Motivation
Reported by: Joves, Jhen Marey T.
I AB-Psychology
Motivation is defined as the
process that initiates, guides,
and maintains goal-oriented
behaviors.
Every human behavior is
caused by motivation. It is the
driving force of human
behavior. People think, feel,
and act differently. Their
behaviors are influenced by the
kind of motivation they posses.
Nature and Meaning
of Motivation
The term motivation is derived from the
word motive. Motive in Latin means
movere or motivum which means to move.
We move differently in attaining goal. The
same goal may be pursued for different
reasons, or that different goals may be
for pursued for the same reason. We use
the concept motivation to explain all the
aspects of behavior.
Component of
Motivation
There are four
components of motives:
need, drive, response and
goal.
 A need is a lack or
deficit within a person.
It is either Physiological
(Biological), Psychosocial
or Personal
A drive activates a response.
A response is a series of
actions designed to reached a
goal.
A goal is a substance, object
or situation that satisfies a
needs.
YES
Needs
(Food)
Drive/
Urge
(Hunger)
Response
ANNOYED
FRUSTRATED
Goals
(Satisfaction)
SATISFIED
HAPPY
CONTENTED
Functions of
Motives
There are three
functions of motives,
namely; energizing,
selecting, and
sustaining function.
The energizing function of
motives makes the individual
active.
The energizing function of motives
is caused by “push” and “pull”.
Some persons are more energized
by the “push” than the “pull” and
vice versa.
Individuals are selective in their
motives. They select those motives
that will facilitate the attainment of
goals.
Those motives that undesirable,
repulsive, and unpleasant and make
goal difficult to achieve are set
aside.
Not all motives have the same
energizing power, that’s why
the motive is selected because
it can facilitate the attainment
of goal. Some motive is
stronger than others.
Stronger motives are
sustained while those which
are not strong or are weak
are rejected and
sometimes attacked.
The Cycle of
Motivation
Motivation has no end. As
long as the individual is
living, he is always motivated.
Motives starts with a need and
ends with a goal.
When a goal is achieved, the individual
rarely to stops upon reaching the goal.
More often than not, the accomplished
goal is repeated, like a cycle, or leads
to other needs.
Motivational Cycle, a never ending
process of motivation.
RESPONSE
GOAL
Motivation
NEED
DRIVE
Origin of Motives
Motives originated from two
sources, namely;
biological(physiological) and
environmental.
The human body needs these
biological needs for nourishment
and survival. This biological
needs started in ancient time
dating to the time of Adam and
Eve– when they were in search for
food and water in order to get
nourishment and survive.
Motives also come from environmental
sources. Due to the presence of
machines, equipment, gadgets and
appliances, most of which are high-tech.
Due to the increase of population, the
psychosocial needs of men have also
increased and become more stronger
than before.
Classification
of Needs
Needs are what individual lacks and wants
to achieve for his survival and happiness.
These things that our body needs to be
able to survive are called physiological or
biological needs. Those things that an
individual needs to be able to relate
happily with others are psychosocial
needs. Both needs are responsible for our
well-being.
Physiological
Needs
Physiological needs are
important for normal body
functioning.
They are considered as
strongest of the two need
categories.
1. Food-- Food provides the body with nutrients
needed for production of energy, repair of
damage tissues, growth of new tissues and
regulation of physiological process.
2. Water– Next to oxygen(air) is water, the
substance most necessary for survival.
3. Oxygen– Our body, especially the brain,
lungs, tissues and other internal organs need
oxygen for their functioning and activity.
4. Shelter– Our body must be protected
and secured for temperature and other
external stimuli.
5. Medicine– We need medicines to treat
our illness, pain, injury, and to reduce
discomfort.
6. Rest– Rest enables us to maintain
homeostasis and it is a way of recharging
our body and energizing it.
7. Elimination– Our body has to
eliminate liquid and solid wastes
to obtain relief.
8. Normal Temperature– Our
body needs adequate and proper
ventilation.
Psychosocial
Needs
Man is not only a biological
organism. It’s also a social being
and as such. This needs interact
and relate with people around.
“No man is an Island” is capable
to psychosocial needs.
Love
It is a very powerful need
because it is a basic emotion
in a man.
Security and Safety
An individual who feels secure and safe
can work and function well at home
and in the community. Security may be
physical, social and emotional
security.
Acquisition
This is the need to gain
possession and property.
Conservation
This is the need to collect things, the
need to repair destroyed equipment
and materials and to clean and
preserve those things acquired by
the individual.
Order
This is need to arrange and organize
objects in their proper order, the
need to put away objects that are not
needed anymore.
Construction
This is the need to build or put up
something; it is also the need to
organize a thing.
Achievement
This is a need to strive to do
something difficult as well as quickly
as possible; the need to overcome
obstacles or to exercise power.
Another Psychosocial needs;
*Recognition
*Autonomy
*Affiliation
*Nurturance
*Play
*Self-Esteem
*Defendance
*Aggression
*Rejection
*Succorance
*Mastery
*Intimacy
Theories of
Motives
Theories are product of
man’s thinking. They guide
man to action.
The theories of motives include:
The Theory of Sequential
Development
This theory is also called Theory of Hierarchy
of Needs. Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970),
a social anthropologist and founder of
humanistic psychology, presented five levels
of needs arranged in a hierarchy.
The five levels of needs in their sequence starting
from the bottom or lowest level are:
Level 1, are the Physiological Needs, to keep the
individual survive (food, air, water, sleep and
clothing);
Level 2, Safety and Security Needs (stability,
security, and order);
Level 3, Love ad Belongingness (affection,
affiliation and identification);
Level 4, Esteem and Prestige Needs
(recognition, self respect, honor, achievement,
competence and mastery, approval and self
worth) and;
Level 5, Self Actualization (self-fulfillment)
, reaching one’s potential to
the fullest, creativeness, and
appreciation of beauty and
symmetry.
Psychoanalytic Theory of
Needs
Sigmund Freud, a Jewish Physician, is
known as the Father of Psychoanalysis.
Accdg. to him, human behavior is
governed by the structured of his
personality: ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.
The ID is the Animalistic nature
of man – the “MAKAHAYOP” part
of one’s personality. It is
destructive and pleasure-seeking
structure of personality. It is
here where the sex urge(libido)
is present.
The EGO is the Human nature of
man – the “MAKATAO”, the “Self”.
It is the opposite nature of the ID.
It builds; it acts accdg. to the laws
and morals. It is bound by limits
of reality. It channels the libido to
socially approve outlets.
The SUPEREGO is the Godcentered nature of man –
the “MAKA-DIYOS”. It is the
“conscience” part of our
personality. It strives for
perfection.
*Instinct Theory
Accdg. to William McDougall, human beings
have a number of instincts, such as fight,
repulsion, pugnacity, self-abasement, etc.
Instinct are innate tendencies that
predetermine behaviors, making an
individual behave in particular way when
confronted by a stimulus. It is a fixed
action pattern.
*Drive-Reduction Theory
As a proposed by Clark Hull, human beings
are engaged in a variety of behaviors , to
reduce the drives that causes bodily
tension. The need impels the drive (a state
of tension or excitement). Once the need is
satisfied, tension reduces and the body
returns to it’s normal balanced state(called
homeostasis).
*Opponent Process Theory
Acquired Motives
Richard Solomon described two opposing
process of motivation: the negative feeling
is opposed to positive and positive feeling
is reduced. Conversely, if the positive
feeling is reduced, the negative feeling is
increased.
 Another Theories;
*The Theory of Needs. Henry Murray, an American
Psychologist who constructed the Thematic
Apperception Test (TAT).
*Cognitive Theory of Motivation. Albert Bandura,
Richard de Charm, Edward Deci and Bernard
Weiner believed that cognitive concepts of Intrinsic
motivation are the driving forces of human
behavior.
*Arousal(stimulation) Theory of
Motivation. Accdg to this theory, a
moderate level of stimulation that
increases the level of tension and
excitement reinforces behavior.
*Superiority and Inferiority Theories.
Accdg to Alfred Adler,
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