Period 1 Review
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Period I Review: 6,000 BCE – 600 BCE AP World History Key Terms & Concepts: Period I Hunting-foraging bands/huntinggathering bands China Pastoralism Polytheism Urbanization Monotheism Neolithic Revolution/Agricult Early Empires ural Revolution Babylonians River Valley Civilizations Animism Assyrians Egypt Hammurabi’s Code Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley Nubia Peopling the Earth The Paleolithic or Old Stone Age ear (c. 250,000 BCE – c. 8,000 BCE) Archaeological evidence indicates that early humans migrated from Africa to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas Small, hunting-foraging bands Groups usually kinship groups – family connections Peopling the Earth Humans learned to use tools made from stone & wood Spear, bow & arrow, club, & the stone axe Paintings on cave walls from about 17,000 years ago in France show people hunting with these types of tools Peopling the Earth Archaeological evidence indicates that religions were usually animistic – they attributed sacred powers to events in nature Ceremonial burials indicate that the dead in this era weren’t just left to wild animals Carefully placed in graves with flowers & other objects Small statues of deities made from stone & clay Peopling the Earth Trade of goods & technology occurred between bands of hunter-foragers. During encounters, they exchanged weapon- and toolmaking technology and possibly religious beliefs TEST TAKING TIP: It is important that you understand the geography of the peopling of the Earth, so be sure to study maps that show the migrations of early humans in this era. Peopling the Earth The Neolithic Revolution AKA The Agricultural Revolution About 8,000 BCE humans began to plant crops in areas with rich soil & abundant water – usually near river valleys SW Asia – Mesopotamia (“between the rivers”): people began planting seeds & harvesting crops instead of constantly roaming Consequence: people begin to settle, civilizations form Other locations: Nile River in North Africa (Egypt), the Yellow (Huang) River Valley in East Asia, & the Indus River Valley in South Asia, Mesoamerica (southern Mexico), & the Andes The Neolithic Revolution Note that the Neo. Revolution did not occur globally and concurrently, meaning that people didn’t start planting crops all over the world at exactly the same time. Agriculture developed in China about 2,000 years after Mesopotamia. In the Andes & Mesoamerica, agriculture occurred in about the year 2500 BCE. TEST TAKING TIP: This divergence of dates is example of the difficulties historians have in assigning periods in world history. Thus, the writers of the AP World History exam expect you to understand the concept of periodization. The Neolithic Revolution Animals were domesticated during this period as well. Humans tamed wild animals & used them for protection, food, & to help hunt. In the Americas, horses didn’t exist until Europeans brought them during the late 15th-century. However, in S. America the Chavin in the Andes domesticated llamas & alpacas. Because of closer contact with animals, diseases were increasingly transferred between humans & animals. The Neolithic Revolution Technological developments increased food production Wooden plows, wheels, sickles, traps, clay pots, & large woven baskets allowed for more efficient planting & harvesting of food Consequence: more food available leads to an increase in population growth Irrigation canals bring water from rivers to crops Metallurgy: humans learn how to melt metals like iron, gold, silver, tin, & copper to create cooking utensils Bronze: mixture of tin & copper could hold a sharp edge Iron: hard metal used for weapons & plow tips The Neolithic Revolution Because more food was available, people lived longer & had more children, who had more children…. This increase in population is one factor in the development of the world’s first cities Storing food became an important function – keeping account of how much food was available led to the first writing systems The Neolithic Revolution Societies developed specialization of labor & social structures With the Ag. Revolution’s steady food supply, people tended to stay in one place. Craftspeople build storage facilities for food reserves Warriors protected their food supplies from outside attacks & sometimes attacked other cities to take their food Religious leaders asked their gods to supply good food harvests Scribes kept records of how much food was on hand Kings told them what to do Early Urban Societies Cities with permanent building structures developed out of agricultural settlements. Civilization is a term many historians use to describe societies that have cities. First cities in Mesopotamia & Egypt developed roughly 6,000 years ago Tall buildings of religious importance in Mesopotamia called ziggurats, & in Egypt they were called pyramids Elites (royalty) had palaces built for themselves – monumental structures Kings commissioned statues, carvings on buildings & walls (bas relief), & elaborate tapestries & paintings to decorate palaces Early Urban Societies Cities had both political & religious leaders who usually worked together to maintain social order. Sometimes the same people held both positions because it was difficult to question the authority of a leader who was also a god. To pay for construction of protective city-walls, kings imposed taxes on businesses & individuals. To keep records of stored grain supplies, writing systems developed like cuneiform in Mesopotamia & hieroglyphics in Egypt. Early Urban Societies Legal codes were written & enforced by the courts to maintain order in crowded cities Hammurabi’s Code – Mesopotamia Very harsh punishments punishments differed for women & people of lower social classes Over time, cities that had close proximity to each other, a common language, & common religious beliefs began to united to for early empires. Kings claimed that their authority came from the gods. The Babylonians of Mesopotamia & the Egyptians are examples. Empires were built & expanded by conquering people who lived beyond the borders of the empire. Over the centuries, the patterns of empire-building established in this era were repeated often in every region & time period. Early Urban Societies TEST TAKING TIP: Make sure you are familiar with the political & social features of the following empires – Babylonians, Assyrians, & Sumerians in Mesopotamia Egyptians Shang in China Harappan & Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavin in Andean South American Be sure that you can locate them on a map! Early Urban Societies The first literature emerged in the era of the early civilizations. Written stories explaining the world’s creation & the meaning of life was a common theme. From Mesopotamia, The Epic of Gilgamesh addressed questions about life & death & explored human relationships. The Rig Veda (from the Indus Valley) & the Book of the Dead (from Egypt) sought to explain religious themes such as the origin of the Earth and its peoples as the destiny of humans after this life ends. Early Urban Societies Nonsettled groups – pastoralists – transferred technology, goods, & ideas among settled societies. Pastoralists were nomadic people who herded domesticated animals such as sheep, horses, goats, &/or cattle in central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, & parts of Africa. They did not participate in agriculture. Pastoralists fostered connections between settled areas & were agents of change across long distances, sometimes peacefully, other times through raids designed to take the stored materials found in cities. Early Urban Societies Religions developed in this era carried over into later periods. Hinduism – Indus River Valley – is probably the world’s oldest religions Influenced by Aryan peoples of Central Asia Vedas = religious text One overall god-spirit, but reveals itself to humanity in many forms Most religions from this period polytheistic Two unique monotheistic religions: Judaism & Zoroastrianism Early Urban Societies Social pyramids emerged. Elites, such as rulers & religious leaders, were at the top of the pyramid; craftspeople, merchants, and laborers were in the middle; & slaves were on the bottom. Social & political systems tended to be patriarchal, with men holding power in governments, religions, & families. Women attained political power through marriage or by supervising their young ruling sons. TEST TAKING TIP: The material in this time period is only 5% of the AP World History exam. Period II Review: 600 BCE – 600 CE Organization & Reorganization of Human Societies Key Terms & Concepts: Period II Classical Era Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Christianity Han Empire Mandate of Heaven Mediterranean Civilizations Hellenism Mauryan/Gupta Empires Bantu Migrations The Silk Roads Indian Ocean Trade Network Chinese Fall of Classical Examination System Empires Ancient Greece Roman Republic Roman Empire Period III Review: 600 CE – 1450 CE TITLE Key Terms & Concepts: Period III Trans-Saharan Trade Black Death Islam Mayan States Caliphate Coerced Labor Crusades Feudalism Dar-al Islam Zheng He Diffusion of Religions Genghis Khan Byzantine Empire Tang & Song Dynasties Sinification Mongols Period IV Review: 1450 CE – 1750 CE TITLE Key Terms & Concepts: Period IV Inca Empire European Exploration Columbian Exchange Atlantic World Mercantilism Atlantic Slave Trade Encomienda System Mughal Empire Syncretism in Religions Printing Press Ottoman Empire Period V Review: 1750 CE – 1900 CE TITLE Key Terms & Concepts: Period V Industrialization Meiji Restoration Enlightenment Nineteenth-Century Migrations Capitalism Marxism Nationalism Age of Revolutions Imperialism Social Darwinism Resistance to Western Hegemony Indentured Servitude Open Door Policy “Second” Industrial Revolution Period VI Review: 1900 CE - Present TITLE Key Terms & Concepts: Period VI The World Wars Chinese Revolutions The Great Depression Apartheid Authoritarianism Feminism Communism Globalization Decolonization Historiography Cold War Periodization Partition Multinational or Transnational Corporation Pacific Rim
