Religious Reformation
and Education
The Enlightenment and
Education
Thirty Year War
 1618-1648
 Religious war
 Peace of Augsburg -1955
Ruler established
religion
 Divided into creeds:
 Lutherans
 Calvinist
 Roman Catholic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine
Scene of Thirty Years War Battle
http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/riley/787/30/
Henry VIII (1491-1547)
 Established the Church of
England
 Protestant Reformation
affected education:
 “defend the faith” against
rival creed
 Need to learn how to read
the bible
 Demand for universal
literacy
THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII
http://tudorhistory.org/wives/
Catherine of Aragon 1509 - 1533
Divorced
He married Catherine of Aragon
(widow of his brother, Arthur) in 1509
The king cited a verse from the
biblical book of Leviticus that stated
that a man who took his brother's wife
would be punished by childlessness.
The union produced one daughter,
Mary.
Anne Boleyn 1533 - 1536
Executed
 Henry married the pregnant Anne
Boleyn in 1533;
 She gave him another daughter,
Elizabeth, but was executed for
infidelity (a treasonous charge in
the king's consort) in May 1536.
Jane Seymour 1536 - 1537
Died
 He married Jane Seymour by the
end of the same month.
 Jane died giving birth to King
Henry's lone male heir, Edward, in
October 1536.
Anne of Cleves 1540 Jan. - July
Divorced
 Early in 1540, Henry arranged a
marriage with Anne of Cleves, after
viewing Hans Holbein's beautiful
portrait of the German princess.
 Unfortunately, Henry found her
unattractive and the marriage was
never consummated.
Kathryn Howard 1540 - 1542
Executed
 In July 1540, he married the
adulterous Catherine Howard
 She was executed for infidelity in
March 1542.
Katherine Parr 1543 - 1547
Widowed
 Catherine Parr became his wife in
1543
 King Henry married her so she
could provide for the needs of both
him and his children until his death
in 1547.
http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html
Love Letter to Anna Boleyn
 Mine own sweetheart, these shall be to advertise you
of the great loneliness that I find here since your
departing, for I ensure you methinketh the time longer
since your departing now last than I was wont to do a
whole fortnight: I think your kindness and my
fervents of love causeth it, for otherwise I would not
have thought it possible that for so little a while it
should have grieved me, but now that I am coming
toward you methinketh my pains been half
released.... Wishing myself (specially an evening) in
my sweetheart's arms, whose pretty dukkys I trust
shortly to kiss. Written with the hand of him that was,
is, and shall be yours by his will.
 H.R.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01498a.htm
Act of Royal Supremacy (1534)
 In November the statute of the Royal
Supremacy declared the King (Henry
VIII) to be Supreme Head of the English
Church, and an oath was prescribed,
affirming the Pope to have no
jurisdiction in the realm of England.
 The actual ministry of preaching and of
the sacraments was left to the clergy,
but all the powers of ecclesiastical
jurisdiction were claimed by the
sovereign.
Act of Royal Supremacy (1534)
 The Act of Supremacy required that the King,
as Supreme Head of the Church, "shall have
full power and authority from time to time to
visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct,
restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies,
abuses, offences, contempt, enormities
whatsoever they be which by any manner,
spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may
be lawfully reformed" (26 Henry VIII, i).
Act of Royal Supremacy cont
 The Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity (1559)
established the Church of England as a
compromise between radical Calvinism and
conservative Catholicism.
 The Crown had absolute control in the
appointment of bishops.
Act of Royal Supremacy
 The Archbishop was bound under the
same penalties to consecrate the bishop
within twenty days after the King's
command.
 This enactment, which an Anglican bishop
in recent times has aptly described as "the
Magna Charta of tyranny" remains in force
to the present day.
 Within the last few years the Law Courts
have ruled that no opposition to the
episcopal confirmation of a person
nominated by the Crown can be allowed.
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
 Lutheranism was established in northern
and eastern Germany, Sweden, & Denmark.
 Calvinism was established in urban areas of
Europe such as Switzerland, Netherlands, &
Scotland
 Roman Catholicism was established in
Spain, Portugal, France, & Italian states.
(Hapsburg empire)
Map of Europe
Catholic
Calvinist
Catholic
Catholic
Portrait of Martin Luther
Martin Luther dealt
the symbolic blow that
began the Reformation
when he nailed his
Ninety-Five Theses to
the door of the
Wittenberg Church.
Martin Luther
 That document contained an attack on papal
abuses and the sale of sins by church
officials.
 Reformation was more important than a
revolt against ecclesiastical abuses.
 He believed it was a fight for the gospel.
 The gospel--the teaching that Christ's own
righteousness is imputed to those who
believe, and on that ground alone, they are
accepted by God.
Martin Luther: Educational Theory
 Universal literacy (Translated Bible into
German)
 Vocational education: religious, political, &
economic
 Parents needed to cultivate literacy, religion, &
character
 Vernacular schools taught religion, writing,
arithmetic, music, & gymnastics.
 State officials supervised elementary,
secondary, & colleges.
John Calvin (1509 – 1564)
 Calvinism is a
system of Christian
theology and an
approach to
Christian life and
thought within the
Protestant tradition
articulated by John
Calvin, a Protestant
Reformer in the 16th
century.
Calvinism
 Calvin's system of theology and Christian life
forms the basis of the Reformed tradition, a
term roughly equivalent to Calvinism.
 God chose numerous people for eternal
salvation.
 People are innately corrupt (Adam & Eve)
 Disciplining children (corporal punishment)
 Old Deluder Satan Act
Calvinist Schools
 Dual track school system
 Vernacular schools taught catechism,
reading, writing, arithmetic, & history
 Classical Latin grammar schools prepared
ministers, lawyers, & future leaders (Latin,
Greek Hebrew)
 Once children were nurtured in the right
values & Christian duties, then they were
ready for more formal schooling.
Anglican Reformation
 Adopted a laissez-faire educational policy
 Upper class students attended humanist
schools and received a classical education.
 Academic freedom was affected-Thirty-Nine
Articles of the Anglican faith.
 Act of Supremacy of 1562-required teachers
to swear an oath.
Saint Ignatius of Loyola
 Inigo Lopez de Loyola, who later
took the name Ignatius, was the
youngest son of a nobleman of
the mountainous Basque region
of northern Spain.
 Trained in the courtly manner of
the time of King Ferdinand.
(Virgin Mary-chivalry devotion)
 Graduated from University of
Paris
Society of Jesus 1540
 Ignatius and a small band of friends extended
prayer and meditation according to his
Spiritual Exercises.
 The first Jesuits were ordained to the Catholic
priesthood in Venice and offered themselves
in service to Pope Paul III.
 Ignatius was elected General Superior and
served in that post until his death in 1556 at
the age of 65.
Jesuit Method
 Stressed classroom management.
 Lesson Plan Cycle:
 Praelectio
=introduction
 Repetitio =repetition of subject matter
 Exercitatio =written exercise
 Concertatio =oral & public exam
(contest)
 Argumentum scribendi =elaborate on
classical themes
Enlightenment
 Intellectual movement: 1600 to 1789


Age of Reason
French Revolution
 “Philosophes” were major group



Rejected the Calvinist & Catholic view
Thought the fewer rules, the better
Humanity’s Natural Goodness
Characteristics
 Attacked superstition, ignorance, and
acceptance of authority
 Scientific Method
 Demolished old ideas


Looked @ the world Scientifically
Natural Laws (Newton)
 View of man changed (We’re not all the
same?
Further Changes
 Art became more refined
 Fluid oratory was replaced w/ clarity
 Religion



Suspicious
Impressed w/ scientific findings
Deism
Education
 Schools resisted philosophes’ ideas
 Education was classical humanism (rigid
discipline and authoritarian)


Students thought sinful, arrogant & indifferent
Schoolmasters
 Controlled by religious denominations
 Schools
 Elementary
 Secondary
 Higher Education
New Ideas in Education
 Increased emphasis on the sciences:
Physics, Chemistry and Biology
 Art became more refined
 Fluid oratory replaced by simple clarity
 Built around Child’s Natural Development
(Emotional, Physical, and Intellectual)

John Locke (Tabula Rasa)


Educated Citizens
Jean Jacques Rousseau

Emile
John Locke
www.herodote.net/Images/Locke.jpg
www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s38.1.jpg
Jean Jacques Rousseau
http://newschool.edu/het/profiles/image/Rouss
eau.gif
www.leeds.ac.uk/library/adopt-a-book/pies.jpg
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
 Children are naturally good
 People develop through various stages

As a result education must be individualized
 Mental activity is a direct development of
bodily activity
 Educators should control the educational
environment
 People should reason their way through their
own conclusions (Discovery Learning Today)
Rousseau’s Five Stages of
Development
 Stage 1: Infancy (birth to two years)
 Stage 2: ‘The age of Nature’ (two to 12)
 Stage 3: Pre-adolescence (12-15)
 Stage 4: Puberty (15-20)
 Stage 5: Adulthood (20-25)
Mathematics in Enlightenment
 Use of Arabic numbers
 Francois Vieta introduced math symbols
 Calculus was introduced for tabulating the
motions of planets
 Galileo Galilei
 Isaac Newton
Inventions of Enlightenment
 Telescope
 Microscope
 Pendulum Clock
 Thermometer
Deism
 Deist is defined as: “One who believes in the
existence of a God or supreme being but
denies revealed religion, based on the light of
nature and reason.”
 People became suspicious of religion
 Impressed by findings in science
Other Prominent Philosophers
 Thomas Paine
 Voltaire
 David Hume
 Immanuel Kant
Resources
www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment
www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Lo
cke.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum_clock
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelescope.
htm
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blthermomet
er.htm?once=true&
http://members.tripod.com/~mr_sedivy/enlite.html