Internship Course Handbook The 6th edition Internships and Prior Learning Services University of Illinois Springfield Springfield, Illinois Copyright 2014 STUDENT HANDBOOK Internship Services Revised Effective Summer Term 2014 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS SPRINGFIELD Springfield, IL Copyright 2014 - University of Illinois Springfield Board of Trustees 1 Contents Chapter 1 Page Number Internship Course Introduction……………………………………………………………3 Chapter 2 Internship Journal………………………………………………………………………....10 Chapter 3 Learning History…………………………………………………………………………...16 Chapter 4 Learning Contract Part 1: Goal Areas…………………………………………………..19 Chapter 5 Learning Contract Part 2: Creating your draft………………………………………….33 Chapter 6 The Site Visit by the UIS Supervisor……………………………………………………45 Chapter 7 The Midterm Self-Assessment…………………………………………………………..49 Chapter 8 The Final Self-Assessment………………………………………………………………51 Request for Extension Form………………………………………………………………………………55 2 C hapter 1 Internship Course Introduction "If you are not learning while you are earning, you are cheating yourself of the better portion of your just compensation." - James Allen Think and Grow Rich 3 Why is the Internship so important at UIS? Engagement is an important concept at UIS. We want our students to be connected to the community in which they are learning and to get out of the classroom and obtain real world experience. When students engage in the community it not only provides benefit to the community in which students are working, but it allows them to have a broader understanding of their own abilities and what they can and want to achieve. The Internship Course: Sometimes students are shocked to learn that there is a course that accompanies the Internship experiencehopefully this does not apply to you at this point! The reason the course exists is because this is an Academic Internship, meaning that the focus is not just on working but on learning. The Internship coursework emphasizes self-directed learning that provides opportunities for career exploration, integration of academic studies with practical experience, determination of additional learning needs, cultivation of independent learning skills, development of increased awareness of community and public affairs, and understanding of diversity in the work place. The most important aspect of the course is REFLECTION. All assignments require you to reflect on your past and current experiences so that you can draw important lessons from those experiences. It is possible to have a new experience every day and not learn a thing simply because you don’t engage in reflection, while reflection can help us derive learning and meaning from activities that we have completed many times before. Components of the course: Internship Handbook: This handbook is a guide that will explain each of the Internship course written assignments. It is not a traditional textbook that provides lots of information for you to absorb. In this course, your experience is your textbook. Assignments: Once completed assignments are to be submitted on Blackboard. Select the Assignments link on the left hand side menu, click on the assignment you wish to submit, follow instructions to upload the assignment and click Submit. Seminars: offered on-campus or online. The Seminars provide additional information that will help you reflect on your experience and also to help prepare you for your future career exploration and searches. There is also some information in the form of Power Point Presentations that is intended to supplement the information you read in the Internship Handbook. Kolb Learning Style Inventory: This is a tool that you will use to help understand how you best learn so that you can try to obtain information in a way that fits best with your style. There are three tasks for you to complete with regard to the Kolb Learning Style Inventory: 1) You will take the LSI during Seminar Two and complete a discussion post regarding your findings. 2) Throughout the internship you can periodically reflect in your journal on how your learning style is affecting or affected by your internship experience. 3) In your Final Self-Assessment you will reflect on how well your internship fit with your learning style, if you had to adapt to other styles, and the learning styles of supervisors and co-workers. Expectations of the student: It is important to remember that, while the Internship course does offer a lot of flexibility to help accommodate your busy schedule, it is still a course and you still have to present yourself as a professional student, just as you would in any other course. The following are important responsibilities that you need to follow if you are going to be successful in the course: 4 5 Keep up on due dates!!! Your first assignment in the Internship course is to set your own due dates in the Timeline assignment. Just because the due dates are set by you does NOT mean that they should be disregarded as unimportant. Your Timeline should be put in a prominent place in your room, added to your phone calendar, whatever it takes so that you remember your due dates and keep up on assignments. If you have issues that come up you can contact your instructor about altering your Timeline, but it is not acceptable to simply ignore your Timeline and turn in assignments whenever you get around to it. Complete the course Seminars. o If you are in the on-campus course section the dates of your seminars is already set and you are required to attend each of the 3-4 seminars. If you are unable to attend you have to contact your instructor and make arrangements to make up the material discussed. o If you are in the online course section there is a guide in syllabus that will help you plan when to complete each seminar. In general, you should be moving through the seminars at a steady pace, not waiting until after midterms and trying to rush all of them. Communicate with your instructor. If you have questions or if you are struggling, communicate this to your instructor IMMEDIATELY! Internship instructors are always willing to help students who relay their problems up front. If you wait until you are behind in the course it can often be too late for your instructor to help you. Check and answer emails. Whether you are in the online or on-campus course, the primary method of communication between you and your course instructor is email. You expect and appreciate when faculty and instructors respond to your email inquiries and the same feeling is reciprocated. It is not an excuse to claim to be unaware of any information just because you did not read your emails. Your course instructor and Internship Services staff will be contacting you through your UIS email account, so you must check this account; we will NOT send communication to an alternate email account. Conduct yourself in a professional manner while working as an intern. You are out in the community representing not only yourself but UIS. Be sure to pay attention to the information in Seminar 1 on Ethical Issues and Internship Etiquette and Conduct. Important information to review: You may be provided with training on Ethical issues at your internship placement. Make sure to pay attention to this critical information. It is important to be aware of how to approach ethical issues in the work place so that you conduct yourself in the most professional manner. If you have questions about ethics it is important to talk to your field supervisor, UIS supervisor, and/or internship instructor. Ethical Issues and Dilemmas Your professional demeanor is important to you and your supervisors. You are expected to dress appropriately, honor your work schedule, notify your field supervisor if you are unable to work; complete work to the best of your ability, follow through on commitments, and make ethical decisions. This is critical to your field supervisor and to your success in the Internship. Acting unprofessionally may jeopardize this experience for future UIS students. You represent UIS while working on this Internship. There will be times, however, when you must do the best you can under the circumstances and learn from the situation in your field experience. Internship Etiquette and Conduct This internship may be the first time you have worked in a professional setting. People will expect you to act as a professional at work. Because the ‘rules’ may not be spelled out for you, and may differ among organizations, you must figure out the appropriate code of conduct. The following will give some guidelines to consider: Follow the chain of command, knowing the formal and informal reporting structures within your organization is recommended. Within your Internship you should still go to your Field Supervisor first. Respect confidentiality. Attendance and promptness are expected. Tardiness and absenteeism signal disrespect. Serious illness and family emergencies are the only reasons that justify absence and in those circumstances, call immediately and speak directly with your supervisor. Learn professional social skills. Dress the part. Appropriate attire is different for every institution. Ask about proper attire before your first day. Communicate. Keep your Supervisor informed, on how your work is going and what you have accomplished. Remain drug and alcohol free. 6 Getting Started: 1. Your first task in this course is simply to read the syllabus- available on Blackboard in the left-hand side menu and in Seminar 1. The syllabus is rather lengthy because it provides you with a lot of important information. The syllabus will guide you on when to complete seminars and which chapter of the Internship Handbook to consult for each assignment. 2. Set your Internship Course Timeline. The link to the Timeline is available in Seminar 1 and a copy is also available on the following page. There will be instructions on the Timeline assignment sheet regarding how to set your due dates. Submit the Timeline through the Assignments link on Blackboard. 3. Seminar 1: once you have reviewed the syllabus and submitted your Timeline start working on the other tasks in the seminar. 7 The Internship Course/Internship Timeline The Internship Course/Internship Timeline is the document on which you will record the dates that your assignments are due this semester. Because each student is doing a unique Internship, you have individual due dates. It is essential that you complete your Internship Timeline within the first few days of your placement. A copy of the form for the timeline follows this page. To determine your due dates first recall how many total hours you will be working at your placement. You must work a minimum of 50 clock hours for every credit hour you earn. All Internship experiences must be no less than 8 weeks in length. Your due dates are based on the percentage of the total number hours you need to work that have been completed. Use the chart below to help with your calculations. HOURS 100 150 200 250 300 10% First Journal Submission 10 15 20 25 30 10% Learning History 10 15 20 25 30 20% Learning Contract Draft 20 30 40 50 60 40% Site Visit & Signed Learning Contract 40 60 80 100 120 50% 50 75 100 125 150 50% Second Journal Submission 50 75 100 125 150 90% 90 135 180 225 270 100 150 200 250 300 Midterm Final 100% Complete Journal For example, students earning 3 credit hours will have to work for a minimum of 150 clock hours on their internship. Their Leaning Contract Draft will be due when they have worked 20% or 30 or their 150 hours. Please note that if you started the internship before the course opened up, or if you do not have standard weekly hours setting your dates based on these percentages might not make sense. If this applies to you, set due dates that are manageable and reasonable for your schedule. Sometimes students encounter scheduling issues and fall behind on the number of hours they had planned on working and they will need to amend their timeline. This can be done. Just be sure to get permission from your seminar instructor if you must amend you timeline. Your seminar instructor may require you to submit a formal Request for Internship Extension. 8 Internship Timeline Calculate your personal due dates, based on how much of your internship you have completed. Name: ______________________ UIS Supervisor’s Name: ___________________________ Major: ___________________ Credit Hours: __________ Total number of clock hours required for your Internship: _____________ Start Date: _________________ First Journal Entry, 10 % You should have an entry for each day at your internship; each entry should be two parts 1) description of activities 2) learning reflection. You should be keeping a running total of your hours in your journal. Date:_________ Learning History, 10% Your experiences will help you identify things about yourself and about what you want to experience during your placement. Date:_________ Learning Contract Draft, 20% Draft your Learning Contract according to the guidelines in Chapters 4 & 5 in the Internship Handbook. Your seminar teacher must approve your final contract before your site visit. Date:_________ Site Visit & Signed Learning Contract, 40% You are responsible for contacting the UIS Supervisor and Field Supervisor to schedule a site visit prior to the midpoint of the internship. At the site visit, you will present the final draft of your Learning Contract with coversheet. (*Note: provide your supervisors with a copy of your Learning Contract prior to the visit so that they have time to review.) All three of you must agree on what you will be doing and learning. All three of you will sign the coversheet at the Site Visit. The hardcopy contract, with attached, signed coversheet, is handed in to the Internship Services Office. Date:_________ Midterm, 50% The Midterm is the first opportunity for you to assess how your experience has progressed so far. You can also review the Learning Contract and consider making changes. The directions are in Chapter 7 of the Internship Handbook. Date:_________ Second Journal Entry, 50% Date:_________ Final, 90% Prepare your Final by reviewing your journal, getting feedback from participants involved in your placement, assessing your success and bringing closure to your experience. See Chapter 8 of the Internship Handbook. Date:_________ Final Journal Entry, 100% Submit your complete journal when you have finished and documented all of your hours. Date:_________ Turn in the last of your assignments no later than within one week of the completion of your internship. If you plan to graduate at the end of the semester, your internship must be finished and the materials submitted to the Internship Office no later than one week before the last day of the semester. Extensions are not automatic but must be requested by the student and granted by the Internship Office faculty. Once given, a grade of no credit will not be changed. 9 C hapter 2 Internship Journal "You can become blind by seeing each day as a similar one. Each day is a different one. Each day brings a miracle of its own. It’s just a matter of paying attention to this miracle." - Paulo Coelho, author of The Alchemist 10 During your entire experience you will be making entries in your reflective journal every day. If you are like most students, it's an overwhelming prospect. However the journal is the most important assignment in the Internship course. Most students report at the end of the semester that the journal was their most influential learning tool and that it helped them complete the other written assignments in the course. Used effectively, reflective writing will support you to make personal sense of a diverse set of experiences. A few important rules about the journal: 1. First, you can't write a journal all at once. If you do, it is not a journal. It does not take long to write a journal entry but it does take discipline. You have to write every single day that you go into your internship. So all you have to do is to summon the will to save twenty minutes a day. If you can find the discipline to save that little tract of time to write, the rest will take care of itself. 2. You only have to write about yourself in words that are of your own choosing. The Internship course is not one of those courses where you must learn to use the intellectual jargon of somebody else. This is your experience so use your own words. Please refrain from using profanity. 3. All journal entries must be submitted- if you do not have a journal entry any hours that you worked do not count. No reflective daily journal means NO CREDIT. 4. Your journal will only be viewed by 3 people: you, your seminar instructor, and your UIS supervisor. This is to allow you the freedom to write what you really feel and think without repercussions. Your field supervisor, Internship Services staff, other professors, etc., will not have access to your journal. If you want others to have access to your journal you will have to provide it; Internship Services will only provide the journal to the above 3 individuals. Benefits of Regular, Daily, Reflective Journaling Reflective journaling provides you with an opportunity to think critically about what you do and why. It provides— A record of events and results and your reactions to them A reflection on your experience in order to understand its connections with your life and learning Data on which to base reflective thinking Opportunity for you to challenge yourself on what you do and to free yourself to do it differently and better Opportunity to view your learning objectively and not see all problems as personal inadequacy An enrichment to your experience because you are prepared to be innovative Increased confidence through increased insight An assessment of the outcomes of your experiences Basic documentation to support future entries in your midterm and final self-assessments and for job applications, interviews etc. Structuring Your Journal Each journal entry should consist of the following: Date and hours worked that day Total hours worked so far Description of what you did: this is where you record the activities and experiences of your day. Reflection of what you learned, felt, and thought about the day’s experiences. o In general, your description + reflection should be a minimum of 10 sentences long. The Reflection is the most important part of your journal entry; it is the piece that makes keeping the 11 journal meaningful. Examples: Unacceptable entry (short with no reflection) March 21, 2014 – 4 hours Total Hours: 86 From the time I arrived until after coffee break, I read applications for homeowner's insurance. Then I studied the manual for auto apps. Until lunch. After lunch, I went over the homeowner's apps. with Mr. Smith (Field Supervisor), and spent the rest of the day writing drafts of two letters to insured’s. Acceptable entry March 21, 2014 – 4 hours Total Hours 86 From the time I arrived until after coffee break, I read applications for homeowner's insurance. Then I studied the manual for auto apps. Until lunch. After lunch, I went over the homeowner's apps. with Mr. Smith (Field Supervisor), and spent the rest of the day writing drafts of two letters to insured’s. It was a good day, except for studying that boring manual. Reading applications for homeowner’s insurance was really interesting because I could see how the rules stated in the manual got to be applied in practice. It was surprising, too, to see the kind of shape of some of the houses in the rejected apps. Really bad, some of them. The high point of the day was lunch. I went with Mr. Smith and an adjuster that works down the hall. It was fascinating to hear them talk shop—it showed me that the forms which are so cut-and-dried really take a lot of negotiation sometimes in practice. After lunch I did some things, but the big thing in the afternoon was trying to write a couple of rejection letters. That's awfully hard because you have to be careful to keep the message cool—you want to reject them without putting them down. I'm not sure I got the tone just right, though. Not sure what it means to reflect? Read on… A reflection is simply turning the connections between experience and life into thoughts. To reflect is to expand the context of your experience, to take it out of the confines of your placement and think about it. To understand what you have learned and its importance in your lives, you must engage in a kind of thinking different from that typically called for in college curricula. Experiences, whether good or bad, are invaluable to our learning. Reflection should involve comparison, change and growth. Your reflection may be from any perspective. But we have listed several questions you may use to help you reflect. You can use one or more of these questions to guide your reflection. Questions to Prompt Reflection 12 Why do you think that happened? What evidence do you have about that? What does this remind you of? Do you see a connection between this and _________? How else could we approach that? What do you want to happen? How could you do that? What does this mean for you tomorrow? Is this connected to anything you have learned in school? How did you feel at the end of the day? Why? Did you work hard or not? Did you get a lot done or not? Explain. What are you proud of that happened today? Why? Can you compare your accomplishments with what you hoped for and expected at the start? What kinds of things were difficult or frustrating? Explain. Could you have done a better job? Explain. How did you learn the skills/ideas you did today? Alternative Topics for Entries Do you find yourself doing the same or similar tasks day after day? Does that mean your journal entries are all going to be the same? You must have a different, unique entry for each day. What else is there to write about? Here are some ideas for alternative entries: It can be as simple as writing about new terms/jargon used by people at work which you think you will need to remember in order to learn the ropes. Another technique is to plot it on a little chart like this: Daily experience chart Like 3 2 1 0 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM Dislike -1 -2 -3 Time of Day Then you need to think about why the movement is up and down in the chart. Keep this chart technique handy for those days when you can't think what to write. It will help you recall the rise and fall of your mood, and your liking and disliking are pretty fair cues that you are encountering something of some importance to yourself. And that's worth noting because those significant things will become the subjects of your reflection and the stimuli to the more focused thinking you will do in the conceptualizing stage of your learning cycle. You can record your uncomfortable, emotional experiences. 13 It is important to get down all the tensions, uncertainties, discrepancies and frustrations which were a part of your experience that day. These things will keep you going through the learning cycle. They can motivate you to process your concrete experience by closely observing and reflecting upon it in order to find ways to resolve discomforts. If you leave out the uncomfortable parts and just record neutrally the things of the day, your experience will have lost its dynamic quality. It will have lost you. Describe how your placement has organized its daily functions into meaningful and useful procedures and practices. How could you improve this? What do they do well? Discuss what the various job titles are in the department. What are the job descriptions? What are the educational or experience requirements for each position? Discuss the various management styles at the placement. Compare and contrast them. What would your management style be? Describe how your abilities and responsibilities are perceived in the office/department. Does everyone look at you in the same way? What is the difference? Describe in detail any meetings you attend. What was the purpose of the meeting? Who attended? Did the group progress through the agenda in good time? If there are many meetings discuss how people endure the endless string of meetings. Describe the office, its architecture, ambiance, function. How would you change or improve it? Write about the types of office behaviors you observe. The journal can be as creative as you want it to be. Draw a representation of your day, insert photos, write poems, compose songs, insert links to websites you use or develop. If you have a creative mind, then use it. Identify one of your life’s themes. Examine how your AST shapes or is shaped by that theme. Discuss any concepts or theories learned in your classes that you see applied in practice in your office/placement. Write a reflection from another’s perspective or viewpoint (be sure to indicate that is what you are doing in the entry) Resources Below is a brief listing of journals that may help give you inspiration for your own. All of these are available in the UIS Library or through the I-Share catalog. Bentley, T. (2003). Winter Season: A Dancer’s Journal. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. Frank, A. (1994) Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl. New York, NY: Modern Library. Dillard, A. (1998). Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. New York, NY: HarperPerennial. Sarton, M. (1973). Journal of a Solitude. New York, NY: Norton. Mallon, T. (1986)., A Book of One's Own: People and their Diaries. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Merton, T. (1979). The Sign of Jonas. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Doig, I.(1982) Winter Brothers: A Season at the Edge of America. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovhic. Turow, S. (1988)., One L, The Turbulent True Story of a First Year in Harvard Law School. New York, NY: Warner Books. The following resources can help provide further instruction and ideas on how to keep your journal. Casewit, C.W. (1982). The Diary: A Complete Guide to Journal-Writing. Allen, TX: Argus Communications. This is a good clear introduction. It includes excerpts from famous journals and unpublished ones. 14 Schon, D.A. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. He writes about reflection in action and the process of learning by doing with the help of a coach. Simons, G. (1978). Keeping Your Personal Journal. New York, NY: Paulist Press. These two books explore the personal and spiritual uses of journal-keeping. Each has technical and strategic value. 15 C hapter 3 LEARNING HISTORY If history repeats itself, and the unexpected happens, how incapable must Man be of learning from experience? -George Bernard Shaw 16 Learning relies on the knowledge we have acquired from the past as well as the information we gain through our new experiences. Understanding our past helps us understand ourselves and the ways we learn. You are going to look at your past learning through a Learning History. You will need to think of your Learning History as a short novel with you as a main character or maybe as an autobiography of the significant learning related events in your life. Once you have outlined your life-story, you can put your internship more easily into the context of a life of learning. Directions: Your learning history must be a minimum of 1,000 words. It must be typewritten with good grammar and perfect spelling. Write a learning history which includes the following elements: The significant past learning experiences which formed your character and your present learning needs. List three or four separate experiences and what and how you learned by these experiences. The present period of your life--the chief things you need to learn now: what are you studying, majoring in; what are you planning to do professionally; what is easy to learn, and what is hard; the persons, places, things, and moods which make up the circumstances and quality of your present learning; whether you are at the beginning, the middle, or the end of the present period. What you hope to do in your Internship or how you hope your Internship will contribute to shaping the next period of your life. Table of Contents There should be a Table of Contents that relates to your learning events. It should be written in the form I, II, III or Chapter One, Two, Three. Write a descriptive title for each paragraph. In this example of a Table of Contents there is additional information in italics to explain what would be in the paragraphs written for each section/chapter. You do not have to include the additional information in your Table of Contents. Chapter I: Early School When I learn from a big sister that school is a good place. Chapter II: The Nursing Home When I learn the importance of good decision making. Chapter III: Dealing With Death When I learn that in some ways I am the strongest person I know. Chapter IV: College When I learn that the result of an education is far more than a piece of paper. Chapter V: Very special people When I decide to do an Internship at a community service organization. Chapter VI: More Education 17 When I explore whether I will need to go on for a Master’s Degree or get more work experience. Having trouble? Try the following Reflective Exercise: Close your eyes. You are going to pretend that you have a filmstrip of all the important events in your life--especially of all the events that effected or had to do with your learning. Look back as far as you can to where you are learning to do simple things like put on your clothes, brush your teeth, pick up your toys-look at those experiences. Move on to the times when you are learning to ride your three-wheel bike, to swimming, to attending a Cub Scout or Brownie meeting. Move on to some of your early school experiences. Move to outings with your family. Now look at Junior High and Senior High-not just the classroom but some of the other activities you were involved in: sports, class officers, parties, jobs, school events, learning to drive. Now think about post-High School events-jobs, relationships, college, military service. 18 C hapter 4 Learning Contract Part 1: Goal Areas “Every worker is a teacher and every work place is a school because they deal with the real world and man’s mastery therein.” --Work in America (A report from the special taskforce to the Secretary of H.E.W.) 19 Historic Internship Services (Formerly Applied Study Term) The University of Illinois Springfield emphasizes opportunities to participate in an experiential learning component in its curriculum. This commitment to lifelong learning has its origin in the Report on New Senior Institutions (Illinois Board of Higher Education, 1968), the "charter" for Sangamon State University's (now University of Illinois Springfield) founding in 1970. The Report soberly recognized the need for a new curriculum which would be relevant to the practical issues and problems of a great and changing state. So the new university was called upon to prepare students for "direct entry into occupations." The first president and his staff reasoned that the place to get up-to-date preparation for practical work was in the workplace itself. The result was that Internship Services/AST gained a prominent place in the curriculum. But, at the same time, it was staunchly held that the university's dedication to educating for the "practical, professional, and profitable" pursuits did not mean accrediting work for its own sake or on its own terms. Instead, work was seen as the occasion for learning about matters of ultimate importance for students as individuals and as members of communities (Spenser, 1973). Very early on, these matters were defined as the five educational goals of the Applied Study Term Program, now Internship Services. Those goals have persisted, unchanged, until the addition engaged citizenship. Since you, as an Internship student, are now a part of the historic effort to realize the goals of the program, it will be good for you to think about them in relation to your own purposes this term. The six goal areas are: Career Education—Explore or confirm career choices through self-knowledge and the use of career assessment and planning skills. Cultural Diversity—Develop an awareness and appreciation of people from many backgrounds and experiences and learn to apply sensitivity to cultural differences. Engaged Citizenship—Become responsible citizens by identifying issues of social concern and developing skills for effective participation. Personal Growth—Use Internship Services as an opportunity for better understanding the ways to personal growth and increased self-knowledge. Self-Directed Learning—Engage in planning and evaluation essential to the learning experience in order to develop skills of self-directed, life-long learning. Theory-Practice—Relate theory and practice by learning ways to apply, integrate, and evaluate knowledge and the methods of academic disciplines. Goal Areas Described: GOAL AREA 1: CAREER EDUCATION The idea of preparation for career has always been at the center of Internship Services. 20 Career Education is an idea that is most often embraced by UIS for a number of practical reasons. A significant proportion of Internship Services students become permanent employees of their placement agencies or network to other positions due to contacts they make at their placement. They are naturally happy about getting jobs, and their teachers and friends at the university are happy for them. Another reason is that both students and teachers are pleased that there is an opportunity for testing career choices. A lot of time and money is spent preparing for careers, and wishing for them, so it is good that the Internship gives a chance before the job hunting begins to see if the career choice is an appropriate one. Choosing a career, it turns out, is no simple matter. It requires that you be able to appraise your work situation for the technical know-how current there, for the social milieu (the patterns of interpersonal relations that can make your days, or wreck them), and for the institutional norms and processes and social trends which influence what you will mainly do in the long run. There are lots of skills involved in careers. Here's an example to make this point clearer. A nurse doing her Internship in a hospital administration had a hard time deciding whether to shift her career from floor nurse to administration. In the first place, she had to decide whether she was technically able to make the change. While she knew what a shift supervisor in pediatrics was required to know and do, she was not altogether sure what had to be known and done in the higher reaches of administration. So, one Intenrship objective was to find out what would be expected of her if she made this career move. During the term she came to appreciate the importance of human relations and institutional skills. Typically, supervisory positions emphasize relational skills over technical ones, and higher positions depend more on institutional skills than technical ones. So, it was of great importance that her Internship work permitted her a first-hand appraisal of administrators using their skills in day-to-day practice. She was able to connect interpersonal events with organizational perspectives: she saw that how the small change in a report form which caused so much complaining among the floor nurses reflected an important change in the philosophy of administration. But, most importantly, the student had to connect all these observations and judgments to her own self-assessment. At the outset she was dubious about an administrative career; she knew she liked the gratifications of direct patient care, and she knew she was good at it. She couldn't see what gratifications administration offered (aside from the attractions of the wealth, status, and power to be had at the top of the heap, of course), nor was she sure what it took to be good at it. But she found out during her Internship. That is why career education and experiential learning go hand in hand. Because experience has two sides (yours and its); one is never a detached observer, but is always a self-interested learner in the best sense. GOAL AREA 2: CULTURAL DIVERSITY What do we mean by Cultural Diversity? Cultural diversity has many names: cultural sensitivity, multiculturalism, and interculturalism are all terms that people use to describe a culture made up of many different kinds of people. 21 You can look around any room today and you can see that we are all different. Differences aren't what separate us; the ways we learned to handle difference separate us from each other. It's a good start to want to be non-judgmental and accepting in your attitudes and the ways you work with other people. But what can you do to become more aware and appreciative of difference? The following topics can help you consider different ways that both employers and employees can ensure that people of all cultures feel listened to or heard. Being Sensitive To Difference Use observation skills. Take time to observe the people with whom you are working. What is important to them? Get information. Find out about people who are different from you. Talk to people and ask questions; often, people welcome the opportunity to talk about their lives and beliefs. Along the same lines, read books by authors, or see films by film makers whose backgrounds and/or experiences are different from your own. Change your own behaviors. Be aware of how you speak and interact with people who are like you as well as people who are not like you. Pay special attention to those times when you include some people or groups of people, and exclude others. Pay attention to the types of jokes you tell, and if you make jokes that make fun of entire groups of people, stop it. Likewise, pay attention to the types of language that you use. Are you disrespectful to certain groups of people by referring to them in unflattering stereotypes? Do you make jokes at the expense of individuals or groups of people based upon the ways they are different? Do you make assumptions about groups of people; for example, do you assume that all doctors are men, and all nurses are women? By paying attention to what you include and exclude in your language you will become more sensitive to difference. Help others broaden their awareness, too. Tactfully challenge behaviors or conversations that include some people, but exclude others, or that make fun of people who are different than you. There is a cliché that "if you aren't part of the solution, you are part of the problem." Talk and show interest in others as individuals. Although people may seem different from you on the surface, by the ways they look, talk, or act, are they really that different? Take time to think about and know people as individuals. Ask other people's opinions and input into decision-making. In what ways can you support people who are different from you? How can they support you? How can you contribute to each other's work? Listen to other people's questions about you and your experiences. Have you considered that some people may find you "different," or that you appear as a stereotype to them? Remember that there are "two sides to every coin;" that is, what is perfectly acceptable to one person may seem very different to another. 22 Appreciate those traits/characteristics/interests that you have in common with others. Make it a personal challenge to yourself to find traits, characteristics, or interests that you share with other people. You will be surprised how much common ground there really is. Treat people with respect. Simply, put, treat people the way you would like to be treated. For example, would you like to be treated in a way that makes you stand out, whether positively or negatively? Use common sense. Other people may feel that paying attention to difference or diversity means treating another person "with kid gloves," or with an unusual degree of sensitivity. Being decent to others is not a mystery; again, treat other people the way you want to be treated. (McCracken, 1996) Four Layers of Diversity All of us are unique and different as a result of our experiences, personality and style; a tool to understand this uniqueness is “The Four Layers of Diversity" (Cardenswartz & Rowe, 1994, p33). 1. Personality: the innate elements that make you unique as an individual. 2. Internal Dimension: age, gender, ethnicity, physical ability, race, sexual orientation. 3. External Dimension: income, personal habits, religion, recreational habits, educational background, work experience, appearance, parental status, marital status, geographic location. 4. Organizational Dimension: work content/field, division, department, unit, group; seniority; work location; union affiliation; management status; functional level/classification. To take full advantage of diversity, we must both be aware of our own special diversity (looking at the four areas); and then, be aware of the diversity of our coworkers and colleagues. Taking this into consideration will help your communication, problem solving and teamwork skills. Managing Diversity From an employer’s perspective, it may not be enough simply to show awareness and respect for other people’s diversity. Rather they may seek to develop a process for managing diversity among their workforce. How Will Managing Diversity Help Companies or Agencies? help serve customers that are increasingly diverse; operate more effectively by reducing employee turnover, cutting training costs, reducing complaints and grievances and the time taken to resolve them; improve communication between employees and working units; promote effective problem solving; develop processes that enhance leadership and good decision making. What Managing Diversity is Not 23 Managing diversity differs from traditional equal employment opportunity and affirmative action in its more comprehensive approach and its emphasis on providing a supportive environment. Traditional EEO and AA approaches focus on bringing underrepresented groups into the workforce. Managing diversity seeks to create an environment where all differences are valued and each unique employee can naturally develop to their full potential. It recognizes that it is not enough to hire employees from underrepresented groups, but we must also provide an environment where they, as well as all employees, are supported and valued. (USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2003) Employees nationally, however, do find some diversity practices in some organizations very effective. A recent two-year study by the National Urban League called “Diversity Practices that Work: The American Worker Speaks,” thought to be the most comprehensive survey of employee opinions on the topic, found that workers tended to have a more favorable awareness of diversity perceptions at companies where: Leaders demonstrated a personal commitment to diversity and held themselves and others accountable. Diversity training increased diversity awareness and provided a link to improving business results. There is an established track record for recruiting people of diverse backgrounds. Employees earn rewards for their contributions in diversity. (National Urban League, 2005.) GOAL AREA 3: ENGAGED CITIZENSHIP “Within the character of the citizen lies the welfare of the nation.” --Cicero The four year curriculum that was institutionalized in 2006 continues the UIS commitment to public affairs, and the role that all students and citizens hold in society, through its Engaged Citizen Common Experience (ECCE) courses. ECCE is a set of courses tied to the UIS heritage, mission, vision and values. These new courses are distinctive and encourage students to make a difference in the world. Internship Services students meet their ECCE requirement through the completion of the Engaged Citizenship Goal. Areas of interest within Engaged Citizenship include: Public affairs Social responsibility Civic responsibility Leadership development In some ways, Engaged Citizenship is an easy goal to accomplish in Springfield. Many Internship Services placements are in public agencies. (In fact, the chances are better than 50-50 that yours is, too.) The program encourages students to accept placements with civic organizations, community, and volunteer groups as well as with government and public 24 agencies. But the mere act of working in a public or community agency doesn't necessarily mean that person is experiencing civic engagement or learning about it. So, if the Internship going to espouse a commitment to engaged citizenship learning, how will we make it happen in practice? The first thing is to remember that no one works in isolation. Even if your occupation is a solitary one, you work in a community. While completing the Internship, students are encouraged to widen their concept of community, to stretch beyond their clients and colleagues and consider the placement site as well as the community context in their work. Some interns are drawn to the community context, others are led to it by their experiences with the client’s and the clients’ struggles; some never feel drawn to learning about the community. Before we discuss the four areas of interest, consider the types of community that affect your work. Public Affairs Public Affairs can be thought of in terms relationships between three communities- public, private and personal. 1) The public community consists of the rights and responsibilities implemented by society. 2) The private community where each person considers who they are and where they fit in the world. 3) The personal community connects the public and private. In the personal community we learn about ourselves and others and strive to work together. We strive to make the best of our situations and encourage others to do the same. This first main focus of the public affairs focused Engaged Citizenship goal relates to the ways that you, your co-workers, and your company relate to the communities described above. According to Dr. William H. Jordan, retired UIS professor, “Public affairs is as close and personal as your daily interactions with a co-worker or neighbor or as removed and impersonal as a corporation’s bottom line or the stock market soaring to a new record high. All of these things exist in, are part of, and impact upon, our community.” There are very few skills which are unique to public life. Most of what's done in public affairs, even in politics, is just an adaptation of "private" skills to public circumstances. So reflect on the skills you are developing in your Internship and consider how they can be turned to your civic purposes, how they can lead to your development into a more engaged citizen. Social Responsibility Social responsibility is a doctrine that claims that the individual and the organization have a responsibility to society. This responsibility can be negative (the duty to refrain from action) or it can be positive (the duty to act). Social responsibility is voluntary. Social responsibility is about going above and beyond what is called for by law. It is the ideal that acting to prevent a problem is better than reacting to the problem after the damage is done. Social responsibility means eliminating corrupt, irresponsible or unethical behavior that might bring harm to the community, the people or the environment before it happens. 25 A large part of social responsibility is being responsible to people, for the actions of people, and for actions that affect people. Social responsibility is about holding a group, organizations or company accountable for its effect on the people around it; people within the company, people working with the company, the community the company is in and those who buy from the company. The idea of being responsible to a customer has actually long been embedded in the ethics of business. The idea of treating a customer with respect and attention is not new particularly in sales and commission based work. What is new is the idea that we do it not for profit from the customer, but to demonstrate we genuinely care about what the customer wants and needs. Civic Responsibility Civic responsibility is simply defined as the responsibility of a citizen. It is comprised of actions and attitudes associated with democratic governance and social participation. Civic responsibility is achieved through civic engagement and can include participation in government, church, volunteer work, and support of charities and other mission-driven organizations. Actions of civic responsibility can be displayed in advocacy for various causes, such as political, economic, civil, and environmental or quality of life issues. The importance of civic responsibility is paramount to the success of democracy and philanthropy. By engaging in civic responsibility, citizens ensure and uphold certain democratic values written in the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Those values or duties include justice, freedom, equality, diversity, authority, privacy, due process, property, participation, truth, patriotism, human rights, rule of law, tolerance, mutual assistance, self-restraint and self-respect. Schools teach civic responsibility to students with the goal to produce responsible citizens and active participants in community and government. Interning at a community or social service placement is one way to learn civic responsibility. The student can participate in projects to help or serve the needs of other people. By getting their hands dirty students experience the value and impact of giving to the people and learning to be a productive member of society. Volunteering, in general, is a form of civic responsibility that involves the giving of time and labor without the expectation of monetary compensation. Volunteering allows students the opportunity to share their skills and talents, as well as, to learn new skills while helping those in need of assistance. Leadership Development In the modern business world, leadership skills are essential for all employees regardless of their job descriptions. Leadership organizationally and narrowly can be defined as “the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organization” (House, et al, 2004, p15). Leadership directly impacts the effectiveness of costs, revenue generation, service, satisfaction, earnings, market value, share prices, social capital, motivation, engagement, and sustainability. One might demonstrate leadership skills with or without a formal position—whether one is an executive or the newest employee in a large corporation. And a person might be a leader in 26 one situation and not another. Dr. Thomas J. Shaughnessy, in his book We are All Leaders says that leadership skills include: A positive attitude Being considerate and caring Listening Integrity Patience Communication Praise and recognition Being an extraordinary role model Emphasizing teamwork Being well-organized Utilizing resources Taking reflection time Being professional (Shaughnessy, 1999) You will be doing a lot of observing, thinking and writing this term; much of it will be relevant to our broad conception of engaged citizenship, even though it may seem initially to fall into another sphere. Do not fail to note the public implications of what you do in your journal and don't neglect to summarize them in your Final Self-Assessment. Engaged Citizenship learning objectives can be, but are not limited to, those listed in the following table. All objectives should be specific to the student’s situation. 27 Sample Objectives for Engaged Citizenship PUBLIC AFFAIRS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY LEADERSHIP Apply a personal framework to public affairs, civic engagement or leadership issues Assist in changing a specific public policy Make a specific and/or valuable contribution to the community or the organization. Improve your understanding of civic responsibility. Develop and apply leadership skills. Improve your understanding of social responsibility. Engage with and demonstrate complex thinking to a specific civic or social issue. Encourage other people to participate in public life by… Engage with and demonstrate complex thinking to a specific civic or social issue. Apply both academic and disciplinary knowledge and personal experience to a specific societal problem. Apply a personal framework to public affairs, civic engagement or leadership issues. Clarify and apply actions based on the democratic process. Apply a personal, ethical framework to public affairs, civic engagement or leadership issues. Discover and improve your leadership skills with or without a formal position. Learn and/or improve skills of collaboration for facilitating change efforts. Find a possible explanation for or approach to address a specific social, political, cultural, environmental or economic issue. Facilitate the delivery of certain community or social services. Work with others in the community to solve a specific problem. Interact with the institutions of representative democracy. Participate in individual or collective actions designed to identify and address a specific issue. Understand the value of a diverse world. Encourage other people to participate in public life by… Find a possible explanation for or approach to addressing a specific social, political, cultural, environmental or economic issue. Gain knowledge about a specific issue or how it relates to public policy. Practice respectful interactions with diverse peoples. 28 Assist in changing a specific public policy. Participate in public life by… Understand and participate in the democratic process. Recognize other peoples’ talents and utilize them to accomplish a shared agenda and facilitate change. Clarify and apply actions based on personal values. Apply a personal framework to public affairs, civic engagement or leadership issues. GOAL AREA 4: PERSONAL GROWTH Learning is personal growth. When you learn, you change. You change your behavior, or your idea of things. Personal growth involves change in areas that are important to your values and personal goals. You should note that this is the hardest goal area to define because it is so broad and overlaps with the other goal areas. If you do set an objective in the Personal Growth goal area you need to ensure that the objective is focused on learning that is college level. You may have the goal of saving money by taking your lunch to work every day, which is great, but that is not a goal that requires college level learning. Learning better time management skills that can benefit your school and internship work is a goal that can be considered college level. When setting a Personal Growth objective you also need to be sure to check that the objective does not better fall into one of the other, more specific, categories. Goal Area 5: Self-Directed Learning Learning is a life-long process. Self-directed learning objectives should focus on skills that will help continue to learn after the Internship and your college career are completed. Dr. Malcolm Knowles developed this list of self-directed learning skills: SKILLS OF SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING 1. The ability to develop and be in touch with curiosities. Perhaps another way to describe this skill would be "the ability to engage in divergent thinking." 2. The ability to perceive one's self objectively and accept feedback about one's performance non-defensively 3. The ability to diagnose one's learning needs in the light of models of competencies required for performing life roles. 4. The ability to formulate learning objectives in terms that describe performance outcomes. 5. The ability to identify human, material, and experiential resources for accomplishing various kinds of learning objectives. 6. The ability to design a plan of strategies for making use of appropriate learning resources effectively. 7. The ability to carry out a learning plan systematically and sequentially. This skill is the beginning of the ability to engage in convergent thinking. 8. The ability to collect evidence of the accomplishment of learning objectives and have it validated through performance. (Knowles, 1970) As you begin to think seriously and in detail about what you want to learn from your Internship experience (whether it's a traditional internship, something you are doing where you currently work, or an independent Project) consider these skills. 29 If you are interested in learning more read the entire short article from "Creating the Future: Perspectives on Educational Change” http://education.jhu.edu/newhorizons/future/creating_the_future/crfut_knowles.cfm. If you are interested in catching more of the authentic spirit behind the self-directed learning cause, there's no better place to start than: Freedom to Learn (3rd Edition) by Carl R. Rogers and H. Jerome Freiburg (Prentice-Hall, 1994). GOAL AREA 6: THEORY - PRACTICE There are few phrases as attractive to scholars, teachers, school administrators, economists and intellectuals of all kinds, as “theory and practice.” To them it represents the vision of a useful idea. Everybody has heard the expression, "It may sound nice in theory, but it won't work in practice." Though the opposition of theory and practice appears to rule the day, it is all for show. When people get serious they say that practice derives from theory, which is to say, "If you don't know what you are doing, you can't possibly do it right." If this sounds as plausible to you as it does to most of the rest of us, you can be sure that you are in tune with the times. It is the ruling idea of our technological age: that doing is always technical and, thus, always done better when we have a rational method. Observe how theory-practice it works in your own case. Are you using the theories and concepts of your major field of study in your work? Do you have any beliefs that you use as a basis for action? Are all of the doctrines you have used practical? Do all of the rules or truths you have learned in class hold true? Are you using anything you learned in school? Be honest. Could you use more of what you learned in school if you really put your mind to it? Do any of your colleagues at work seem to use theory, in any of its alternate forms, in practice? The chances are pretty fair that theory is rarely cited in work. Most of the emphasis is probably on competence and judgment. Competence is the ability to use required skills effectively, and it is observed as flair or is inferred from the long-run reliability of a person's work. Good judgment is something more difficult to express, but it generally refers to competence which is confident, timely and effective enough to go unnoticed. A clinician responds to the client's present mood; a judge may respond to an attorney's motion; a teacher corrects a student; a salesperson takes a new tack with a customer: all these are normally done without thinking back to first principles or, perhaps, without conscious deliberation by all. Once we "learn the ropes" the situations and circumstances of work are familiar enough to most of us that we don't need to think about what we do. We can rely on what Donald Schon (1983) called "theory-in-practice." On those occasions when things don't go quite right, we may be forced to think about what we do. It is in these instances that theory comes back into the light and professionals have to consider if their practice really is in line with appropriate theory. So far we have concentrated on the idea of applying theory to practice, but we should note 30 that it can work the other way, too. For many students who are involved with programs like Internship Services, one of the most remarkable consequences of experiential learning is that students return as better learners in the classroom. They often show clearer focus and firmer resolve. Many students revise their ideas about what courses they ought to take, and more than a few have decided to change their majors as a result of their Internship experiences. So, from time to time during the term, reflect on the impact your experience may be having on your future education. For a better idea about Theory and Practice, read… Schon, D.A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York, NY: Basic Books. Another interesting treatment of this issue is the fictional account of an anthropologist who went to Africa to apply theory to practice and discovered she had to put practice into theory...several times over. Bowen, E.S. (1964). Return to Laughter: An Anthropological Novel. New York, NY: Anchor Books. Resources Gardenswartz, L. & Rowe,A. (1994). Diverse Teams at Work: Capitalizing on the Power of Diversity (New York: McGraw-Hill. House, R.J. Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Knowles, M.A. (2002). Lifelong Learning: A Dream. In Dickinson, D. (Ed.), Creating the Future: Perspectives on Educational Change. Retrieved from http://education.jhu.edu/newhorizons/future/creating_the_future/crfut_knowles.cfm. McCracken, H. (1996). Cultural Diversity Module. Internship Services Course, UIS, Springfield, IL. National Urban League. (2005). Diversity Practices That Work: The American Worker Speaks. New York, NY: Peoples, J.C. Schon, D.A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York, NY: Basic Books. Shaughnessy, Thomas J. (1999) We are all leaders: the characteristics, benefits, behaviors and actions of successful leaders. [S.l. : s.n.]. Spenser, R.C. (1973). Doing the Truth. In Rittenbush, P.C. (Ed.) Let the Entire Community Become Our University. (pp. 88-94). Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books. Sweitzer, H.F. & King, M.A. (2004). The Successful Internship: Transformation and 31 Empowerment in Experiential Learning (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Books/Cole. US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection. (2003) What Is Workforce Diversity? Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20030827111606/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/mb/wfd/defin e.html. 32 C hapter 5 Learning Contract Part 2: Creating your draft "In today’s economy there are no experts, no best and brightest with all the answers. It’s up to each one of us. The only way to screw up is to not try anything." - Tom Peters “A person who aims at nothing is sure to hit it.” -Anonymous 33 Introduction The basic purpose of a Learning Contract is simple: it is to focus your attention on your goals by anticipating exactly how you will reach those goals. When you assemble your learning contract and fulfill its terms during the course of the placement, you will have completed the four basic steps to learning anything: 1. Clarifying learning objectives, 2. Selecting appropriate learning activities for achieving your learning objectives, 3. Finding resources to help you learn from doing the tasks, 4. Assessing your progress in achieving your learning objectives. The Learning Contract is a means for organizing yourself to learn, as effectively and efficiently as you can, a few things that are important to you. Your learning objectives will not include everything you do, or everything you will learn. It may even happen that the most important things you learn at your Internship won't be in your Learning Contract. You will have opportunity to address these learning outcomes not specified by the Learning Contract later in your assignments. In the previous chapter you read about Internship Services six goal areas. You will need to refer to these six goal areas when you write your Learning Contract. General Rules for Your Learning Objectives You will set a minimum of 4 total learning objectives. Everyone must use, at least, two different goal areas when writing the learning objectives for their Learning Contract. If you are taking this course for ECCE Engagement Experience you must write, at least, one objective from the Engaged Citizenship area. (if you entered UIS after 2007 you are likely taking the Internship course for ECCE credit) Students from the College of Business and Management must write, at least, one objective from the Theory-Practice area. Make a new page for each learning objective in your learning contract- it makes for easier reading. Four parts to each learning objective: Each learning objective will have four parts: A. Learning Objective Statement B. Activities and Experiences C. Resources to be Consulted D. Methods of Assessment The following instructions will help you develop each part of your learning objectives. Part A: Learning Objective Statement There are two steps involved in creating your Learning Objective Statements: 34 STEP 1. What do you want to learn? One way to think about your learning objectives is to first identify what you want to learn. There is nothing more important to a good learning experience than having an authentic want - something important to you, something which makes it matter that you learn well. When you have such a want, it is important to clarify it and to make sure that it is appropriate to your situation. You should be able to achieve it in your placement, and it should be relevant to your life history. Start by identifying what you want to learn in each goal area: (Remember you only need four objectives unless you are earning seven or more credits, but it is helpful to start off identifying a want in each goal area) If you are struggling with coming up with things you want to learn in each goal area consult the Power Point in Seminar Two. INTERNSHIP GOALS Career Education I WANT -- Cultural Diversity Engaged Citizenship Personal Growth Self-Directed Learning Theory-Practice STEP 2. Turning Your Wants into Learning Objectives This is the critical step in the process: the success of the learning contract technique depends on how you state each learning objective. A learning objective is a statement of the outcome you would like to achieve by your learning. Remember that learning is change: when you accomplish your learning objective you will be different. The first thing you should think about as you begin to translate your wants into learning objectives is what that difference will be. Wants are often uttered in vague and ambiguous sentences. Take, for example, the statement of a communication student working in the marketing department of a for-profit business: "I want to know if I can be a really good marketing coordinator." It is a good want statement in that it was a deeply-felt, authentic desire which was appropriate to his placement and his stage in life. But it is vague. The way to write a clear learning objective is to state each as your intention to acquire or improve a skill: to change 35 your ability to do or to know something, or to improve or further develop something you already do or know. A more specific example of a learning objective the above communication student would be: Career Education: "To compile an inventory of professional role skills displayed by executive-level marketing coordinators and directors." Turn your wants from Step 1 into more specific learning objectives (if needed): INTERNSHIP GOALS Possible Learning Objectives Career Education Cultural Diversity Engaged Citizenship Personal Growth Self-Directed Learning Theory-Practice Choose at least four of the above learning objectives that you would like to use to create your learning contract and continue with the rest of the steps. Reference the General Rules for Learning Objectives at the beginning of the chapter to make sure you address the appropriate goal areas. You must indicate which goal area each learning objective comes from in your learning contract! *note if you are taking seven or more credits you have to complete more than four objectives. Part B: Activities and Experiences Now that you have identified at least four learning objectives the next step is to indicate how you will achieve each objective. You will know your learning objective is practical if you can list the things you will be doing and the situations you will be in that will allow you to learn. Your activities and experiences should be action statements that use words such as: Identify Develop Improve Compare Describe Apply Demonstrate 36 Write Read Communicate/Discuss Interview/question Observe The communication major who wants to compile an inventory of professional role skills can do this in the course of his Internship by: 1. Observe and log skills used by marketing coordinators. 2. Question marketing staff about the skills used. 3. Read several articles on executive-level marketing professional skills. The idea for this part of the contract is to be as detailed and concrete as you can about the activities and experiences by which you intend to learn. List all of them you can think of doing. You may repeat some of them under another learning objective, but that is to be expected. Part C: Resources to be Consulted Now that you know what activities you will be engaging in, you need to identify the persons, materials, information and other tools you will need to use to complete your activities. Your resources should support your activities. If you say you are going to be reading about a topic then provide a detailed description of the material. People should be listed by name and job title. Identify web resources by name and URL. Be specific. Be thorough. Going back to our communication student example, some resources for the 3 activities listed in the above section would be: 1. Marketing coordinators in office: James Smith and Bill Wright 2. Senior Marketing Director: John Jones 3. Hosford, C. (2013). The future of marketing: Are skills keeping up with increasing demands? B to B, 98(6). Retrieved from Business Source Elite, March 31, 2014. Part D: Methods of Assessment The last section of the Learning Contract form is Methods for Assessment, where you specify how you are going to show that you have acquired or improved the skill or knowledge stated in each learning objective. You must be able to show your UIS Supervisor what you have learned and how you have learned it. There are four basic ways of showing that you have learned. They are: 1. Self-assessment 2. Assessment by others who are in a position to know and appreciate your learning 3. Demonstration of skill to others who are in a position to know and appreciate your learning 4. Documentation of skill reviewed by others who are in a position to know and appreciate your learning 37 Self-assessment is when you select internal or external attributes that show your progress toward a learning objective. Self-assessment is almost always a narrative on what was learned, how it was learned and how well it was learned. You should indicate where this narrative will be located- most often it is in the journal or final self-assessment. Assessment by others will normally occur when external attributes that show your progress toward a learning objective are observed or reviewed by others; and they provide you with oral or written feedback. You must recruit (include them in your learning contract) and solicit feedback from these resources. If the feedback is oral, record and reflect on it in your journal. Demonstration of skill and knowledge can take many forms. Students have presented a Power Point or videos of their work to members of their academic departments. A student who did her AST in another country demonstrated her abilities by presenting slide-lectures to clubs and organizations in the Springfield area. Maps, essays, stories, and photographic essays are other ways by which AST learning has been demonstrated. Charts, tables or graphs of the student’s learning(s) can be included with the Final Self-Assessment. Basically, a demonstration is something you do in order to show what you have learned and get feedback from those who have had the opportunity to observe or review your demonstration. Documentation is anything tangible you have done which implies your learning. If your Learning Objective was to learn a new computer language (e.g. Java), a print-out of a program you wrote in it would be a good documentation. If your Learning Objective involved your writing skills, then drafts of the document from the first draft to the final draft would be a good documentation. Students have often included in their portfolios things done at work which show a level of attainment: training program certificates, balance sheets, memoranda, and special studies of all kinds. Be careful not to violate anyone's right to privacy or confidentiality when providing documentation. If you have any questions about documents you wish to provide, ask your Field Supervisor. Accounting students should never include documentation for this reason. Again, going back to the communication student example, some appropriate methods of assessment would be: 1. Create an inventory of professional skills and attach to Final Self-assessment. 2. In body of Final Self-Assessment, summarize what was learned by creating an inventory of professional skills. 3. Document feedback and advice from coworkers and supervisor in reflective journal. Accounting Students: Please note that you are only allowed to list the following as your methods of assessment per Dr. Leonard Branson. This only applies to Accounting students! All others use the above format. D. Methods of Assessment a. Journal b. Midterm Self-assessment 38 c. Final Self-assessment Complete Learning Objective Examples The following are examples of well thought-out and properly done learning objectives. The first is the complete learning objective components put together from our communication student discussed throughout the previous section: Learning Objective One (Career Education) A. To compile an inventory of professional role skills displayed by executive level marketing coordinators and directors. B. Activities and Experiences 1. Observe and log skills used by marketing coordinators. 2. Question marketing staff about the skills used. 3. Read several articles on executive-level marketing professional skills. C. Resources to be Consulted 1. Marketing coordinators in office: James Smith and Bill Wright 2. Senior Marketing Director: John Jones 3. Hosford, C. (2013). The future of marketing: Are skills keeping up with increasing demands? B to B, 98(6). Retrieved from Business Source Elite March 31, 2014. D. Methods of Assessment 1. Create an inventory of professional skills and attach to Final Self-assessment. 2. In body of Final Self-Assessment, summarize what was learned by creating an inventory of professional skills. 3. Document feedback and advice from coworkers and supervisor in reflective journal. 39 Learning Objective Two (Cultural Diversity) A. Learn how to appropriately assess college students with disabilities (reasonable and appropriate accommodations). B. Activities and Experiences 1. Watch and shadow my LLCC field supervisor in her daily activities 2. Study textbooks and other resources available 3. Talk with students and parents 4. Observe and conduct a compensatory strategy assessment for students with disabilities 5. Study case files of IEP, psychological assessments, and test scores to tie learning together 6. Attend and listen to conversations with students 7. Sit in and actively participate in scoring, discussion, interpretation, and recommendations. C. Resources to be Consulted 1. Psychological assessments 2. Physicians letters 3. Hospital records 4. Audio grams 5. Vision screening 6. College Disability Department Director: field supervisor 7. College Disability Department program assistant 8. Disability specific textbooks D. Methods for assessing progress 1. Field supervisors opinion and evaluation, documented in my journal 2. Feedback from others that I am involved with during the internship, documented in my journal 3. Document other activities aimed at achieving the objective in my Internship Journal 4. Assessing progress in my Internship Mid-term and Final self assessments 40 Learning Objective Three (Engaged Citizenship) A. To research and analyze how the Springfield Urban League serves the city of Springfield. B. Activities and Experiences 1. Question CFO Sam Gross about SUL funding and disbursements. 2. Question CEO Nina Harris about SUL mission statement, programs, and projects. 3. Read SUL web site http://www.springfieldul.org/. 4. Read SUL Information Book. 5. Read The Urbanite newsletter. 6. Volunteer for a community event. C. Resources to Be Consulted 1. Springfield Urban League, Inc.’s website: http://www.springfieldul.org/ 2. Information book 3. The Urban League’s Newsletter: The Urbanite 4. SUL employees, board, benefactors, and clients D. Methods of Assessment Documentation detailing: 1. SUL operations, projects, and initiatives 2. How one or more of these projects or initiatives serves the city 3. Discussion of involvement/role in service 4. Observations of how clients react to services from volunteer activity; and 5. Plans/reflections for continued engagement in community service. 41 Learning Objective Four (Personal Growth) A. To improve my public speaking skills. B. Activities and Experiences 1. Practice and test technician’s greeting and farewell during work huddles. 2. Make notes on observations of technicians’ public speaking skills. 3. Question field technicians of good practice involved. 4. Engage in conversations with customers. C. Resources to Be Consulted 1. Senior Broadband Technician 2. Broadband Technician Supervisor 3. Senior Broadband Technician 4. O’Hair Dan, Stewart Rob, and Rubenstein Hannah. A Speaker’s Guidebook. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s. Print. D. Methods of Assessment 1. Summarize confidence level with speaking to people in my journal and document how my confidence level changes. 2. Comparison of current ability to expectations and the abilities of other field technicians in my journal. 3. Describe the level of improvement of my public speaking skills in my final self-assessment. 42 Learning Objective Five (Self-Directed Learning) A. To improve my productivity level by gaining the ability to control better my workflow, and to be more efficient in the tasks I undertake. B. Activities and Experiences 1. Critique my current organizational methods and highlight my strengths and weaknesses. 2. Read Getting Things Done by David Allen. 3. Create an action plan to integrate best practices from David Allen’s book in to my work processes to improve my productivity. C. Resources to be Consulted 1. Allen, David. (2001). Getting Things Done. New York, Penguin Books. D. Methods of Assessment 1. Include my initial critique in my journal. 2. Incorporate my thoughts from reading the Allen book into my journal. 3. Include the action plan to improve my productivity in my final selfassessment. 4. Assess my level of improvement throughout the internship in my final. 43 Learning Objective Six (Theory – Practice) A. To see if management Theory A learned in MAB 456 holds true in this work environment focusing on leadership and motivation. B. Activities and Experiences 1. Develop effective work teams for successful completion of AST project. 2. Study applying Theory A to various leadership and motivational theories [studied] practiced. 3. Attempt to facilitate group cohesiveness and reporting on Theory A. C. Resources to Be Consulted 1. Text books used in MAB 456 and other information on Theory A 2. Radical Management by Samuel Culbert and John McDonough 3. Theories on leadership from management classes 4. Theories on motivation from management classes D. Methods of Assessment Documentation: 1. Effects of Theory A when tested in work environment focusing on leadership and motivation attached to Final Self-Assessment. 2. In body of Final Self-Assessment, summarize what I did and learned in reaching conclusions about Theory A in practice. Chapter 5 References: Cell, E. (1984). Learning to Learn from Experience. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York, Harper & Row. 44 C hapter 6 THE SITE VISIT BY THE UIS SUPERVISOR "Changing oneself in order to give more is the fundamental liberal art, and the one most relied upon whenever life changes its course." - Lt. Paul Hibser, Peoria Police Dept. 45 After your seminar instructor has approved your Learning Contract it is your responsibility to make arrangements for the site visit. This is usually expedited by calling or emailing your UIS Supervisor to find some dates and times that would be convenient for him or her to come and then finalizing this with both the Field Supervisor and the UIS supervisor. You must be present at the meeting with both supervisors. The site visit should be held when you have completed approximately 40% of your hours. Your UIS Supervisor will come to your placement for the visit or make a telephone visit (conference call or speaker phone) with you and your Field Supervisor. Send both supervisors a copy of the Learning Contract (cover sheet and learning objectives) before the site visit. Normally, this visit takes about 20 to 30 minutes. The primary purpose of the site visit is for the three of you to review your Learning Contract and ensure that everyone agrees to the work you plan to complete for the rest of the placement. If any changes need to be made they can be noted on the contract during the visit. Your UIS Supervisor will want to know how you are progressing and what special projects or duties are part of your position. When agreement on the terms of the Learning Contract is reached by all of you, the cover sheet is signed. See the end of this chapter for a copy of the cover sheet, which is also available on Blackboard. Where appropriate you may also want to offer your UIS Supervisor a tour of the site. After the site visit submit the Learning Contract, with signed cover sheet, as instructed by your seminar instructor. The main function of the site visit is quality control: To review the Learning Contract in terms of academic appropriateness. To see that the student is being allowed to do the things needed to accomplish the objectives. To see if there are any additional objectives the student would like to add. To see if the UIS Supervisor feels any new activities or resources would be more appropriate and/or necessary for the student to complete objectives. To see if the Field Supervisor can suggest additional activities or resources that may be available to help fulfill student objectives or provide other useful educational experiences. To confirm that the student’s goals will be realistic to achieve within the timeframe of the applied study. To ask if the supervisor has any questions about the program, or concerns/issues about the student which need to be discussed at this time. To sign the cover sheet of the Learning Contract at the end or shortly after the visit. If the site visit is too late in the time frame of the total experience, there is no time for the student to evaluate progress between the Midterm and the Final Self-Assessments or to change/adjust the objectives in the Learning Contract. The site visit must take place during the semester the Internship takes place! 46 Possible Questions for the Site Visit The UIS Supervisor will have questions for you and the Field Supervisor in order to get a good feel for how the experience is going. Think about these questions in preparation for the visit: In general, how are things going for you so far? Can you give a brief overview of your internship or the projects you have been working on? Talk over the remaining timeline for the internship/project in terms of completion. Has the experience been what you expected when you wrote your Internship/INTERNSHIP Project Outline, or have there been changes/modifications? What have you learned so far—both specific things about the technical project, but also life lessons and academic lessons? Have you been challenged and motivated to learn and perform? What surprises have you had about the work experience, the organization, or yourself? What are you most proud of achieving? What skills have you gained? Have you had any difficulties or obstacles in accomplishing your goals or completing your learning objectives? What sort of training have you had? Has your work experience helped you toward your long-term career goals? Has this experience given you a clearer picture about what you would like to do in the future? What skills or tasks would you like to work on, given the opportunity? Are there things you have not done that you would like to try? What are your academic plans? Are you graduating soon? Your UIS Supervisor might want to meet with you privately after the site visit to compare notes or give some guidance to you. You should be feeling comfortable about what was discussed and accomplished during the visit and what you will be doing for the remainder of the Internship at the end of the visit. If you are not, ask more questions until you understand the situation or topic completely. Your aim should be to be successful and to accomplish your goals. 47 LEARNING CONTRACT COVERSHEET STUDENT___________________________________UIN_______________________ PLACEMENT__________________________________________________________ LENGTH OF INTERNSHIP____________TO__________FOR_____Semester Hrs CREDIT (Beginning date) (Ending date) FIELD SUPERVISOR (Signature) (Date) (Signature) (Date) (Signature) (Date) UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR STUDENT In the space below, briefly indicate the activities, duties, or projects involved in this placement. 48 C hapter 7 THE MIDTERM SELF-ASSESSMENT "Originality does not consist in saying what no one has ever said before, but in saying exactly what you think yourself."- James Stephens (1882-1950) 49 The Midterm Self-Assessment, minimum 500 words long, is an occasion for summing up, taking stock and, if necessary, changing directions. Submit your Midterm after your learning contract has been approved and ideally after the site visit has been completed. At that time you should have about 50% of your hours completed. Consult your timeline. As you begin to work on your assessment, surround yourself with your Learning Contract, your Journal, and the feedback from those who are participating in and supervising your learning experience. The Midterm Self-Assessment contains four sections: 1. Progress Towards Learning Objectives 2. Progress in Reflection 3. Summing Up 4. Additions/Corrections/Changes Progress towards Learning Objectives Assess each of your Learning Objectives separately. Identify each objective. Are you doing the activities that you said you would do, in a way that pertains to what you want to learn? Is your progress being recorded in the manner appropriate for your method of assessment (quantitative and/or qualitative)? Do you feel that you will be able to accomplish each learning objective as assembled by the end of your placement? Progress in Reflection This section should be a review of your experiences with reflecting which you undertook in your Journal during the first half of the term. How is it going writing the second paragraph or reflective part of each Journal entry? Do you enjoy it? Is it hard? Is it revealing? Does your ability to reflect change in any way? Do you notice any characteristic pattern or styles in the reflections? What are you learning from your reflections? Summing Up This section answers the question, "How has it gone so far?" Answer this in terms specific to what you are learning not in general terms. In addition to your progress in learning and reflecting, you might include a brief description of learning outcomes, patterns and themes discerned so far. Additions/Corrections/Changes Take a look at the first section of this paper. If you said that something is not working in your Progress towards Your Learning Objectives, discuss what needs to be changed here. Are there objectives that would be more pertinent to your activities that you would wish to enter on your Learning Contract, either as additions or as substitutions for present objectives? Are there features of your Internship which you did not anticipate? Are there features of your Internship which are especially conducive to learning or which are obstacles to your learning? Is there anything you have done, or have decided to do, as a result of your Internship experience to date? Do you need an adjustment or extension of your end date? If you do, you should discuss this with your Internship course instructor. 50 C hapter 8 THE FINAL SELF-ASSESSMENT "Let me read with open eyes the book my days are writing - and learn." -Dag Hammarskjöld 51 As you begin to work on your Final Self-Assessment, surround yourself with your Learning Contract, your Journal, any work products generated during your placement, and the feedback from those who participated/supervised in your placement/learning experience. The Introduction A required introduction section at the beginning of your Final Self-Assessment should provide background and additional context for the UIS Supervisor to understand your learning experience. In your introduction, you will want to briefly summarize where, when, and why you chose this placement; what you did there in relationship to what goes on at the placement; and what changes you see in yourself as a result of this placement (both doing and learning). In addition to the Introduction, there are four sections to the Final. 1. The Learning Objectives stated in the Learning Contract. 2. Learning outcomes not specified by the learning contract. 3. Learning outcomes which improve your abilities to learn. 4. Learning for change: reviewing your placement and Internship Services. The Learning Objectives Stated in the Learning Contract This is the most focused of the four categories because of the time and effort you spent in developing the Learning Contract objectives. You must now assess how you have progressed in each of these objectives. For each Learning Objective, it should be clear what you set out to accomplish. Was it to learn how to know something? Was it to learn how to do something? Was it to improve/change something that had already been experienced? Was it to make a decision about something? Was it to determine what factors should be considered when making a decision about something? Be clear. Next, look at the method of assessment for that learning objective. Who (self, co-workers, peers, so forth) and how (feedback, demonstration, documentation) was the objective to be assessed? Gather your evidence for that objective. Describe what the evidence is and what it tells about your progress toward that objective. Your assessment can be positive, or in some cases negative, or a combination of both. You may not have accomplished what you had planned to do or to learn. Be frank. Repeat the process for each of the Learning Contract learning objectives separately. Learning Outcomes Not Specified by the Learning Contract This category may include all of those things that you learned but which were not those listed among your Learning Contract objectives. Once you can identify these new learning objectives, ask yourself the following questions for each: How you become aware of this new learning objective? 52 Was it a result of a specific incident or reference in the Journal? Was it a result of a pattern of events that emerged from reading the Journal? Was it the result of insightfulness? How did you attempt to address/process this new learning objective, if at all? What remains of this new learning objective that must be addressed/processed in the future? These learning outcomes may involve technical, relational or institutional skills and knowledge, capability (strengths and weaknesses), suitability (likes and dislikes), confirm/derail your future plans, peace of mind or a sense of purpose/direction. Learning Outcomes Which Improve Your Abilities to Learn This category covers what you may have discovered about the patterns, themes or moods/emotions of your experience and learning during the placement. Clearly learning has taken place, but how? Start by focusing on your preferred learning style profile. Review the other three remaining learning styles as well. Do any of the patterns, themes or moods/emotions you recollect in what you did on the placement match with one or more of the learning styles? Think about each task you were performing in the context of its complexity, the participants, the timeframe, and what you were feeling at the time. The key to effective learning is the ability to be flexibly competent in each learning style when it is called for, not to use all styles in every situation. Do you find that your flexibility occurs regularly, with some reluctance, usually hit-or-miss, or after a period of trial and error? Learning for Change: reviewing your placement and Internship Services Your learning was shaped to some extent by the Internship Services process and the placement. Please write about how the placement affected your experience. How should the placement change or not change? Why? How did the placement help or hinder your educational and professional development? In addition to the placement the context of your learning includes instruction/guidance at seminars, reading and completing assignments contained in the Internship Handbook and Learning Style Inventory, maintaining a journal, and negotiating a learning contract. If you wish your assessment may include constructive comment/criticism of each of these context components. What components should Internship Services change/not change? Why? How did each component help/hinder your progress? Your comments on these components of the Internship are optional. Criteria and Due Dates The Final Self-Assessment is your opportunity to stop and reflect on what your experience 53 has meant to you. It will be reviewed by your internship course instructor and also by your UIS supervisor. The Final Self-Assessment should be a minimum of 2,500 words long. It should be typed in good form—the equivalent of a final paper in any UIS course. Your Final should be handed in when you have completed 90% of your hours. Consult your timeline. If you plan to graduate at the end of the semester, your experience must be finished and the materials submitted no later than three days before the last day of the semester. If you are not going to be finished with your experience by then, discuss the situation with the faculty in the Internship Services office. If you are not able to submit your materials by the due date, you must contact your seminar instructor so that a deferred grade (DFR) can be arranged. You must negotiate a new date for submitting your materials. Do not take this option if you plan to graduate at the end of the semester. EXTENSIONS ARE NOT AUTOMATIC but must be requested by the student and granted by the Internship course faculty/instructor. If granted the extension can be granted for up to 1 month after the end of the semester. See the Request for an Extension form at the end of this chapter. Students will not receive warning letters or telephone calls. It is the student’s responsibility either complete the course in its entirety or request an extension. Once given, a “NO CREDIT” cannot be changed unless the Internship Services Office has made an error. 54 REQUEST FOR INTERNSHIP COURSE EXTENSION I am requesting an extension of time in order to complete my Internship course requirements. (Can request up to 1 month beyond the end of the semester.) Student Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________________ Placement Site: ___________________________________________________________________________ Internship Course _____________________________ Credit Hours: ______________________ # On-Site Hours Completed to Date: ______________ # Still Needed: _________________________ # Course Sessions Missed/Not Completed: ____________________ Reason for Requesting Extension: (attach additional pages if necessary) ___________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Please indicate your proposed date to get each assignment completed. (If the assignment is already done mark as “complete.”) Learning History __________ Career Spot Quiz __________ Internship Course/AST Quiz __________ Learning Contract __________ Signed Learning Contract Coversheet__________ Practice Interview__________ Midterm__________ Revised Resume Final Self-assessment__________ Complete Journal__________ Discussion Board (all 5 posts and responses) __________ Internship Work Hours __________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ I agree to the above conditions. _______________________________________ Student’s Signature _______________ Date Required Approval Signatures _______________________________________ Internship Services Representative (seminar instructor or faculty) _______________ Date _______________________________________ Assigned UIS Supervisor _______________ Date _______________________________________ Field Supervisor (only for hours extension) _______________ Date Revised: May 2014 55