Introduction to
Latin America
Colonial and
Modern Era
Pre-Colonialism
Similar to the Romans and
the Greeks prior to
Christianity.
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Religion
– Polytheistic
– Vengeful gods controlled
prosperity
– Human sacrifices
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Economy
– Hunter-gatherers
– Semi-nomadic
– Sophisticated agricultural
developments
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Society
– Tribal
– Male dominated
– Sophisticated writing systems
Conquest &
Colonialism
In this picture, Cortes is being
treated like a god
• Aztec and Incan
empires quickly
defeated by a few
hundred Spanish
• Why??
• Spanish had guns &
horses
• Indigenous peoples
had no immunity to
European diseases
like smallpox
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More on this later
Triangular Trade
Columbian Exchange
Latin American
Colonies
Mexico:
A case study of Colonial Latin America
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Early contact and conquest: Fernando Cortes: cleric sent with
Velasquez to explore and conquer Cuba in 1511.
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Cortes conflicted with Cuban commanders and decided to break off on
a separate expedition to the Yucatan. Arrived in Mexico in 1519 and
established La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz (modern day Veracruz)
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Aided by local missionaries and Dona Marina- an indigenous maiden
who was sold to the Spaniards and became Cortes’ mistress.
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Facing mutiny, Cortes destroyed his own ships to avoid “retreat” and
ruled the men with an iron grip.
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Cortes was determined to die or conquer Mexicala and Montezuma to
avoid charges of treason by the Cuban General.
Contact with the Mexicans
Conquistadores early
successes
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Montezuma believed that the white
men were deities (gods)
The Indians believed the white men
and their horses were invincible.
Cortes used large war dogs (mastiffs
and greyhounds) as weapons
Spaniards had guns and advanced
weaponry.
Cortes manipulated regional rivalries
and warring factions to divide the
natives.
Massacre of Cholula: Cortes attacked
and slaughtered 6000 Cholulan
warriors.
Demonstrated strength, but
established a bloody reputation
Montezuma
Psychological and Physical warfare
Hernan (Fernando) Cortes
Superstition, Technology, Tactics
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Cortes marched on the Tenochtitlan, the
capital center of Culhua-Mexica and
Montezuma peacefully
During Noche Triste (Sad Night), a rebellion
against Cortes, Montezuma was killed under
suspicious circumstances.
Full scale attack against Cortes who is
forced to retreat from the city.
Aztecs replace Montezuma with his nephew
Cuitlahuac. Aztec fear of the Spaniards
broken.
Introduction of biological warfare: Small pox
One of the Spanish soldiers had small pox
and it infected the Indian population creating
a mini plague, killing tens of thousands,
including the new Emperor.
After months of fighting, Cortes decided to
level the city, Cortes cut off supplies and
Tenochtitlan fell on 8/13/1521.
New Spain
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Establishment of encomiendas: lands granted to the soldiers as
“payment”; the encomendero received tribute and free labor from the
Indians on the land in exchange for protection and care. *(feudal
system)
Ineffective because the encomenderos treated the Indians as slaves;
many Indians died of mistreatment and disease; and often
encomiendas failed.
Political espionage, rivalries, and conflict with the Spanish crown
Establishment of Spanish Councils to oversee “Indies” affairs corrupt;
separated from Spanish crown
Expanding conquests into West Mexico and Latin America in search of
fabled cities
Revolts by Indian populations against Spanish domination
Establishment of a government in Spain under viceroy (vice king)- Don
Antonio de Mendoza created stability and a checks and balances
New Laws of 1542-1543
Viceroy Antonio Mendoza
Bartolome De Las Casas
Freedom to the natives, established Indian towns (impoverished)
Restrictions to the encomienda system- Indian rights
Conversion of Indians to Christianity
Established a layered form of government
Emergence of the criollos (Mexican born Spaniard elites)
Social Pyramid
Life in New Spain for 300 years
Society
Racial dominance
– Spaniards (Peninsulares)
– Criollos
– Indians
– Blacks (imported slaves)
– Free blacks
• (manumitted, or
• purchased)
Miscegenation– Castas
– Mestizos (Spanish Indian)
• Euromestizo-- Criollo
• Indomestizo-- Mestizo
• Afromestizo– Mulatto or
Zambo
Women and Family
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Patriarchal, machismo
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Women could inherit in the absence
of a male heir
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Pre-arranged marriages
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Maintenance of family, extended
families
Education
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Used to Hispanicize natives
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Church education (basic literacy)
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Crown universities (Bureaucracy)
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Citizenship and republicanism
Religion
• Secular clergy
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Priests who served under
Bishops
• Regular clergy: missionaries
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Franciscans
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Dominicans
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Augustinians
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Jesuits
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Missions and monasteries
established throughout Mexico
(California, New Mexico, Arizona)
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Often advocated for better
treatment for the Indians:
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Idolatry, Saint Worship, Virgin of
Guadalupe
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Church gained supreme authority
over Mexico over time.
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Corruption, political,
economic manipulation
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Inquisition
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Forced conversion
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(indians and Jews)
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Moral inquisitions
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Censorship
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Prosecution of witchcraft
and magic (voodoo)
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Checked political dissidence
Economy
Mercantilism- Export of raw
resources to the crown
– Import goods
– Textiles- cotton cloths
– Artisians crafts
Mining
– (silver of Zacatecas and
Guanajuanto)
Self-contained encomiendas
– Wage labor/debt peonage
– repartimiento
– Imported slavery
Ranches and cattle
– Chicken
– Pigs
– Sheep
Export Farming/share cropping
– Cochineal (insects on cactus)
– Corn
– Wheat
– Indigo plants
– Sugar
– Cacao and Vanilla
– henequin
Threat to New Spain:
French, Dutch, and English explorers were expanding into New
Spain territory (near modern Southern United States) forcing New
Spain to confront both indigenous revolts and encroachment
“If there is victory in overcoming the enemy, there is a greater
victory when a man overcomes himself.”– Jose De San Martin
• Enlightenment Philosophy: What is it?
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John Locke
Montesquie
Rousseau
Voltaire
Thomas Paine
Adam Smith
Simon Bolivar
Jose De San Martin
Miguel Hidalgo
Bourbon Reforms and Reactions
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Controversy over the Spanish throne at the turn of the 18 th century led to instability in Spain, Europe, and
the colonies for 50 years.
Re-stabilization under Charles III led to restructuring of colonial law:
Sweeping political reforms to rejuvenate the economy and protection of the colonial frontiers from foreign
encroachment.
– (Britain, France, US, Native populations)
– Seven Years War
– Creation of a colonial army
Industrialization:
– advanced technology in the silver mines and advanced agricultural development
– Architectural and infrastructure development of Churches, schools, government buildings
– building of city centers with street lighting,
– Development of railroads, paved roads and public transportation in urban centers
– Neglect of rural areas led to village riots and rural conflicts
Enlightened reforms:
– crown revenues and taxation increased– hardest hit to the indigenous who were extorted for more
money, product to cover tax increases
– Europeanization of urban centers – cosmopolitan (Frenchified)
– Promotion of the arts and enlightened ideals
– Revolutions raised awareness of social injustices and precariousness of the elite
Church reform– Jesuits vs. the Crown:
– 1767- expulsion of all Jesuits and confiscation of all Jesuit property–
– Violent protests by Criollos and Indians who were educated and supported by Jesuit Churches.
– Reforms of local celebrations and public ritual limited and reformed. Church confiscation of land,
tithes
Encouraged emigration of Peninsulares to New Spain with the promise of land, wealth taken from the
church and used as payment (at the expense of Criollos, etc.)
"I swear before you; I swear on the God of my parents; I swear on them; I swear on my honor and I swear on my
country that I shall not give rest to my arm nor respite to my soul until I have broken the chains that oppress us
by the will of the Spanish power. ” --Simon Bolivar
Early Independence:
•American & French Revolutions inspire colonists
to revolt against Spain & Portugal
•Haitian Revolution
•Mexican Revolution of 1810– Rise of the Criollos
•Gran Colombia
•Brazil: American Royalty
200-1300
1500
Conquest
1800
Independence
Independence and New Nations
Research!
1. Describe Mexico’s War of Independence.
2. Evaluate the success of Mexico’s independence
movement of 1810.
3. To what extent was this movement a revolution?
Justify your responses and build a historiography.
Product requirements:
•
Group IA presentation
– Must have a minimum of 5 sources, including the two chapters I have given
you. Sources must be cited and presented during reports.
– Groups may have no more than four people– choose your groups wisely
– Must include visual: I don’t care what this is, but keep this simple and
professional
– All group members must present and demonstrate mastery. Grade is
dependent on group performance. Anyone who fails to present will not
receive the group grade.
– Presentations should be approximately 10-15 minutes in length.
– Presentations begin _______________:
• Failure to present on time will result in a failed grade for the group.
• (no exceptions so check your stuff prior to the presentation)
– Take notes and prepare for individual paper.
• Repetition and redundancy of facts is to be expected but your group
should be able to take a stand on issues and defend them.
• Individual response should be an extended essay (not an IA);
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750-1000 words in lengthformal presentation (cite your sources)
Due _____________________.
Papers should include information from the group IA’s
Consequences of Independence Movement
Rise of the Modern State in Latin America: Mexico
Geography
Nativism and Nationalism
Constitutions
Civil Wars: war heroes and
authoritarian regimes
Foreign intervention
Republic versus Monarchy
Federalism versus Centralism
Early Mexican Republicanism
Constitution of 1824
Federalists
Centralists
• 19 States and 4 territories
• Separation of powers:
executive, legislative, judicial
branches
• Bicameral legislation
– Senate: 2 senators
– Chamber of Deputies: 1
representative for 80,000
people
• President and VP elected by
state legislatures with 4 year
term limit
• Church remained dominant
over spiritual life: retained
power and no religious
toleration
• Presidential powers in times of
Emergency (crisis to ensue)
• Protected military and religious
fueros (special courts (similar
to our military tribunal)
• Resisted tax increases (did not
support Federalist spending)
Military coup’s undermined the stability of Mexico’s Republic
Spain attacked and tried to
recolonize Mexico by invading
Tampico.
Emergency powers granted to
Guerrero. Santa Anna sent to stop
them. Santa Anna eventually won.
Guerrero refused to relinquish his
emergency powers.
VP Bustamante overthrows
Guerrero– establishes a
dictatorship.
Executed Guerrero as a traitor (4
out of 5 Independence heroes were
now executed)… Mexico loses
confidence in government
Santa Anna was becoming a war
hero National statesman
• Santa Anna overthrows Bustamante and
is elected President in 1833.
• Centralist- Republican supporter; fought
against previous insurrections including
Hidalgo, Iturbide, Tampico (Spain), and
Bustamante
• Championed as the Hero of Mexico
(really just a military man who fought
where he was told to fight).
• Retired to his estate and left the
government in the hands of VP
Gomez Farias (liberal)
• Reforms against military and church
autonomy
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Abolished fueros
Secularized education
Illegalized tithes and
Secularized the funds of monastaries and
missions
Constitution of 1836: (Siete Leyes)
Santa Anna rises again!
•Overthrows Gomez Farias and
establishes a conservative 2nd
Presidency.
•Reverses the Gomez Farias initiatiives.
1.
The 15 articles of the first law granted citizenship to those who could read and
had an annual income of 100 pesos, except for domestic workers, who did not
have the right to vote.
2.
The second law allowed the President to close Congress and suppress
the Mexican Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. Military officers were not
allowed to assume this office.
3.
The 58 articles of the third law established a bicameral Congress of Deputies and
Senators, elected by governmental organs. Deputies had four-year terms;
Senators were elected for six years.
4.
The 34 articles of the fourth law specified that the Supreme Court, the Senate of
Mexico, and the Meeting of Ministers each nominate three candidates, and the
lower house of the legislature would select from those nine candidates the
President and Vice-president,
5.
The fifth law had an 11-member Supreme Court elected in the same manner as
the President and Vice-President.
6.
The 31 articles of the sixth Law replaced the federal republic's "states" with
centralized "departments", fashioned after the French model, whose governors
and legislators were designated by the President.
7.
The seventh law prohibited reverting to the pre-reform laws for six years
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In addition to these primary reforms: the presidency was
extended to an 8 year term.
In addition to a voting fee, officers of the government had
a minimum annual salary requirement.
Republican states were reorganized into military territories
controlled by political bosses picked by the President.
•Centralist/Conservative regime
•Created a new conservative constitution
in 1836 (Siete Leyes)
•What is the greatest controversy
of the new Constitution?
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Foreign affairs and intervention
• France (Pastry War) 1838
• Property of foreign nationals submitted claims to their own
government for compensation from the Mexican government
• France demanded $600,000 in compensation
• The Mexican government was unstable and could not address
these complaints
• France sent a military fleet and established a blockade in
Veracruz
• Mexico agreed to pay $600,000- France raised total to $800,000
(expenses of the blockade)- Mexico refused to pay new amount
• Santa Anna personally led troops against the French in
Veracruz
• Santa Anna injured and leg is amputated
• Mexican victory but expensive for Mexican society
• The French were not finished and would return in about 30
years.
Santa Anna’s Leg
• Santa Anna ordered that his amputated
leg be mummified and transported to
Mexico City in a Presidential
procession.
• His leg was celebrated by all levels of
the government and military
• Leg placed in a special urn and set utop
a stone pillar where it was left as a
shrine to Santa Anna.
Mexican American War and
the loss of Texas
• Group IA:
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Mexico’s justification for the war
United States justification for the war
Lone Star Republic:
Santa Anna: Mexican hero… discuss
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico’s reaction to the results of the war
United States reaction to the results of the war
Product requirements:
•
Group IA presentation
– Must have a minimum of 5 sources, including the one chapter I have given
you. Sources must be cited and presented during reports.
– Groups may have no more than four people– choose your groups wisely
– Must include visual: I don’t care what this is, but keep this simple and
professional
– All group members must present and demonstrate mastery. Grade is
dependent on group performance. Anyone who fails to present will not
receive the group grade.
– Presentations should be approximately 15-20 minutes in length.
– Presentations begin ______________________:
• Failure to present on time will result in a failed grade for the group.
• (no exceptions so check your stuff prior to the presentation)
• take notes and prepare for individual paper.
• Repetition and redundancy of facts is to be expected but your group
should be able to take a stand on issues and defend them.
• No individual paper is required at this time.
Revolution of Ayutla
and the Mexican
Constitution of 1857
New revolutionary Mexican leaders
including:
• Juan Alvarez, a revolutionary
intellectual and
• Benito Juarez; a Zapotec
Indian who rose from poverty
and became a national symbol
for the native Mexicans
Plan de Ayutla: liberal reform
Ley Juarez: broke Church jurisdiction by
abolishing fueros (military and church
courts)
Ley Lerdo: nationalized land not
specifically being used for religious or
production purposes
Ley Iglesias: civil registry of births,
deaths, and marriages
Constitution of 1857
1. Religious issue: did not establish the
Catholic Church as the state religion
opening the door for religious freedoms
2. First genuine bill of inalienable rights in
first 34 Articles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Equality before the law
Freedom of Speech, petition, assembly,
education
Abolished slavery
Abolished “compulsory service”
Abolished titles of nobility and eradicated any
form of aristocracy
Right to bear arms
Established habeas corpus (right to legal
protection and a trial to determine guilt and
incarceration).
3. Leys were included in Constitution
The Catholic Church
Obstacle to progress or path to
freedom?
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Colonial Institution survived Independence
movements
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Church took advantage of nationalization
movements and amassed riches from the
Creole and Peninsular elite- tribute, estates
willed, tithes
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By the 1800’s, Church controlled 50-80% of the
land in most Latin areas
Priests were very prestigious and were able to
influence the masses in political decisions
forcing the creole and the peninsulars to
support the church.
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The Church also dominated educational
organizations.
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The masses had more direct contact with the
Church than with the government so the
Church influenced the ideals of the people.
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Pope encouraged support of European
monarchs; refused to support local government
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Issued papal decree against Mexican liberal
government
Swear allegiance to
the Constitution
Swear allegiance to
the Catholic Church
Excommunicated
Traitors to the nation
Considered heretics
Civil servants lost
jobs
Soldiers not treated
in Catholic hospitals
Teachers suspended
from universities
Not given their final
rites by the Church
Not allowed to attend
public educational
institutions
Priests were
suspended from the
Order by the Pope
The War of the Reform:
Mexican Civil War of 1858-1861
(What is ironic about these dates?)
Eventually the Liberals
won the Civil War
Did the reforms work?
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Domination of Latin American markets by
Foreign countries
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Chronic political instability rewarded civil
positions to untrained
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Lack of infrastructural development in rural
areas
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National treasuries empty
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Abolition of slavery and Indian tributes
leads to debt peonage and
apprenticeships
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Domination by local families within
governments based on land voting
requirements
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Aristo class remained dominant and
adopted European influences
Economic Stagnation
Reaction of the masses to Church conflict
Foreign trade agreements with the elite,
lack of investments in corporate
development
Exploitation of indigenous and mestizo in
monocrop systems
Mining and manufacturing declined
Development of large Hacendados
Mexico: Sanchez Navarro Family
Argentina: Anchorena Family
Rise of Modern States in
Latin America 1850-1890
Long term effects of
Caudillos
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Political Stability and cooperation
between upper classes and church
Foreign investments in property,
agriculture, mining, infrastructure
Industrialization
Urbanization
Modernization
Centralization of governments and
society including civil marriage,
secular education, open religion.
Economic prosperity for investors and
the elites
What types of economic growth
occurred and who benefited from it?
Modern Map of
Latin America
Caudillos and Gauchos
Caudillo: military leaders supported
by rural elite, the Church, and the
army. Militia generals.
Folk Caudillo: rare; guardian of
traditions placed the needs of the
masses over the desires of the
aristo classes.
Charismatic generals who could
sway the masses and assert
authority over a region.
Gauchos: (charro) Cowboys and
rural landworkers. Ranchers;
symbolic of national pride;
hardworking man of the land.
Development of bandits and
stealing from the rich to help the
poor.
The gaucho became a symbol of national identities for
independent countries that had been previously missing.
What is the Message?
Foreign intervention still a problem
• English, French, and Spanish debts were called in and Juarez
issued a moratorium (no payment for 2 years)
• Joint occupation of the Mexican coasts to seize custom house
receipts towards debts.
• France returns under Napoleon III, ignores Spain and Britain
and occupies Mexico- attacks Mexican forces at Puebla
• General Porfirio Diaz and General Zaragoza repelled the
French… date?
• Ironically, the French returned and eventually conquered
Puebla, then Mexico City
• New monarchy established under Maximilian
– Offends all levels of Mexican society
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Conservatives
Liberals
Church
The Masses
U.S. Involvement to the French Intervention
• Juarez and Diaz turned to the United States
for help against French
– Lincoln justified help based on the Monroe
Doctrine of 1823.
• What was the Monroe Doctrine?
• U.S. soldiers and arms went to Juaristas
– Otto van Bismarck threatens French borders
forces French to withdraw troops; abandon
Maximilian
– Pope Pius IX refused to intervene because
Maximilian had hurt papal relations
– Maximilian defeated and executed by the Juarista
regime that was restored to power.
Results of the French Intervention:
Emergence of a Modern Mexico
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Mexican nationalism grew
International recognition of Mexican sovereignty established
Republican victory and vindication of the Constitution of 1857
Weakening of the Church
Mexico bankrupt, focused on economic reforms and
development of infra-structure
• Displaced citizens required social reforms; including educational
reform and Positivism
• Porfirio Diaz tried twice to overthrow democratically elected
governments. Failed against Juarez. Succeeded against Lerdo
in 1867.
• Diaz declared himself dictator: is this a bad thing?
Europe out of Latin America? Not really!
Urbanization, Industrialization, Modernization
at all costs
• European influence sweeps through Latin America:
• Intellectual trends in the Arts focused on Europe and ignored
Latin American artists/writers
• Positivism, Progressivism, and neo-enlightenment
• Urban developments and architecture based on European
designs
• Capitalism and development of “classes”
• Desire for U.S. and European products
• Development of cientificos based on European education
• Urban progress and economic reformations despite effects on
the masses, lead to more popular protests, instability, and
banditry as a form of social protests
United States as a major world power and
foreign intervention in Latin America
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine
• Reinforced the Monroe Doctrine (stagnant)
and promised U.S. intervention against any
European country that pressed claims in the
Western hemisphere.
• Response to the Venezuelan crisis of1902
(Drago Doctrine, Cleveland’s response to
Congress)
“Big Stick Diplomacy”
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
Theodore Roosevelt
[Roosevelt] essentially turns the Monroe Doctrine on its head and says the
Europeans should stay out, but the United States has the right, under the
doctrine, to go in in order to exercise police power to keep the Europeans
out. It's a very neat twist on the Monroe Doctrine, and, of course, it
becomes very, very important because over the next 15 to 20 years, the
United States will move into Latin America about a dozen times with
military force, to the point where the United States Marines become known
in the area as "State Department troops" because they are always moving
in to protect State Department interests and State Department policy in the
Caribbean. So what Roosevelt does here, by redefining the Monroe
Doctrine, turns out to be very historic, and it leads the United States into a
period of confrontation with peoples in the Caribbean and Central America,
that was a really important part of American imperialism.
•Walter LeFeber, American Historian
The Cuban “Melodrama”
A case study U.S. justification for entering a war
The Spanish-American War: 1898
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
Remember the Maine!
To Hell with Spain!
Cuban “Independence?”
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
What the US Fought For
Objective: To examine the construction of the Panama
Canal.
Panama and the Panama Canal region
Introduced as early as 1513 by Balboa
Panama Canal
• France, led by engineer
Ferdinand de Lesseps,
began construction on the
canal in 1881.
• About $287,000,000 had
been spent and 20,000 men
had died before the French
withdrew from the project
in 1889.
•Malaria, flooding,
uncontrolled jungle, yellow
fever
Ferdinand de Lesseps
• President Theodore Roosevelt
stated in a speech about the
Panama Canal, "No single great
material work which remains to be
undertaken on this continent is as
of such consequence to the
American people.“
•Roosevelt was frustrated because
war ships were stuck in the Pacific
(Oregon took 67 days to get from
San Francisco to Cuba)
•Proposed the completion of the
project. Purchased the canal from
France for $40 million
Colombia, 1822
Colombia
refused to
grant the
U.S.
permission
to complete
the canal
project.
• Therefore, the U.S. encouraged the
Panamanian people to revolt against
Colombia.
•Colombian soldiers were bribed to lay
down arms ($50US).
•U.S. warships parked off the coast of
Panama to show support for the
Panamanian Revolution.
(early version of gun boat diplomacy
that would be used later)
•Before the revolt ended, U.S. had
already written the Panama Constitution
and had created a national flag.
• On November 3, 1903, Panama declared their independence
from Colombia and allowed the U.S. to build the canal.
U.S. paid Panama $10m for rights to continue the canal.
•Initially, U.S. faced same issues as
French crews until John Stevens was
assigned to oversee the Panama
project.
•Changed the design of the canal to a
lock system to avoid flooding issues.
•U.S. workers first sprayed tons of
insecticide across Panama in order to
destroy the mosquito eggs in an
attempt to limit cases of malaria and
yellow fever.
•Stevens established basic sanitation
expectations and helped build local
towns.
Animation:
How the
Panama
Canal
Works
Panama
Canal
Timelapse
1905 fumigation car eradicating the mosquitoes - Panama City
The canal was completed in
August 15, 1914.
Overshadowed by the
developments in WWI.
United States controlled the
Panama Canal (international
travel in the Western
hemisphere) until turned
over to the Panamanians in
1999
The Panama Canal – Live Cameras
Theodore Roosevelt at
the construction site of
the Panama Canal.
Roosevelt Corollary and
Dollar Diplomacy
• Nicaragua threatened to nationalize lands controlled by U.S.
companies.
• Threat of European sanctions and blockades justified U.S.
intervention
• Supported plan to overthrow President Zeyela that eventually
led to the establishment of dictator Somoza regime.
• Sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua to control population and train
Nicaraguan National Guard (Dollar Diplomacy)
• Dollar diplomacy was also extended to U.S. involvement and
relationships in China.
• Despite Somoza’s obviously corrupt government, the U.S. would
help him stay in power until he was overthrown by revolution in
1961.
• The United States would remain involved in Nicaraguan affairs,
claiming protection from encroaching communist movements
until 1990, including supporting drug lord Manuel Noriega.
United States under fire:
• Excessive European involvement in Haiti prompted the United
States to justify occupation of Haiti using Dollar Diplomacy and the
Roosevelt Corollary as justification.
• United States assumed key roles in Haitian government and
controlled Haitian economy to benefit the United States.
• United States was criticized for Imperialistic actions in Latin America
during the Pan American Conference.
• United States agreed to begin withdrawal of occupation of Latin
American countries.
• Supported Latin American dictators including Papa Doc and Baby
Doc of Haiti, Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic and other
brutal conservative dictators who were willing to promote U.S.
interests and curb communist expansion.
• Haiti receives economic aid and support from the United States now.
Good Neighbor Policy