In This Lesson:
Cell Organelles –
Part 1
(Lesson 4 of 5)
Today is Tuesday,
October 20th, 2015
Pre-Class:
Write in your notebooks what you know about plant
and animal cells (and/or their differences). You can
be as specific or general as you like/can.
Only slightly related to today 
Please take a
worksheet from the
Turn-In Box.
http://failblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/fail-owned-flytrap-fail.jpg?w=500&h=369
Today’s Agenda
• Be able to identify and list the functions of
some of the cell’s organelles.
• Color a little bit.
• Distinguish between plant, animal, and other
cells like prokaryotes (bacteria).
• Where is this in my book?
– Academic: Pages 172-180
– Honors: Page 56 and following…
By the end of this lesson…
• You should be able to distinguish between
the two primary classes of cells.
• You should be able to describe the
structure and functions of the various cell
organelles.
Where to begin…
• How about the common features?
– “Sure!” said the class.
• These are the two most general categories of
cells:
– Prokaryotes (or “prokaryotic cells”)
• Bacteria
– Eukaryotes (or “eukaryotic cells”)
• Plants, animals, fungi, protists
• These are distinguished [mainly] by the
presence or absence of the nucleus.
Smart Phone vs. “Dumb Phone?”
• Let’s explain it this way:
Can call
Can text
Can take photos
Can call
Can text
Can take photos
Can make e-chocolate milk
Mr. Gleicher’s Phone
Can use mapsFancy New Phone
Can do lots more…
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Let’s explain it this way:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes (“before
kernel”):
– No nucleus, no membranebound organelles.
– Simple and old.
• Eukaryotes (“true
kernel”):
– Nucleus, membranebound organelles.
– Relatively new and more
complex.
http://asweknowit.net/images_edu/DWA%205%20eukaryote.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prokaryote_cell_diagram_pt.svg/573px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram_pt.svg.png
Some comparison…
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
No nucleus
No compartments
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Compartments
Cell Membranes
Relatively simple
Relatively complex
Genetic Material
Now for some organelles…
• An organelle (“little organ”) is a cell “part.”
– The cell’s “apps.”
• “There’s an organelle for that!”
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/be
gin/cells/scale/
• Scale of the Universe
• It’s not considered alive, but it is made of
organic molecules.
• BioScale!
Wait just a second…
• I bet you’re sitting there thinking I’m going
to go on and on talking about organelles for
another 45 minutes.
– Negative.
• Today, YOU (yes you) will be making your
own notes. I’ll only be here as backup.
What You Need To Find
• I will give you the organelle. You will find:
– Whether it is in eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic
cells, or both.
– Whether it is in animal cells, plant cells, or
both.
– Basic organelle function.
Presentations
• Following your research your pair will
“present” your facts.
• The class will write down what you found in
a table.
– See next slide…
What to Record
Organelle
Found In
Prokaryotes?
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
Main
Function
Use the following website, at least to start (yours may not be there):
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
This is a <10 Minute Research Project.
12 Organelles
1. Nucleus
2. Ribosome
3. Cell Wall
4. Cell Membrane
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
6. Lysosome
7. Golgi Apparatus
8. Mitochondria
9. Chloroplast
10. Central Vacuole
11. Vesicles
12. Centriole
Nucleus
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✘
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
• The “control center” of the
cell.
• Has its own doublemembrane called the
“nuclear envelope,” which
has lots of pores.
• Contains DNA.
• Has a nucleolus (area in
nucleus) that makes
ribosomes.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Nucleus/cellnucleus.jpg
Coloring Sheet
 It’s small…
Ribosomes
(because we all need our proteins)
• Very small organelles that make proteins for
the cell or for export.
• All cells need proteins, so…
– …ribosomes are found in every living thing.
– …ribosomes are “evolutionarily old.”
• Haven’t changed much and are shared by many
distantly related organisms.
Found In Eukaryotes?
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✓
http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/ribosome.jpg
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
Coloring Sheet
Now for the unique structures…
• Cell Wall
– Rigid, relatively strong,
made of cellulose.
• Helps support plants.
– Note that there is still a
cell membrane, just that it
has the cell wall
surrounding it.
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✓
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/cellwall.jpeg
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✘
✓
Coloring Sheet
Cell Membrane
• Found in all cells.
• Surrounds the cell.
• Allows for membrane transport (diffusion,
osmosis, et cetera) and serves as a barrier.
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✓
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
Coloring Sheet
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Usually found near the nucleus.
– Rough ER: Lined with ribosomes
(which make protein).
• Rough ER is a stack of discs.
• Proteins are made and transported
for export to other cells.
• Makes cell membrane.
– Smooth ER: No ribosomes. Drug
detox. Makes lipids. Has
calcium.
• Smooth ER is a tube shape.
• Lipids are kept local.
• Both are capable of some
transport.
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✘
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl1/1/13839/15_2008/MV5BMjA0NjI0ODgzNF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMDAxNDUyMQ@@._V1._SY400_SX60
0_.jpg https://illnessesanimalsplants.wikispaces.com/file/view/smooth_&_rough_ER.jpg/31839797
Get it?
Coloring Sheet
Lysosome
• Very simply put, it’s a vesicle that
contains digestive enzymes.
– Fun fact: Enzymes are made by the
ER and sent to another organelle
(the Golgi – more to come).
• May be used to break down worn
out organelles or other cell parts
(autophagy).
• Think of it as the cell’s “garbage
disposal.”
• Plant cells have them, but they’re
not as common as in animal cells.
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✘
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
Lysosome
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/lysosome.jpg
http://www.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/Courses09/Biology/lessons/FirstQuarterLessons/Chapter1/images/Lesson2/25lysosome.png
Coloring Sheet
Aside: Lysosomal Diseases
• Tay-Sachs Disease and Gaucher’s Disease
– Failure to break down fatty acid derivatives.
– Tay-Sachs is common in Ashkenazic Jews.
Aside: Apoptosis
• When cells need to be replaced, they undergo
something referred to as “programmed cell
death,” or apoptosis.
– Literally, they digest themselves to death.
• The lysosome plays a role in this process too,
by releasing enzymes into the cytoplasm.
– It’s like if your stomach opened and ate you.
• This is the same process used to eliminate the
tailbone and webbing between your fingers
you had whilst still in yo’ mom.
Aside: Peroxisome?
• In many cells is another organelle called the
peroxisome, which is similar in some ways to a
lysosome.
• They’re made by the ER and perform many
different functions relating to metabolism –
mostly breaking down fatty acids and
hydrogen peroxide.
• Peroxisomes are sometimes referred to as
microbodies.
Aside: Peroxisomal Diseases
• X-linked Adrenoleukodistrophy
– Fatty acids can’t get metabolized, resulting
ultimately in nerve damage.
• See Lorenzo’s Oil.
• Zellweger Syndrome
– Proteins cannot be imported into the
peroxisome.
Golgi Apparatus
• The Golgi Apparatus (or Golgi Body) is what the
cell uses to:
– Modify already existing proteins.
– Package proteins in vesicles for exocytosis or to digest
other parts of the cell (this part’s on the next slide).
– Remember how the lysosome is a vesicle? Yeah,
the Golgi makes that too (the ER makes the
enzymes).
Found In Eukaryotes?
Found In
– It’s a blobby stack of membranes. Prokaryotes? Animals? Plants?
– Like the Postal Service of the cell.
✘
✓ ✓
http://employees.csbsju.edu/HJAKUBOWSKI/classes/ch331/cho/ergolgi.jpeg
Coloring Sheet
Quick Analogy
• Let’s say you want to make someone a
present and mail it to them.
– First you would make the gift (like a ribosome
makes protein)…
– …then you would move it in your house
toward the door (like rough ER moves
protein)…
– …then you would ship it to your friend (like the
Golgi ships particles).
So all this stuff and
no energy yet, huh?
• So far, nothing we have described actually
provides the cell with any energy.
• Plenty of things we’ve talked about use lots
of energy, though.
– Where’s it all coming from?
Mitochondria
• Often called the powerhouse of the cell.
• Uses organic molecules to produce ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), helps in respiration (basically, they
make energy).
– ATP is one nucleotide with some bonds attached that
release a lot of energy when broken and reformed.
– ATP = CELL FUEL!
• More coming on this next unit…
• Mitochondria have two membranes that form two
compartments, and they also have their own DNA
(from Mom).
Found In Eukaryotes?
– Grammar Note:
Found In
Prokaryotes?
• One mitochondrion, two mitochondria…
✘
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
Its own DNA with no nucleus?
• Does this sound familiar?
• Scientists think mitochondria once lived on
their own…and were actually bacteria!
• Need more evidence?
– Mitochondria also have their own ribosomes.
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/endosymbiosis/mitoch
ondria.gif
http://schoolswikipedia.org/images/750/75080.png
Aside: mtDNA
• mtDNA is the name given to mitochondrial DNA.
• It’s inherited directly from the maternal side of the
family, meaning it’s almost always unchanged from
your mother’s mtDNA…whose mtDNA was
unchanged from her mother too.
• This makes it valuable for forensics, as it’s not as
fragile as nuclear DNA and can be found much more
readily in hair samples.
Mitochondria Numbers
• Interestingly, there are about 1000
mitochondria per cell (average).
• Which kind of cell might have more, a skin
cell or a muscle cell?
– Muscle cell. Why?
– Muscles need more energy, so they have more
mitochondria.
Coloring Sheet
Aside: Muscle Cells
• Muscle cells act in cooperation with others.
• As a result, their organelles have different
names:
–
–
–
–
Sarcolemma = Plasma Membrane
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum = Endoplasmic Reticulum
Sarcosomes = Mitochondria
Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
•
•
•
•
Only for plant cells.
Source of the green color.
Site of photosynthesis.
Similar to mitochondria:
–
–
–
–
Have two membranes.
Have their own DNA.
Have their own ribosomes.
Prokaryote descendents?
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✘
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✘
✓
Coloring Sheet
Central Vacuole
• Plants only have large, central vacuoles.
– Animals have smaller ones.
– Prokaryotes rarely have them.
• Storage for water and other stuff (plants/animals).
• Takes up most of the cell (plants only).
• Supports the cell when full, too (plants only).
Found In
Prokaryotes?
Vacuole 
Entire Cell
✘
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
[small] [large]
http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/eukaryotic%20cell/cytoplasm_and_its_associated_str_files/image017.jpg
Coloring Sheet
Vesicles
• Not technically organelles, they
are membrane-bound
“packages” of the cell, usually
from the Golgi or cell membrane.
• A sac that contains a substance.
• Pinch off organelles and move
through the cytoplasm to a
destination.
– What might be a destination?
Nerve cell vesicles releasing contents 
http://www.cnsforum.com/content/pictures/imagebank/hirespng/vesicle_fusion.png
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✓
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✓
Vesicles
• Vesicles are small “bubbles” of cell membrane.
– They’re made of cell membrane.
• They’re used to carry stuff around the cell, out
of the cell, or into the cell.
• They’re found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
• Think of them like little envelopes for shipping
stuff.
Centrioles
• Short rod-shaped structures.
• Guide cell division.
– Whole unit on this stuff.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/centrioles/images/centriolesfigure1.jpg
Found In
Prokaryotes?
✘
Found In Eukaryotes?
Animals?
Plants?
✓
✘
Starting here…
A Little Review
http://www.bchs.k12.va.us/BCHS-Webpage/HSWEBPAGE/SchoolSite/assets/plantcell.gif
A Little More Review
• http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/health
/anatomy/cell/index.htm
• Let’s try some cell anatomy with a little
more detail…
Your Assignment…
• …is to make a mini-poster on standard
printer-paper, but make it look pretty.
• On this poster you will have the following:
– Organelle (of your choosing but not the one
you researched in class)
– Diagram of the cell with the organelle
highlighted
– A list of the functions of the organelle and any
important details***.
***Fine Print
• Your poster must have one fact we did not
cover in class on it. It must be cited and
paraphrased.
– Bibliography!
• You may not use Wikipedia or any other site
with user-generated content.
• Worth 20 points.
– Full details on SharePoint (Supporting Documents)
• File is called “Mini-Poster – Organelles”
Closure Challenge Question
• Cell walls and vacuoles can make plant cells
rigid. What purpose does this rigidity have
for the plant? How do most animals
survive without cell walls?