as
a tree.” While Kilmer marveled at the external wonders
of trees—and God adorned them with plenty—some
real “poetry in motion” happens on the inside. That’s
where our Creator made a way for water to defy
gravity, flowing upward to nourish leaves hundreds 183
of
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feet above the ground.
Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树


“Most of the time we experience the downward force
of water. Rain pours from clouds, waterfalls gush over
rocky cliffs into pools below, and spilled drinks splatter
off the table and soak the carpet. Put simply: water
flows downward. But when you take a paper towel to
that water you spilled, suddenly you’ve flipped things
around—and the water goes up.
“While we take for granted that towels can absorb our
messes, why does this happen? Yes, the water moves
from the floor up into the cotton or paper fibers. But it’s
not mainly because of properties in the fibers
themselves—despite what paper towel commercials
say. Rather, water is sticky.
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Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树


“The bent V-shape of water molecules (H2O) gives them
something of a split personality. One end has a positive
charge, and the other end a negative. In the same way
that the negative side of one magnet attracts the positive
side of another magnet, two water molecules cling
together through hydrogen bonding. This clinginess gives
water some unique characteristics that work together to
draw water into the leaves of trees.
“For one thing, the surface of water contracts as all the
molecules pull together. This creates tension, which allows
some objects to float above the water like they’re resting
on a tight mesh. Also, the bonding that makes water
molecules adhere to each other (cohesion) also makes
them stick to most containers (adhesion). That’s why it’s
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so hard to get those last drops out of your glass.
Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树



“So, what do you get when you combine water’s surface
tension and its adhesive qualities? Capillary action, or the
ability of water to “climb.”
“Now, let’s be clear. Water can’t just scale a mountain.
After all, gravity is good at its job, keeping oceans and
lakes in place and making sure your drink doesn’t crawl
out of your cup. But if you put water in a narrow enough
container, something incredible happens.
“Perhaps you’ve seen this effect with a straw or tube. The
smaller the tube’s diameter, the more the water will rise.
Those sticky water molecules grab on to one another and
to the sides of the tube and hoist themselves up. It’s
something like a chain reaction.
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Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树


“The same thing happens when towels sop up the
spills. The molecules latch onto each other and flow
up into the fibers (it’s almost as if capillary action does
the cleanup work for you—almost). Empty spaces in
sponges also produce capillary action that absorbs a
great deal of water, and sports fabrics designed to
wick away sweat rely on this effect.
“Capillary action also gives trees and other plants a
boost in drawing nutrient-rich water from the soil up
the stem and into the leaves. The small tubes in plants
(called their vascular system) help water molecules
move up.
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Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树


“Its power is greatly multiplied when you factor in
transpiration—the evaporation of water from the
leaves and stems of plants. As water evaporates, it
creates something of a vacuum that helps draw up
more water to replace what escaped. Transpiration
creates the vacuum, but the cohesion keeps the water
molecules linked in a chain that is strong enough to
withstand the pull of gravity and not break.
“Such forces help explain why the largest living tree on
Earth, the California redwood, can tickle the sky at up
to 379 feet (116 m), and still haul up minerals from soil
to leaf. (See the experiment for how you can watch
this happen on a smaller scale.)
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Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树



“Given the “gravity busting” ability of capillary action,
Kilmer’s poem ends appropriately: “Poems are made
by fools like me, but only God can make a tree.”
Genesis 1 makes a brief reference to God’s creation
of water and plants, which may not impress a casual
reader, but the more we study the details, the more
our appreciation for our Creator’s majesty keeps on
growing.
“See for Yourself . . .
“You don’t have to cut open a tree to see capillary
action; it can take place right on your kitchen counter.
But to observe it, you’ll need some patience and adult
help.
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189
Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树
“Materials










½ cup of water
Clear glass or vase
Tube of red or blue liquid food coloring
Three or four white carnations (fresh flowers with shorter stems work best)
Sharp knife
Camera
“Procedure
Pour the ½ cup of water into the glass or vase.
Put about 20 drops of food coloring into the water.
Get an adult to cut the stems of the carnations at a 45º angle. Be careful not
to crush the stems with a dull knife or scissors.
Use the stems of your carnations to stir the dye into the water.
Take a picture of the flowers so that you can check the progress later. Leave
your flowers in the dyed water.
Take pictures of your flowers after 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours (or as
often as you can during that time).
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Note the changes you see.
Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树
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Experiment: How to Make Water Climb a Tree
实验：如何使水爬树





“Other Things to Try
“Try adding more dye to your water. How does that
change the results?
“Use celery instead of carnations. Does celery work
the same way?
“Split the stem of an undyed carnation down the
middle. Put one half in red dye and one half in blue
die. What happens to the petals?”
Thank God for Scientist John UpChurch for his
contribution.
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Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝
3/12/2016
193
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
194
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行



Geologist Carl Froede Jr published the above article in the
Volume 20 Number 1 of the Creation Matters. His article is
quoted below:
“Beginning in the 20th century, atmospheric and geological
scientists began the study of airborne dust and other
microscopic particles (i.e. aerosols) in the atmosphere. Only in
the last 50 years have scientists begun to discover its global
impact. Research in the last ten years has revealed several
surprises.
“This subject is worthy of investigation, especially from a biblical
perspective, because it factors into post-Flood plant, insect, and
animal dispersion. The global interaction of what we view as
our local weather is often not considered. A recent article on the
atmospheric transport of Saharan Desert dust and aerosols
reports unexpected results and these findings have implications
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195
for a post-Flood Earth.
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行


“The topic of dust in the environment was reviewed by
Holms (2001). Her subject-specific chapters deal with
various aspects of dust, derived from Asian deserts and
the African continent, and its effect on our lives. The
interested reader is encouraged to review that work for
further information. Much has also been written in the
naturalistic (i.e. non-biblical) scientific literature about
Asian and African dust and aerosols and their effects on
the western hemisphere.
“Surprisingly large volumes of particulates from the
Saharan desert can be lifted and transported westward
across the Atlantic in a matter of days (Froede, 2003).
However, recent research indicates it also plays an
important role in the precipitation of snow in California.
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Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行

“Creamean et al. (2013) conducted a study
of the snowpack across California’s Sierra
Nevada Mountains. They sought to
determine the terrestrial sources and
particulate composition of the nuclei
responsible for snow accumulation. Dust and
aerosols from the Asian desert had
previously been identified, but in this new
study, Creamean et al. (2013) recognize
additional source areas including the
Saharan Desert and Middle East.
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197
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行

“Dust and other aerosols derived from the Saharan
desert typically travel westward across the Atlantic
Ocean. However, this new study identified Saharan
Desert particles traveling eastward in mid-level clouds
(13,100 to 16,400 feet above mean sea level, msl)
around the globe. Of the different kinds of particles
examined, bacteria were identified as the best source
for ice nucleation (Lemonick, 2013). The results of this
study suggest that the snowpack of California’s Sierra
Nevada Mountains is derived from dust and aerosols
sourced from geographically diverse areas and
transported by air currents that circumnavigate the
Earth.
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Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行
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199
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行


“As a footnote, a recent study correlated volcanic ash
layers in northern Greenland and Western Europe to
volcanic eruptions from the Wrangell volcanic field of
southeastern Alaska (Jensen et al., 2014). Wind
transported the ash eastward thousands of miles
dropping the particles with a loss of the heat that
originally lifted them into the atmosphere.
“The Bible states that wind blew across subsiding
Floodwater (Gen 8:1). These winds probably continued
for some time and eventually stabilized into the global
atmospheric circulation patterns (and layers) we observe
today. However, creationists have not studied possible
wind patterns prior to modern conditions and past
variations are certainly possible. Further study of post-200
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Flood atmospheric conditions is warranted.
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行


“The movement of air is important in understanding the
modern transport of dust and aerosol materials. These
studies should be of great interest to creationists, because
atmospheric transport likely played a role in plant, insect,
and animal dispersion following the global Flood of
Genesis (Froede, 2003; Rucker, 2004).
“This new study suggests that airborne dust and aerosols
from African and Eurasian sources contribute to the
deposition of snow located on the other side of Earth! This
finding has implications for the development of alpine and
continental glaciers following the Flood. The combination
of dust and aerosols derived from Earth’s exposed unvegetated landmasses combined with ash propelled into
the atmosphere from erupting volcanoes would have
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served as nucleation sites for precipitation.
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行
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202
Saharan Dust—Part 1: Circumnavigation of Earth and Snow in California
撒哈拉尘第1部分：地球和雪在加州航行


“Although undocumented at present, the buildup of
snow across the Earth following the Flood was
probably a function of available atmospheric dust,
particulates, and high levels of water vapor. The
removal of these materials from the atmosphere in
the centuries following the Flood along with a
decrease in water vapor levels has likely served to
reduce the volume of precipitation falling on Earth
today.”
Thank God for geologist Carl Froede’s
contribution.
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203
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
204
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
205
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


Dr. Jerry Bergman published an article on the
above subject in the Volume 20 Number 1 of
Creation Matters. I now quote his article as follows:
“The uvula (Latin, “little grape”) is a small tearshaped projection located at the posterior edge of
the center of the soft palate. It consists primarily of
connective tissue containing secretory glands and
diffuse interdigitated muscle fibers (musculus
uvulae). Properly named the palatine uvula to
distinguish it from the uvula vermis, a cerebellum
lobe, or the uvula vesicae in the urinary bladder, it
is often just called the uvula.
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206
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？

“The uvula was long regarded as ‘a useless
remnant of our evolutionary past’ and a ‘vestigial
organ in humans that has no function’ (Garner,
2003). Richardson and Pullen noted that the ‘uvula
has been classed with vestigial structures, such as
the vermiform appendix’ (1948). More recently,
Putman and Shelton claim that the uvula is ‘a
vestigial nublin of connective and glandular tissue’
(1985, p. 99). Azzan and Kuehn wrote ‘the uvula
itself is often considered as a vestigial structure
serving no important function in man’ (1977).
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The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？
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208
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“Some science teachers still teach that the uvula ‘does
nothing,’ and even some ‘anatomy experts think it is only a
vestigial organ’ (Ray, 2003, pp. 162-163). Nonetheless,
from ‘ancient times up to the present day many different
functions…have been attributed to the uvula, many
speculative and some with a more scientific basis’ (Back,
et al. 2004).
“The most well-documented function of the uvula, in
tandem with the back of the tongue, the palate, and the
lungs, is its role in the articulation of guttural and other
human voice sounds (Finkelstein, 1992). The uvula also
allows singers to produce a vibrato sound, a wavy-soprano
to bass voice. Additionally, it lowers resonance of the air
column over the larynx to reduce the extremes of voices209
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nasality (Back, et al., 2004; Kaplan, 1971, p. 298).
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？

“The uvula is unique to humans and ‘no comparable
organization of serous and mucous glands is found in
the homologous velum of other mammals studied’
(Finkelstein, et al., 1992). This is logical, since its role
is primarily as a speech organ. In one study, the soft
palates of eight different mammals were compared.
The researchers found evidence of a very small uvulalike structure in two baboons that, in contrast to
humans’, does not differ histologically from the
surrounding soft palate tissue. Another similar study
led to the conclusion that the uvula may be yet
‘another structure that differentiates man from other
mammals’ (Finkelstein, et al., 1992)
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210
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“In humans, it varies greatly in size and shape, from a
tiny knob to a size reaching across almost to the
opposite side of the throat (Finkelstein, et al., 1992).
The variability of the uvula’s size and shape may help
to explain the voice distinctions that help us to
differentiate people on the basis of their speech.
“The uvula also produces seromucous fluid to provide
the proper lubrication for complicated human speech,
as can be illustrated by the dry throat problem that
occurs in some speakers before addressing a large
group of people. Studies of patients lacking the uvula
have concluded it has an abundance of seromucous
glands that can produce a large amount of saliva in a
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211
very short period of time (Back, et al., 2004).
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“The fact that the uvula can produce and secrete large
quantities of thin saliva is confirmed from the finding that a
‘common complication of surgery involving removal of the uvula
is pharyngeal dryness…on phonation and swallowing, the uvula
swings back and forth in the oropharynx,’ thereby basting the
throat. This ‘helps keep it moist and well lubricated’ (Back, et
al., 2004).
“For this reason, Finkelstein et al. concluded that a ‘major
function of the uvula’ is as a lubricating organ (1992). Talking
causes intermittent opening and closing of the velopharyngeal
valve, which provides continued lubrication that is critical for
normal speech (Hand, et al., 1999). Removal of the uvula
usually results in a dry throat problem, which consequently
causes hoarseness (Finkelstein, et al., 1992; Back, et al.,
2004).
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The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“Thus, the evidence from numerous studies is clear, ‘the
uvula plays a very important role in moistening the
oropharyngeal mucosa’ (Balcerzak, et al., 2006). The uvula
also has large drainage canals that help to drain excess
saliva from the oral cavity towards the base of the tongue
(Delavan, 1923).
“The uvula striated muscle, called the musculus uvulae, is
part of the soft palate and functions as part of the
velopharyngeal mechanism. Two individually identifiable
bundles of muscle elevate the uvula and shorten the soft
palate (Assam and Kuehn, 1977). The uvula also triggers the
swallowing reflex, and the uvula muscle allows it to stiffen,
altering its shape to help seal off the breathing passage
when swallowing. Some evidence also exists that the uvula
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213
may have a role in immunology (Finkelstein, et al., 1992).
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“Uvula abnormalities were once an argument about its lack of
function. If the mucous membrane around the uvula swells, it
can expand from three to five times its normal size. If the
swollen uvula touches the throat or tongue, it can cause a gag
reflex or choking sensation, even if no foreign matter is present.
This condition may cause breathing, talking, and eating
problems. An abnormally elongated uvula can also contribute to
snoring, or even sleep apnea, which is treated by removal of
part of the uvula.
“However, this operation can also cause sleep apnea if scar
tissue forms that decreases the velopharynx airspace. One
study found that uvula removal can reduce symptoms normally
caused by an abnormal uvula from 50 to 60 percent (Petri, et
al., 1994). Typically, after the uvula is trimmed, sleep apnea
subsides in the short term, but often returns in the long term,
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214
and is sometimes worse than it was before surgery.
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“Many factors exist to cause the uvula to swell, including
excessive smoking or inhaling of other irritants, dehydration from
arid weather, snoring, an allergic reaction, or viral or bacterial
infections. An aphthous ulcer that has formed on the uvula can
also cause swelling and discomfort (Biblo and Gilbert, 1983).
“Instead of surgery, other treatment is often preferable. If
swelling is caused by dehydration, drinking fluids often improves
the condition. If the cause is a bacterial infection, gargling with
salt water often helps. A swollen uvula is not normally life
threatening, and usually subsides, typically within a day or so.
Persons with a history of extreme uvulitis can carry an EpiPens
containing adrenaline (epinephrine) to inject themselves when
uvulitis occurs. Research on these problems has documented
the fact than a healthy uvula is important for many normal
functions, supporting the creation worldview, and not evolution,
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215
as claimed by some Darwinists.
The Uvula: A Useless or Multi-tasking Organ?
悬雍垂：无用或多任务的器官？


“The uvula, although a small organ, is not
an evolutionary leftover as believed by
some evolutionists, but rather is a
complex, well designed structure that has
numerous important functions in humans.
In the words of Finkelstein, et al., it is ‘a
highly sophisticated structure’ that is
‘another marker… that differentiates man
from other mammals’ (1992).”
Thank God for Dr. Bergman’s contribution.
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216
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
217
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
218
Maria Mitchell: Astronomer and Mathematician
玛丽亚·米切尔：天文学家和数学家


The January/February 2015 Creation Matters magazine has a
short article on the above subject by Dr. Don DeYoung. The
article is quoted below:
“Maria Mitchell (1818-1889) was born into a Quaker family in
Nantucket, MA, one of ten children and a distant relative of
Benjamin Franklin. She was taught mathematics and
astronomy by her father, William. As a young adult she turned
her mathematical and observational skills to exploring the
heavens from a rooftop observatory. This resulted at age 29 in
the discovery of ‘Miss Mitchell’s Comet,’ officially named 1847
VI. Quickly Maria Mitchell became a household name as the
first professional female astronomer in North America. In this
early era she was made an honorary member of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences (1842).
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Maria Mitchell: Astronomer and Mathematician
玛丽亚·米切尔：天文学家和数学家
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220
Maria Mitchell: Astronomer and Mathematician
玛丽亚·米切尔：天文学家和数学家





“Maria spoke out against slavery in the years leading up to the
Civil War. As a protest she refused to wear clothes made from
cotton. A visit to a New Orleans slave market touched her
deeply and contributed to her activist position. These quotations
from her speeches and writings show a godly and balanced
view of life (Gormley, 1995).
“’We especially need imagination in science. It is not all
mathematics, nor all logic, but is somewhat beauty and poetry.
‘Study as if you were going to live forever; live as if you were
going to die tomorrow.
‘There is a God and He is good…I try to increase my trust in
this, my only article or creed.
‘Every formula which expresses a law of nature is a hymn of
praise to God.’
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221
Maria Mitchell: Astronomer and Mathematician
玛丽亚·米切尔：天文学家和数学家



“Regarding this last quote, I have wondered about an alternate
activity to the traditional special music which often occurs
during formal worship services. Would it not appropriate to have
a black/white board in front of the congregation and to write out
the steps of an elegant mathematical proof or physics problem
solution? Since math is the language of creation, could not this
activity also be a worship experience? On second thought,
most audiences are not ready for such a technical display!
“Maria Mitchell enjoyed a long career of astronomy and
mathematics teaching and research at Vassar College in
Poughkeepsie, New York. At her birthplace in Nantucket, MA,
the Maria Mitchell Association was founded in 1902. An
observatory, library, and science museum are maintained in her
honor.”
Thank God for Dr. DeYoung’s contribution.
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222
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
223
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
224
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证


The January/February 2015 Creation Matters magazine
has an article on the above subject by scientist Timothy R.
Stout. The article is quoted below:
“Phosphorus (P) is one of the major chemicals essential
for life. In addition to being a major component of tooth
enamel and bones [in the form of hydroxyapatite, or
calcium phosphate; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], it is a structural
component of the nucleotides which form the molecular
backbones for RNA and DNA. It also functions as a major
constituent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which serves
as the energy currency of the cell. Other P-containing
molecules are required as sources of
phosphorus/phosphate to form ATP (e.g.,
phosphocreatine).
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The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证
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226
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证


“For these reasons, P is considered an essential element for
the origin of life. In a recent article Pasek et al. (2013) stated,
‘Synthesizing RNA and other organo-phosphates under
plausible early Earth conditions has proved difficult, with the
incorporation of phosphorus (P) causing a particular problem
because phosphate, where most environmental P resides, is
relatively insoluble and unreactive.’
“Although it is the 12th most abundant element on Earth, it is
not found as free P, other than in the occasional meteorite
(Sanderson, 2014). It is highly reactive, combining with other
elements and forming a variety of salts, principally calcium
phosphate (apatite). The resulting minerals are very insoluble,
unreactive, and thus unavailable as sources of P for prebiotic
chemical syntheses. This is a well-understood problem and
the reason behind the difficulty acknowledged by Pasek et al.
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227
(2013).
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证
3/12/2016
228
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证


“Bacteria and plants are able to extract phosphorus directly
from their environments. The extracted phosphorus then
proceeds up the food chain to meet the requirements of other
organisms. One of the major difficulties facing abiogenesis is
the provision of a reasonable source of P for use in RNA and
ATP fabrication before bacteria and plants existed. We find
yet another of the many ‘chicken or egg’ paradoxes,
characteristic of abiogenesis.
“There has been a long, ongoing discussion in the journals
about potential sources of naturally occurring P for use in
chemical evolution, but these are all problematic. For
instance, Schwartz (2006) acknowledged a variety of
problems that had so far thwarted the finding of a plausible
scenario for supplying P. He then proposed three new,
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229
alternative solutions:
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证




“1. reduction of phosphate to phosphite under certain
environmental conditions
“2. the volatilization of P4O10 from apatite during volcanic
eruptions
“3. the presence of phosphide (combination of P with a
metal; e.g., Fe3P) in the mineral schreibersite, found in
meteorites
“One supposed advantage provided by the first proposal
above, is that phosphite salts of calcium are more soluble
than apatite (Schwartz, 2006). However, living systems use
phosphates, not phosphites, as building blocks and energy
currency. So, at some point a conversion back to phosphates
needs to occur.
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230
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证


“The discussion around the second proposal indicated that
the actual amount of P released volcanically is very low—
likely too low to be of use for chemical evolution
(Schwartz, 2006).
“Regarding Schwartz’s third proposal, phosphide in water
is converted to phosphites (Pasek et al., 2013). Even
though meteoritic phosphide is more soluble than apatite,
the available concentration of P still ‘seems low’
(Schwartz, 2006). Pasek et al. (2013) also looked to
meteoritic schreibersite as a solution for the P problem.
Meteorites as a long-term, steady source of phosphate
does not seem plausible, as it is required by all life forms
in more than trace amounts.
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231
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证

“Proposals involving phosphite seem to avoid
consideration of prebiotic ATP synthesis. ATP
basically cycles back and forth between ATP,
the energized form, and ADP plus a phosphate
molecule, as the de-energized form. An
external source of energy enzymatically
combines ADP with a phosphate molecule to
form ATP, requiring the continual availability of
phosphate molecules. Phosphite does not
resolve the need for a continuing supply of free
phosphate in ATP-related reactions during
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232
abiogenesis.
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证

“A fundamental, underlying problem is the instability of
RNA. Under some conditions, RNA can degrade in
only a matter of days or less (see for example,
Johnston et al., 2001). A major proposed step in
advancing toward life’s abiogenic origin is the
appearance of a self-replicating RNA molecule. Yet,
even if such a molecule did appear, its continued
existence would depend on a steady, uninterrupted
supply of raw materials, including phosphate. Any
interruption in the supply of P for a significant length of
time would stop the replication process, and natural
decay would relatively quickly destroy the replicators,
undoing any progress.
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233
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证

“Pasek et al. (2013) propose that the ancient meteor
bombardments landed in the primordial ocean,
releasing large quantities of phosphate in the form of
dissolved schreibersite. This brings up several
difficulties. First, there is a lot of water in the ocean,
which would tend to dilute the P excessively.
Additionally, over the geologic timeframe required for
abiogenesis, one could expect the oceans to have an
abundance of calcium, leading to the precipitation of
phosphate as apatite or similar minerals (Schwartz,
2006). Thus, phosphate would be rendered
unavailable.
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234
The Testimony of Phosphorus
磷的见证



“Furthermore, most abiogenists today believe that life did not
start in an ocean, because none of the raw materials would
be sufficiently concentrated, including P. Instead, they prefer
a small pond or other isolated location. However, small,
isolated locations would be characterized by an erratic flux of
incoming meteorites. This would not provide the required
steady supply of P.
“The problem for evolutionists is to incorporate P into a fully
functioning metabolic system by building it one step at a
time. Creationists believe God formed complete metabolic
systems in a single step. It is yet another example of God’s
providing evidence of Himself, through His creative
handiwork—evidence for which rejection is ‘without excuse.’”
Thank God for scientist Timothy Stout’s contribution.
3/12/2016
235
Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
236
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
3/12/2016
237
Power Punch
动力冲压



The January/February 2015 Creation Matters magazine has a
short article on the above subject written by Dr. Jonathan C.
O’Quinn. The article is quoted below:
“The creationist view of living things is that they were created
by an intelligent Designer and are not the products of random
chance (evolution). One remarkable animal testifying to a
planned creation is the peacock mantis shrimp (Odontodactylus
scyllarus).
“This shrimp has specialized forelimbs called raptorial
appendages. Mantis shrimp use these club-shaped limbs to
smash open crab and snail shells for food and to defend
themselves from predators. The limbs strike so quickly (up to
52 miles per hour) that they vaporize the water at the strike
zone, causing cavitation bubbles, which then collapse,
releasing additional energy in the forms of heat, light, and
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sound.
Power Punch
动力冲压
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239
Power Punch
动力冲压


“With each strike, there is one force from the initial strike of the
first limb, followed by a second force from the collapse of the
cavitation bubble, repeated by the same forces from the second
limb. The peak forces can reach 1,500 N (newtons), which is
over 2,500 times the body weight of the animal. Imagine a 170
pound person punching with over 375,000 lbs of force! Parts of
this limb act as a spring and latch, storing large amounts of
potential energy, allowing it to crush crab and mollusk shells (or
your finger).
“The outer part of the club-shaped limb is made of
hydroxyapitate in a regular pattern to give it strength. Inside are
flattened spirals of sugar fibers stacked slightly asymmetrically
upon each other, which absorb shock when striking hard
objects. Additional sugar fibers wrap around the sides of the
club, preventing swelling and cracking upon impact, in the way
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a boxer’s hand-tape protects the hands.
Power Punch
动力冲压
 “This animal survives by eating hardshelled prey and has unique physical traits
allowing it to do that efficiently. How could
these specific traits have developed by
degrees and completely by accident?”
 Thank God for Dr. O’Quinn’s contribution.
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Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝
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3/12/2016
242
Sermons From Science -- Mar 2015
科学布道-- 2015年3月
Sermons from Science is now published in both
YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in
PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the
website http://ChristCenterGospel.org.
The contents of this presentation were taken from
different sources and in the Internet.
May God have all the glory.
Pastor Chui
http://ChristCenterGospel.org
ckchui1@yahoo.com
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Close-Up of an Ex-Planet
近观以前的星球
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The March 2015 Popular Science magazine has a short
article on the above subject by journalists Katie Peek and
Junnie Kwon. The article is quoted below:
“This month, the Dawn probe will give scientists their first
clear view of dwarf planet Ceres. Like many objects in our
solar system, it has a checkered past. Astronomers
deemed the body a planet, then an asteroid, then a dwarf
planet, all in the span of 200 years. The designation isn’t
up for debate on this mission. But if history is any guide,
the term used to describe a rocky planetoid is still anything
but solid.
“Before the invention of the telescope in 1608, people
could see seven bodies move across the night sky and
named them ‘planets,’ Greek for ‘wanderers.’
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Close-Up of an Ex-Planet
近观以前的星球
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“By 1700, scholars had accepted Copernicus’s 16th century
view that the Sun, not Earth, anchored the solar system. The
Earth was added to the planet list and the Sun removed. The
moon was relegated to satellite status.
“As telescopes grew in size, strength, and popularity, scientists
started spotting additional apparent planets. Uranus was first, in
1781. Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta soon followed.
“By the mid-1800s, astronomers agreed there were too many
rocks floating in the asteroid belt for Ceres and its companions
to warrant the title of ‘planet,’ so these objects quietly fell from
the ranks.
“Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh first glimpsed the diminutive
Pluto in February 1930. For the next seven decades, it would
rule the distant reaches of the solar system as the ninth planet.
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Close-Up of an Ex-Planet
近观以前的星球
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“In 2005, astronomers discovered Eris—
appropriately named for the goddess of
discord—a body larger than Pluto and one of a
growing number of icy objects in the
neighborhood that looked suspiciously like
planets.
“The International Astronomical Union officially
defined ‘planets’ in 2006. Ceres, Pluto, and Eris
only qualify as dwarf planets, which are big,
spherical bodies whose gravities don’t dominate
their orbital zones.
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Close-Up of an Ex-Planet
近观以前的星球
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Close-Up of an Ex-Planet
近观以前的星球
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“Dawn will be the first craft to orbit two deep-space bodies
(Vesta, in 2011, and now Ceres) in a single mission—a feat
made possible by its ion-propulsion engines. Instead of
hauling heavy chemical fuel, Dawn relies on solar energy to
charge atoms of xenon gas. Electrified metal grids push the
newly formed ions into space at up to 90,000 mph, providing
an extremely low but constant thrust. (To approximate that
force, tear out a page and rest it on your palm.) The craft
accelerates gradually to high speed and uses far less fuel
than a conventional rocket. Ion propulsion will enable
increasingly ambitious exploration, says Marc Rayman,
Dawn’s chief engineer and mission director: ‘We’re going to
see a whole new world.’”
Thank God for the excellent reporting of Popular Science.
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Close-Up of an Ex-Planet
近观以前的星球
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Gloria Deo
愿荣耀归上帝

3/12/2016
250