http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow0j
H2Eg8v4
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What are the eight characteristics of
living things?
What are the four major
macromolecules?
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1. Made up of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Maintain Homeostasis
4. Metabolism
5. Evolution /Adapt
6. Respond to Stimuli
7. Grow and Develop
8. DNA
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
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Arises by evolutionary change leading
to the present biodiversity we see.
Divided into Three Domains:
1. Bacteria- single celled prokaryotes (no
nucleus)
 2. Archaea- single celled prokaryotes (no
nucleus)
 3. Eukarya- Plants and Animals, complex
organelles and multicellular
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DOMAINS
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Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KINGDOMS
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Eubacteria
Archaea
AnimaliaAnimals
Plantae- Plants
Fungi- Fungus
Protista- animal
like and plant
like
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True bacteria, mostly heterotrophic, live in all
sorts of environments
Largest groups of organisms on Earth
Only a small amount are disease causing
Most have very important roles:
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Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria
Saprophytes- decomposers that break down dead
material.
Symbionts- they have a relationship with other
organisms
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Most recent domain, 1970’s
Live in extreme environments with high
temperatures and some produce methane.
Vast difference in genetic and biochemical
make-up from other bacterium.
Microscopically similar in looks so it is likely
that it has been around for a long time but we
just missed it.
Live in extreme environments
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Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, extremely acidic
or alkaline water, anoxic mud swamps, petroleum
deposits, and the digestive tracts of cows, termites,
and marine life where they produce methane.
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Has a pigment that makes it purple called
bacteriorhodopsin, which also helps it
synthesize ATP.
San Francisco
Bay
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn
20577-hidden-ecologies-salt-ponds-andentombed-marshes.html#.VB97I1eKVEM
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Eukarytotes= have a nucleus, are unicellular and
multicellular
4 Kingdoms
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1. Kingdom Protista: unicellular eukaryotes,
multicellular algae (dinoflagellates, diatoms, etc)
2. Kingdom Plantae: have cells walls, cellulose, and
obtain energy through photosynthesis.
3. Kingdom Fungi: Cell walls are made of chitin, obtain
energy by secreting enzymes and absorb the products
they release.
4. Kingdom Animalia- no cell walls, obtain energy by
ingesting other organisms.
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Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
He came up with a means of naming organisms
that was simple and universal.
Problem- before this people were naming
organisms multiple names that were really long,
and there wasn’t any consistency.
Taxonomy- science of classifying organisms and
assigning each organism a universally accepted
name.
Linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature->
two word naming system
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Genus, species
Always in italics
Genus is capitalized and species lowercased
Ex- Homo sapiens
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Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain!!!!
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Cyto= cell
Iso= Equal
Kary= Kernel
Hyper= Above
Endo= Within
Hypo= Below
Exo= Out of
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First to identify cells by observing
cork from the bark of an oak tree.
1665
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Described living things and
observed them in greater detail.
Called them “animalcules”
1674
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Found that plants are made of
cells
1838
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All living things are made of cells
1839
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Proposed that cells come from preexisting cells
1855
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1. All organisms are made of cells
2.All existing cells come from preexisting cells
3. Cells are the basic unit of life.
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-historyof-cell-theory#watch
 The
way they are shaped
directly relates to their job
or function.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54b
RpbSOgs
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1. Long, thin nerve cells transmit sensory
info from your brain to the rest of your
body.
2. Short, blocky skin cells that cover and
protect the body.
Nerve Cells
http://www.pinterest.com/pin/32088216071181270/
White blood
cell engulfing
a bacteria cell
and spewing
out the
remnants
http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2013
/130815/images/nj7462-367a-i1.0.jpg
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazingand-gruesome-world-under-a-micros1291328130
Inside the
chloroplast of a
plant cell
Eyelashes!
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/view/83877873/
Bacteria on
the tongue
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/
view/83877873/
Artery
and blood
cells
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/
view/83877873/
Clump of
sperm tails in
the testes
http://www.ebaumsworld.com/pictures/
view/83877873/
Staphylococcus
bacteria in the
trachea
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/12
812/enlarge
Liver cell
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/31
0232/enlarge
Lung Cells
http://images.sciencesource.com/preview
/14917208/SQ7335.html
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNP1EA
YLhOs&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emE
GShQ&feature=related
 1.
Prokaryotic
 2. Eukaryotic
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles
 DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm and circular
 Single celled
 Cell Walls
 Evolved 3.5 bya
 Ex- Bacteria or Archaea
Divided into groups based on their need for oxygen:
 Obligate anaerobes- cannot survive in the presence of
oxygen.
 Obligate aerobe- needs oxygen to survive
 Facultative aerobe- can survive whether or not oxygen
is present.
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Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
Pili
Cell
Wall
www.biologyjunction.com
DNA
Ribosomes
Flagella
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Pili- help prokaryotes stick to the surfaces
Flagellum- tail like structure used for movement.
Plasmid- small piece of DNA that replicates
separately from the main chromosome.
DNA- shaped in a loop or circle and is located in
the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm- jellylike substance that surrounds
molecules and organelles in a cell
Cell wall- structural support
Cell membrane- controls the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
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Provide nutrients to humans and animals,
especially in digestion. Bacteria have a symbiotic
relationship called mutualism where both the host
and bacteria benefit. The bacteria has a home and
obtains food from the host while at the same time
the bacteria helps the host by breaking down foods
and helping them absorb nutrients and vitamins.
Important in the ecosystem- some produce oxygen
while others help cycle carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and phosphorus through the environment.
Bioremediation- using living things to break down
pollutants. Some bacteria can digest oil= clean up oil
spills.
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Can attack the cells in tissues.
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Tuberculosis / TB, is caused by a bacteria that
invades the lungs and uses the tissues for nutrients
Can make poisons called toxins
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Blood carries it to other parts of the body.
Food poisoning
E. coli bacteria
on a lettuce leaf
http://io9.com/photos-of-the-amazing-and-gruesome-world-under-amicros-1291328130
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Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease
Chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria
 Work by stopping the cell wall from developing, animal
cells don’t have cell walls, viruses also lack cell walls
 When you take antibiotics it can kill the good bacteria=
illness
 Antibiotic Resistance: Overuse of the antibiotics has
caused certain strains of bacteria to become resistant to
medications, which allows the bacteria to survive and
reproduce and pass the genetics on.
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Has a nucleus with membrane bound
organelles
 Nucleus store the genetic material
and is linear
 Multicellular or unicellular
 Larger, more complex
 Plants and animals
 Evolved 1.5 mya
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* Microscopic in size
* Composed of similar building
blocks
* Cell Membrane
* Cytoplasm
* Have DNA
* Loaded with ribosome's
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Ranges from smallest to largest
Level
Cell
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Function
Example
Tiny organelles that each
have specific functions.
Mitochondria
Basic unit of life.
Plant or Animal Cell
A group of similar cells that
work together.
Muscle Tissue
Organ
Collection of tissues joined
together
Lungs
Organ
System
Organism
Collection of organs that
work together for a similar
goal.
Respiratory System
A living thing
Human
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Defined- Process where a generic
cell develops into a specific type of
cell.
Example-> zygote -> embryo
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Allows germ cells, stem cells, and
somatic cells to develop and mature.
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Crucial for embryonic development,
plays a role in the functioning of
many organisms throughout their
lives.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAB
KB5aS2Zg&feature=related
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Description- Thin covering, protects cells, made up
of two layers- hydrophobic fatty acid tails and
hydrophilic glycerol / phosphate heads
Function- Controls the passage into and out of the
cell, semi-permeable= some things come in and some
things go out.
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Description- Jellylike substance
throughout the cell
Function- Cushions organelles,
transports proteins, nucleic acids,
minerals, and ions
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Description- Network of
proteins that is constantly
changing to meet the needs of a
cell.
Function- Protects, structural
support and shape
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1. Microtubules= long hollow tubes. Give
cells its shape and acts as “tracks” for
organelle movement.
2. Intermediate filaments- give a cell its
strength
3. Microfilaments- tiny threads that allow
the cell to move and divide. Help the
muscle contract and relax.
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Description- Plants
only, made up of
cellulose, rigid, tough
Function- Protects,
supports, and shapes
the cell.
Process- Turgor
Pressure
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Description- Fluid
filled sacs
Function- Full of
water, nutrients,
and waste that is on
its way out.
Process- Storage
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Description- Large fluid filled sac in
plants only
Function- Used for storage of materials
needed by the cell such as water, food,
enzymes, and inorganic molecules.
Process- Storage
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Description- Plants only, green
structure with chlorophyll
Function- Carry out photosynthesis
by capturing and converting solar
energy.
Process- Photosynthesis
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Description-Small sacs that divide some materials
from the cytoplasm
Function- transport materials from place to place
in a cell through the cytoplasm
Process- Exocytosis and Endocytosis
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Description- In the nucleus, made of DNA and
protein, contains genes
Function- To package DNA into a smaller
volume so that it can fit into a cell.
Process- Cell Division
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Description- Dense, ball
shaped structure,
contains DNA,
Storehouse of the DNA
Function- Protein
synthesis occurs here,
control center of the cell
Process-Processes DNA
and Protein Synthesis
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Description- Dense region in the middle of the
nucleus, dark ball
Function- Ribosome's are made here
Process- Protein Synthesis
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Description- Double membrane around the nucleus
Function- Protects the nucleus and has pores
around it for molecules to pass in and out
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Description- little holes around the membrane
of the nucleus
Function- Allows things to move in and out of
the nucleus.
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Description- No ribosomes, Lots of folds, inner membrane=
lumen
Functions- Makes proteins and lipids, controls calcium levels
in muscles, breaks down drugs and alcohol
Process- Detoxification, Synthesis of Carbs and Lipids
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Description- Covered in ribosomes and attached
to the nucleus
Function- Produces, transports enzymes and
proteins throughout the cell.
Process- Processing Proteins
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Description- tiny little balls
throughout the cell.
Function- Makes proteins and
RNA, tiny balls that link amino
acids together to form proteins,
site of protein synthesis
Process- Protein Synthesis
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Description- Small region of cytoplasm that
produces microtubules, contains centrioles.
Function- During mitosis this divides and the two
parts move to opposite sides of the cell.
Process- Cell Division
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Description- Small bags with tubes connecting them and
contains enzymes
Function- Processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins
and carbohydrates into vesicles for export out of the cell.
Process- Processes Proteins
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Description- kidney bean shaped organelle
Function- Supplies energy to the cell, converts
food into energy (glucose into ATP), have their
own ribosomes and DNA
Process- Cellular Respiration
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Description- small cylinders
Function- Helps divide DNA during cell division
Process- Mitosis / Meiosis
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Description- Small, round structures that contain
enzymes
Function- Contains digestive enzymes, nutrients
and old cells are broken down and digested, and
defend a cell from invading bacteria and viruses.
Process- Digestion, Phagocytosis
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Description- flagella = tail-like, cilia= hair-like
Function- Help the cell move
Process- Movement
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP7xAr2
FDFU&feature=related
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.h
tm