Nationalism in
Europe
HISTORY
Major Topics
 Meaning- Nationalism and Nation States
 Feature of the painting of Frederic Sorrieu
 French Revolution
 Napoleon Bonaparte
 Rise of Nationalism in Europe
 Factors contributed for the growth of Nationalism in Europe
 Age of Revolution: 1830-1848
 Unification of Germany
 Unification of Italy
 Greek War of Independence
 Role of Women in nationalist struggle
Nationalism
The words ‘nation’ and ‘nationality’ are derived from the
Latin word ‘Natus’ which means a ‘race’. Devotion, love
and patriotic feelings for one’s own nation is called
Nationalism. It is feeling of political consciousness and
unity among the people of the state.
Define- Nation State
A nation state is one, in it’s the majority of the
residents as well as the rulers develop a sense of
common identity and shared history and traditions.
Feature- Frederic Sorrieu painting (Fig:1)
 In1848, Frederic Sorrieu, the French artist prepared a
series of four prints visualising his dream of world made
up of ‘Democratic and Social Republic’.
 In his first print of this series shows people of America
and Europe-men and women of all ages and social
classes marching in a long train and offering homage to
the Statue of Liberty.
 In his utopian vision, people of the World are grouped as
distinct nations, identified through their flags and
national costume.
 Leading the procession, USA and Switzerland, that time
they were already nation state
 France- identifiable by the revolutionary tri colour just
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reached the statue.
Its followed by Germany- bearing black, red and gold flag but
interesting thing German people did not yet exist as a nation
state- the flag they are carry is an expression of liberal hope in
1848 to unify the German speaking people in to a nationstate under a democratic constitution.
Following the German peoples, the people of Austria, the
Kingdom of two Sicilies, Lomabardy, Poland, England,
Ireland, Hungary and Russia
From the heaven Christ, Saints and angels graze upon the
scene.
They have been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity
among the nation of the World.
Feature of the Statue of Liberty
The artists of the time of then French revolution
personified Liberty as a female figure. The torch of
enlightenment she bears in one hand and the
Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. On the
ground in the foreground of the image lie the
shattered the remains of the symbol of absolutist
institutions.
Ernst Renan and his idea about Nation
 He was a French philosopher (1823- 92)
 He delivered a lecture at the University of Sorbonne
in 1882 and this lecture subsequently published as a
famous essay entitled- ‘Quest-ce qu une nation?’
(What is a Nation). In this essay he criticises the
notion suggested by others that a nation formed by a
common language, race, religion or territory.
(Page No.4)
Absolutist
Litterly, a government or system of rule that has no
restraints on the power exercised. In history, this term
refers to a form of monarchical government that was
centralized, militarised and repressive.
Utopian
A vision of a society that is so ideal that is unlikely to
actually exist.
Plebiscite
A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked
to accept or reject a proposal
What is the importance of French revolution
to compare with other revolutions
 The first clear expression of nationalism came with the
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French Revolution in1789.
Before 1789, France was full fledged territorial state
under the control of absolute monarchy.
As a result of the French revolution the power had
transferred from the monarchy to the body of French
Citizens.
The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who
would henceforth constitute of nation and shapes its
destiny
The French revolution had very much influenced the
other revolutions also
What steps did the French revolutionaries
take to create a sense of collective identity
among the French Revolution
The French Revolution was broke out in 1789. The
revolutionaries of France took the following steps to
create a sense of collective identity among the French
People.
1. The ideas of fatherland (La Patrie) and the Citizen
(Le citoyen) laid emphasis on the notion of united
community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
2. A new French flag of tri colour was chosen to replace
the former French monarch.
3. An elected body of the active citizens, known as
National Assembly, was formed manage the state
affairs.
4. New hymns were composed and martyrs were
commemorated all in the name of nation
5. A centralised system was set up to formulate uniform
laws for all citizens within French territory
6. All customs duties were abolished and uniform system
of weights and measures was adopted.
7. Regional language were discouraged and French was
adopted as the common language of the nation.
Formation of Jacobin Clubs
The news and events related with the French
revolution reached in different cities of Europe.
The students and the other members of educated
middle classes started the Jacobin Clubs.
Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for
the French armies to move in Holland, Belgium,
Switzerland and Italy also and the armies carried the
idea of nationalism abroad.
The role of Napoleon in French
Revolution
(Or)
Administrative Reforms of Napoleon
He was a great French general, who won many battles
for the revolutionary France.
During his period most of the European nations were
under the control of the monarchical form of
government.
If any territory came under his control he introduced
many reforms already he had introduced in France
He destroyed the democracy in France however in the
administrative field he introduced many revolutionary
principles
In 1804, he introduced a Civil Code known as
Napoleonic Code gave the privileges based on birth,
established equality before law and secured the right
to property. This Code was exported to the regions
under French Control.
He abolished the Feudal system and freed the peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues.
In the towns- guild restrictions were removed.
Transport and Communication were improved.
Peasants, Workers, Artisans and New businessmen
enjoyed lot of freedom
Introduced uniform laws, standardized weights and
measures and a common national currency for to
exchange the goods from one place to another.
 Initially many places like Holland and Switzerland as well
as the cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw the
French armies were welcomed for to bring the liberty.
 But this initial enthusiasm turned in to tensions and
became clear that the new administrative arrangements did
not go hand in hand with political freedom
 Increased taxation, Censorship and the desire for conquer
in the rest of Europe considered as the disadvantages of his
administration.
 He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 and had
sent him as a prisonerto spent his last days in a small island
St.Helena where he died in 1821.
Civil Code of 1804
In 1804, Napoleon he introduced a Civil Code known
as Napoleonic Code gave the privileges based on
birth, established equality before law and secured the
right to property. This Code was exported to the
regions under French Control.
Europe in the 18th Century
 The map of Europe in the mid of the 18th century was so
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different from today. Germany, Italy and Switzerland
were not countries. All these were split in to different
kingdoms.
There were number of monarchies within western and
Central Europe.
The people belonged to different ethnic groups
Austria- Hungary were comprised the Habsburg Empire
The people in this empire belonged to different ethnic
groups.
The territories under the monarchy included the Alpine
regions, Austria, Sudetenland and Bohemia
 Some people they spokes Germany and others Italian
 The Hungarians spoke Magyar and a number of
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other dialects.
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke polish
Beside these three groups- Bohemians and Slovaks
to the North, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats in South
and the Roumans to the east in Transylvania.
These difference were not helpful in promoting a
feeling of commonness among the people.
The idea of nationalism emerged in these countries
after a period of time.
How did the idea of Nationalism and Nation
State emerged in Europe?
Rise of Middle Class
 Within Europe, there were two classes of people. There were
the Aristocrats and Peasants.
 The aristocrats made a homogenous social group. They
spoke French and their families were united by matrimonial
connections. They comprised the high Society. Their
number were very small but the power they enjoyed
enormous.
 The majority of the population comprised the peasants who
worked as a tenants owned by the aristocracy.
 The estates were relatively small in Western Europe, but in
the East and Central regions, the estates were vast in size.
They were cultivated by the serfs.
 The industrialization brought important change in these two
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social groups.
Apart from the aristocrats and peasants a new group were
emerged.
The Industrial workers, industrialists, businessmen and
Professionals.
These groups were educated and liberal in their attitude, and
they were known as Middle Classes.
With the abolition of aristocracies in Europe, these groups
though small in number but assumed great significance.
The idea of nationalism were propagated by the Middle class
that stood for the abolition of privileges based on birth.
Liberal Nationalism (Political &
Economical)
 Middle class was for individual equality and freedom.
 In political terms, which means all people were treated
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as equal before law.
Citizens were governed by institutions that had been
formed with the consent of the people.
There was no place for aristocracy or privileges based on
birth and there was no special privileges for the clergy
also.
The right to hold the property was upheld by the liberals
during the 19 century in Europe.
The equality before law should not be mixed with
universal suffrage or every citizen having the right to
vote.
 The Napoleonic Code did not provide for voting rights
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to all citizens.
Women were excluded from the lists.
Women and those without property had to agitate for
political rights in the 19th century.
In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the
freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Before the introduction of Napoleonic code Germany
was divided in to 39 states and possessed own
currency, weights and measures.
Duties were often levied according to the weight or
measurement of the goods.
 It was a time consuming calculation.
 These are some of the obstacles faced by the commercial
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classes, they argued for the creation of unified economic
territory
In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the
initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number
of currencies from over thirty to two.
The creation of the network of the railway stimulated the
mobility and helped these economic interest to national
unification.
The economists began to think in terms of the national
economy. They talked about how the nation could develop
and what economic measures could help to bring all nation
together
A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider
nationalists sentiments growing at the time.
Criticism against New Conservatism
 The spirit of the Liberalism suffered a big jolt after the defeat
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of Napoleon in 1815.
Once again conservatism raised its head.
The conservatives believed in the old system of monarchy.
They believed the role of church and family in the social life
needed to be revived.
However they did not propose a return to the society of pre
revolutionary days.
They wanted new reforms to be implemented in a manner
that traditional monarchies could be strengthened.
The power of the state was to be made more effective through
a strong army and the effective bureaucracy
 The Vienna congress in 1815, drawn a new treaty called
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‘Vienna Treaty’.
It caused for the restoration of Bourbon dynasty that had
been dethroned during the French Revolution.
France was to lose territories that had been annexed
under Napoleon, and prevented the French expansion in
the future, a number of states were set up on the
boundaries of France.
In the North- Netherlands was set up and it included
Belgium.
South- Genoa was added to Piedmont
West- new territories were given to Prussia and Australia
was given to control northern Italy
East- Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was
given a portion of Saxony
 The Treaty of Vienna however did not make any
alterations in the German confederation comprising of 39
states.
 They tried to restore monarchies that had been
overthrown during Napoleonic wars. A new conservative
order emerged in Europe after the end of the Vienna
treaty.
 New regime were autocratic. Censorship were imposed
and dissent were not allowed. Ideas of freedom and liberty
could no longer be propagated through newspapers,
magazines or books in these autocratic regions.
 The liberal nationalists they start to criticize the new
conservative order and they stand for the freedom of the
press.
Revolution against the Autocracy
 The liberals opposed to the autocracies chose to go
underground.
 Secret societies were formed in Europe to protest
against suppression of the freedom of speech.
 Monarchies were to be challenged through a
revolution and they were fight for liberty and
freedom.
 The revolutionaries felt that it was necessary to have
a nation state for the struggle for freedom
Liberalism
 It is derived from the Latin word ‘Liber’ which means
free. It stand for the end of autocracy and clerical
privileges and a constitution and representative
government
Zoltherin
 It was a customs union, formed in 1834 at the
initiatives of Prussia and joined by almost all the
German states. T abolished tariff barrier and reduced
the number of currencies from thirty to only two.
Conservatives
As against the liberals, the conservatives believed that
to establish traditional institutions of state and
society- like monarchy, the Church and Social
hierarchies.
Importance of the Vienna Congress- 1815
 In 1815, the representatives of the European powers-
Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria- who had
collectively defeated Napoleon met at Vienna to draw
a settlement for Europe.
 The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor
Duke Metternich.
 They made a treaty called ‘Treaty of Vienna- 1815’
Features
1. The Bourbon dynasty was collapsed during the
French revolution, it was restored to power.
2. The France lost its territories it had annexed under
Napoleon
3. A series of state were up on the boundaries of
France to prevent the French expansion.
4. In the North- Netherlands was set up and it
included Belgium.
5. South- Genoa was added to Piedmont
6. West- new territories were given to Prussia and
Australia was given to control northern Italy
7. East- Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia
was given a portion of Saxony
8. But the German confederation of the 39 states that
had been set up by Napoleon was untouched
Main intention was to restore the monarchies and
should create a new conservative order in Europe.
Note about- Giuseppe Mazzini
 Italian revolutionary
 Born in Genoa in 1807
 Became the member of the secret society of the
Carbonari.
 At the age of 24, he had been exiled from his country
because the attempt for a revolution in Liguria.
 He founded two underground societies
1. Young Italy in Marseilles
2. Young Europe in Berne for the same
minded youths in Poland, France, Italy and Germany
 He believed hat God has made the nations to be natural
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units of mankind.
So Italy could not continue small states and kingdoms.
It need to be form a single unified republic with wider
alliance nation.
This unification alone could be the basis of Italian
unification.
Same to his model Secret societies were started in
Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
His vision for democratic republic frightened the
conservatives.
Metternich described him ‘” the most dangerous enemy
of our social order”
 He was known as ‘poor man’s lawyer”
 Spiritual force behind the unification of Italy
 We Italians could and therefore ought to struggle for
the liberty of our country.
Age of Revolution: 1830-1848
 Introduction
 July Revolution
 Greek War of Independence
 Role of Culture for the spread of nationalism
 Role of Economic factor for the spread of nationalism
 Role of Women in nationalist struggle
 Revolution led by the Liberals in 1848.
 The conservative regimes tried to consolidate their
power but the liberals and nationalists tried to associate
with revolution in many regions of Europe.
 Especially- Italian and German states, the provinces of
Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.
 These revolutions were led by liberal- nationalists
belongs to the educated middle class- professors, school
teachers, clerks and the members of the commercial
middle class.
July Revolution in France- 1830
 After the period of Napoleon (1815), Louis XVII the
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brother of Louis XVI installed his Bourbon dynasty in
France.
In July 1830, it was overthrown by liberal
revolutionaries.
They installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis
Philippe as its head.
Metternich states that- “When France Sneezes, the rest
of Europe catches cold”.
This revolution greatly affected the other countries in
Europe- Belgium, Poland, Germany, Italy and England
Greek War of Independence
 Greece had been part of Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth
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century
I821- the growth of nationalism in Europe sparked the
struggle for independence among the Greeks.
Nationalism in Greeks got support from the other Greeks
from other parts and the West Europeans who had
sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European
civilization and mobilized the public opinion against the
Muslim empire.
The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went
to fight in the war, where he died of fever of fever in 1824.
Finally, the treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised
Greece as an independent nation.
The role of Culture for the growth of Nationalism in
Europe
(Or)
Role of Romanticism for the growth of Nationalism
 The development of nationalism did not came only through
the wars and territorial expansion.
 The culture played a huge role especially the art, poetry,
stories and music for the growth of nationalism.
Romanticism
 It was a cultural movement it tries to develop a particular
form of nationalist sentiment.
 Romantic poets and artists criticised the glorification of
reason and science and focused on emotions, institutions and
mystical feelings
 Their effort was to create a sense of shared collective heritage,
a common cultural past as the basis of nation.
Johabb Gottfried Herder- Romantic German philosopher
claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among
the common people- das volk
 It was through the folk songs, poetry and dance that the true
spirit of the nation (Volksgeist) was popularized
 So the collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was
essential to nation building
 The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of
local folklore carried a modern national message to large
audience who were mostly literate.
 End of the 18th century Poland was partitioned by the great
powers like Prussia, Russia and Austria.
 Poland no longer existed as an independent territory,
national feelings were kept through the music and language
 Karol Kurpinski- celebrated the national struggle through his
operas and music, folk songs like the polonaise and mazurka
in to nationalist symbol
 Language also played on important role for the growth
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of nationalism
The polish language was forced out of school and
Russian language was imposed everywhere.
In 1831 a armed rebellion crushed the Russian rule
The clergies in Poland began to use language as a
weapon of national resistance.
Polish was used for church gathering and all religious
instructions, a number of priests and bishops were put
in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities.
The use of polish came to be seen as a symbol of the
struggle against Russian dominance
Economic factor for the emergence of
nationalism
 1830- great economic hardship in Europe.
 Half of the 19th century population increased in Europe
 Most of the countries unemployment increased very much
 People from rural areas migrated to the cities.
 Small producers faced stiff competition from imports of
cheap machine made goods from England, where
industrialization was more advanced than on the continent
 In textile production carried out from homes or small
workshops and was only partly mechanized.
 Peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and
obligations, especially the aristocratic provinces in Europe
 The rise of food price or a year of bad harvest led to
widespread led tensions in towns and country
 1n 1848- food shortage and widespread unemployment
brought the population of Paris out on the road.
 Barricades were destroyed and Louis Phlilppe was forced
to flee.
 The National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted
suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the
right to work. National workshops to provide
employment were set up.
What was the cause of the Silesian
Weaver’s Uprising?
 1845- weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors
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who supplied them raw materials and gave them orders for
finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.
On January at 2 p.m. large crowd of weavers in Paris marched
to the house of contractor for high wages
They were treated with scorn and threats alternately
A group of them marched to the home and smashed its
windows, furniture and porcelain.
Another group broke in to the storehouse and plundered the
items.
The contractor fled with his family to the neighboring village,
they refused to give a shelter such a person
He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned army, in the
exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot dead.
Role of Women for the growth of
Nationalism in Europe
 In all the Europeans states- France, Germany, Italy and the
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Austro Hungarian empire women had taken an active part in
the nationalist struggles of their countries.
They were equally responsible for demanding
constitutionalism with national unification.
Women had formed their own political associations and taken
part in political meetings and demonstrations.
They were denied equal voting rights like those of men
The political rights for women was a controversial in the
liberal movement
When the Frankfurt parliament met at St. Paul Church
women were admitted only as observers to stand in the
visitors gallery
The View of Liberal Politician, Carl Welcke an elected
member of Frankfurt parliament was
“Nature has created man and women to carry out
different functions….Man, the stronger, the public
holder has been designated as protector of the
family, its provider, meant for public tasks in the
domain of law, production, defence. Woman, the
weaker, dependent and timid requires the
protection of man her sphere is home, the care of
children, the nurturing of the family. Do we
requires any further proof that given such differnce,
equality between the sexes would only endanger
harmony and destroy the dignity of the family.”
To prepare a note about the Revolution of
the Liberals in 1848
 Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed, starving
peasants and workers, a revolution led by educated middle
class in Europe
 In February 1848, France abolished the monarchy and
republic based on universal male suffrage had been
proclaimed.
 The men and women of the liberal middle classes especially
in Germany, Italy, Poland and Austro Hungarian empire
combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification
 They were demanded for the creation of nation state on
parliamentary principles- a constitution, freedom of the
press and the freedom of the association
 In the German regions, the political associations of the
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middle class professionals, business men and prosperous
artisans came together in the city of Frankfut and decided to
vote for an all German National Assembly
On May 1848- 831 elected representatives marched in a
festive procession to take their place in the Frankfut
parliament convened in the church of St.Paul
They drafted a constitution for a German nation .
The king of Prussia- Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected and joined
other monarch to oppose the elected assembly.
The opposition aristocracy and military became stronger
The parliament was headed by middle class and they refused
the demands of the peasants and artisans consequently they
had lost their support.
Lastly the troop was disband
 The conservative forces suppressed the liberal
movements in 1848, but they could not restore old
order.
 Monarchs they could understood through the granting
of concession they could end the liberal- nationalist
revolutionaries.
 Especially after 1848, the autocratic monarchs in
western and central Europe began to introduce the
changes that had already taken place in Western Europe
before 1815.
 The serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in
the Habsburg dominions and Russia
Short note about- Frankfurt Parliament
 The Frankfurt Parliament consisting of 831 elected
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representatives from all over Germany
Assembled in 1848 to draft the constitution for a unified
Germany.
The parliament was dominated by middle class who
resisted the demand of workers and artisans but lost their
support.
The parliament proposed the unification of Germany
under the king of Prussia.
The king of Prussia, however opposed the idea of
constitutional monarch and declined the offer.
Thousands of German revolutionaries fled to live in exile.
Thus ended the first phase of unification of Germany
Process of German Unification (Or)
Different Stages of Unification of Germany
 The first Stage: In the 18th century, Germany was divided
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in to number of states Bavaria, Prussia, Saxony etc…, the
economic growth was very slow in these provinces
As a result of the national consciousness the demand for a
unified country of Germany became strong in several
states.
In 1815, Austria tried to organize themselves into a
German states.
To unite Germany and frame a constitution a constituent
assembly met at FrankfurtThe parliament proposed the
unification of Germany under the king of Prussia.
The king of Prussia, however opposed the idea of
constitutional monarch and declined the offer.
Thousands of German revolutionaries fled to live in exile.
Thus ended the first phase of unification of Germany
Now Germany was to be unified by the policy of ‘blood
and iron’ as was pursued by Bismarck, the Prussian
Chancellor. He tried to achieve his aim through military
powers
The Second stage: War against Denmark- 1864:
Bismarck picked up a quarrel with Denmark over the
question of the control of two Duchies of Schleswig and
Holstein. In 1864 A.D he fought a war against Denmark
and took over the control of Schleswig.
The Third Stage: War against Austria- 1866: Bismarck
wanted to complete the unification of Germany by
ousting Austria from Germany. In 1866, Prussia
defeated Austria and annexed the territories of
Hanover, Holstein, Luxumberg, Frankfurt. It paved the
way for the subsequent unification of Germany
The Fourth Stage: War against France- 1870-71:
Prussia defeated the France and occupied Alsace and
Lorraine
 The impact of the Prussia’s impressive victory other
German states also joined the German Confederation
which recognised the Prussian king Kaiser William
First as the head.
 Through this dedicated efforts Bismarck completed
the unification of Germany in 1871 A.D
 The new state placed a strong emphasis on
modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicial
system in Germany
Process of the Unification of Italy
Political Fragmentation of Italy
 Italy had been split in to number of dynasties as well
as multi national Habsburg empire.
 Middle of the 19th century Italy was divided in to seven
states of which only one, Sardinia Piedmont, was ruled
by an Italian princely house
 North was under the control of Austrian Habsburgs
 Centre was ruled by Pope
 South was under the control of Bourbon king of Spain
 Even the Italian language had not acquired one
common form and still had many regional and local
variations.
Role of Giuseppe Mazzini:
 He is known for his noble efforts to achieve the unification
of Italy
 He formed a secret society ‘Young Italy’ and ‘Young
Europe’ for to achieve his goal the unification of Italy
 But the failure of the revolutionary uprisings in 1831 and
1848, the Sardinia and Piedmont fell under the control of
king Victor Immanuel II
Role of Cavour
 He believed that Italy would never be able to free herself
without external help
 So he set about the task of securing foreign aid necessary
for achieving his objective.
 So with the help of France, he succeeded in defeating
Austrian forces in 1859 and got Lombardy for Sardinia
Role of Garibaldi
 He is known as the Sword of Italy
 In 1860, his ‘Red Shirt troops’ defeated Austria to secure
the independence of Naeples and Sicily which later on
joined Sardinia.
 His contribution to unify Italy is unforgettable.
Final Stage of Unification Under Victor Immanuel
 He was the king of Sardinia
 He finally completed the task of unification of Italy after
Cavour’s death
 He succeeded in winning the Papal territories of Venetia
and Rome in 1871.
 In this way a united Italy came in existence in 1871 under
his leadership
 Later on Rome became the capital of united Italy
 Most of the Italian population was in illiteracy and
unaware about liberal nationalist ideology
 The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in
southern Italy had never heard of Italia and believed
that La Talia was victor Emmanuel’s wife.
The development of nationalism in Britain
unlike the rest of Europe.
 In Britain the formation of nation state was not the result
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of a sudden upheaval or revolution
It was the result of long process.
There was no British nation in the eighteenth century
The people they were also from different ethnic groups like
English, Welsh, scot and Irish
All these ethnic groups they had their own cultural and
political traditions.
The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance
and power, it was able to extend its over the other nations
of the island.
The English parliament, which had snatched power from
the English monarch James II in 1688, which became
instrumental in establishing a nation state with England at
the centre
 As a result of the Act of Union between England and
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Scotland in 1701, England and Scotland were united in
1701 and the result was the creation of Great Britain.
Both state had one parliament and one ruler.
Both the countries stood to gain by their union through
sometimes Scottish Highlanders had to be suppressed.
Scotland became prosperous and the enmity between the
two countries ended. England was also benefited
Another step towards nationalism was taken in 1800 by
another Act of the Parliament.
The Irish Act of union, Great Britain and Ireland were
united and the new state came to be known as United
Kingdom
 The Napoleonic attack on England was averted
because the union of England, Scotland and Ireland.
 No doubt, British dominance over Ireland was
resented by the Catholic subjects of Ireland which was
suppressed time and again.
 The symbol of new Britain, The British flag (the Union
jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble King),
the English language were actively promoted and both
Scottish and Irish people survived only as a
subordinate partners in the union.
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82)
 Italian freedom fighter.
 Family engaged in coastal trade and was a sailor in the
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merchant navy.
In 1833, he met Mazzini, joined the Young Italy
Movement and participated in a republican uprising in
Piedmont in 1834.
This was suppressed and he fled to South America he
lived there till 1848
In 1854- he supported Victor Emmanuel II, in his efforts
to unify Italian states
In 1860- he led a famous expedition of the thousands to
South Italy. Fresh Volunteers kept joining through the
course of the campaign, till their number grew to about
30,000. They were popularly known as Red Shirts
 In 1867- he led an army of volunteers to Rome to
fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy
 The Red Shirt proved to be no match for the
combined French and Papal troops
 In 1870 the papal states joined to Italys
Role of Artists for the growth of Nationalism
(or)
Who were Marianne and Germania? What
was the importance of the way in which they
were portrayed?
 The artists in the 18th and 19th century played a huge
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role for the growth of nationalism
They represented the country as a person
Nations were then portrayed as a female figure
This female form did not stand for any particular
women in real life it was an abstract idea of the
nation in a concrete form
That is the female figure became an allegory of the
nation.
 During the French revolution the artists used the female
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allegory (or symbols) to portray ideas like Liberty, Justice
and Republic.
Similar female allegories were used by the artists of the 19th
century to represent the nation.
In France, nation was christened as Marianne, a popular
Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s
nation.
Statue of Marianne with red cap, the tri colour and the
cockade, were erected at public squares to remind the
public of the national symbol of unity.
Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps as
well.
In Germany, Germania became the allegory of German
nation.
In visual representation, she is shown wearing a crown of
oak leaves, as the German oak stand for heroism
Meanings of the Symbol
 Broken Chains
 Being freed
 Breastplate with eagle
 Symbol of German
 Crown of oak leaves
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 Sword
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 Olive branch around the
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sword
 Black, red and tri colour
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 Rays of the rising sun
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empire- strength
Heroism
Readiness to fight
Willingness to make
peace
Flag of the liberal
nationalists in 1848,
banned by the Dukes of
the German states
Beginning of a new era
Why did nationalist tensions emerge in
the Balkans after 1875?
The tensions in the Balkans area finally
caused for the First World War- Discuss
 The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after
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1871 was the area called the Balkans
This region comprised modern- Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,
Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Heregovina, Slovenia,
Serbia and Montengro whose inhabitants were known as Slavs.
Large part of the Blakans was under the control of Ottoman
Empire
The idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with
the disintegration of the Ottoman empire made this region
very explosive
Beginning of the 19th century, the Turkish empire became very
weak and came to be known as the ‘Sickman of Europe’
 During that time most of the European nations got the
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independence
It inspired the Balkan people and they demanded for
independence and political rights on nationality and
used history to prove that they had once been
independent and had subsequently been subjugated
by foreign powers.
As a result, the Balkan area became an area of intense
conflict
The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other
and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense
of others.
Matters were further complicated because the Balkans
also became the scene of big power rivalry
 During that period, there was a intense rivalry
among the European powers over trade and colonies
as well as naval and military might.
 The Russia, Germany, England- Austro- Hungary
tried to hold the power over the Balkan area.
 This finally led for the First World war
How the Nationalism related with AntiImperialist Movement
 Many countries in the world which had been colonised by
the European powers in the 19th century began to oppose
imperial domination
 The anti- imperialist movements that developed
everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all
struggled to form independent nation states, inspired by
a sense of collective national unity and fought against
imperialism
 The European idea of nationalism, developed by the
other region their own way
 But the idea of societies should be organised in to nation
states came to be accepted as natural and universal
Short Note on Count Carmillo de Cavour
 The real credit of the unification of Italy goes to Cavour,
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who became the Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852 A.D
He believed that Italy would never be able to free herself
without external help
So he set about the task of securing foreign aid necessary
for achieving his objective.
So with the help of France, he succeeded in defeating
Austrian forces in 1859 and got Lombardy for Sardinia
Before he died, he had unified the whole of Italy under
sardinia with the lone exception of the Papal territories
of Venitia and Rome
He popularly known as “the Bismarck of Italy”
Through a focus on any two countries,
explain how nations developed over the 19th
century after the Vienna Congress in 1815
Belgium
 By the settlement of Vienna, Belgium was annexed to
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Holland so that a powerful state could be set up in the north
east borders of France.
This union was unnatural, it lasted only 15 years
The people of both countries differed in language and
religion
The people of Belgium- Catholics and manufactures and
Holland were mainly Protestants and agriculturists and
wanted a free trade.
Practically all the officials in the government machinery
were the Dutch and heavy taxes were imposed on Belgium
The people of Belgium suffered a lot in this unnatural union
 Their demand for separate constitution was refused
the King William.
 As a result of the July revolution in 1830, the people in
Belgium got the inspiration and they started the revolt
for independence
 The Prime Minister of England, Lord Palmerton, had
sympathy with Belgium and called a conference in
London in 1831.
 In this conference, England, France, Russia, Prussia
and Austria recognised the independence of Belgium
Poland
 The Vienna congres divided the kingdom of Poland to
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Austria, Russia and Prussia
The Czar of Russia, Alexander I, carved out an independent
kingdom of Poland and himself became ruler
He granted lot of concessions, but the Polish people wanted
a free nation from the Foreign rule.
After his period, his brother Nicohilas I was a weak and
arbitary ruler.
The polish peoples, they got the inspiration from July
revolution and they fought for independence
The people from France, England and Germany had
sympathies with the Poles and they gave the support
 The Russian army smashed their movement
 The accession of Alexander II in 1855, aroused the
hopes of the Poles and they revolted in 1863 A.D
 The European countries came forward to help the
Poles and they were badly defeated.
 Poles never revolted again their freedom