Ch.20 Section 4
Toward the Modern Consciousness
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
German-born scientist working
in Switzerland and eventually the
United States.
1905 published the theory of relativity, which
stated that space and time are not absolute but
are relative to the observer.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9zrt__lec
• "Anyone who has never made a mistake has
never tried anything new."
• "Two things are infinite: the universe and
human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the
the universe."
• "I know not with what weapons World War III
will be fought, but World War IV will be fought
with sticks and stones."
• When you are courting a nice girl an hour
seems like a second. When you sit on a redhot cinder a second seems like an hour. That's
relativity.
Marie Curie
French scientist who discovered that an
element called radium gave off energy, or
radiation that apparently came from within the
atom itself. Atoms were not simply hard
material bodies, but small active worlds.
-Only woman to win the Nobel Prize in two
fields and the only person to win in multiple
sciences (Physics and Chemistry).
Sigmund Freud
Doctor from Vienna, proposed a series of
theories that raised questions about the nature
of the human mind.
His major theories were published in the
Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
According to Freud, human behavior was strongly
determined by past experiences and internal
forces which people were largely unaware.
Pyschoanalysis, where a therapist and patient
could probe deeply into the patients memory.
Freudian Slip
A Freudian slip is a verbal or memory mistake
that is believed to be linked to the unconscious
mind.
Pyschosexual Development
According to Freud, most of an individuals
personality is developed based upon their
experience up to age 5.
Social Darwinism and Racism
Social Darwinism, Charles Darwins theories were
applied to human society in a radical way by
nationalists!
(Example: German nationalism in WWII)
Ethnicity:
http://www.pbs.org/race/002_SortingPeople/002
_00-home.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwpO-nnFY9g
Anti-Semitism / Zionism
Anti-Semitism
Hostility toward and discrimination against Jews. It
has existed from the Middle Ages, since the Jews
were portrayed as the murders of Christ.
Zionism
From the 19th century as the Jewish community
became part of the main stream society an idea
began to emigrate to Palestine . Settlement in
Palestine was difficult, because itw as then part of
the Ottoman Empire which opposed to Jewish
immigration.
Ch.21
The Height of
Imperialism
New Imperialism
In the nineteenth century, a new phase of Western
expansion into Asia and Africa began. European
nations began to view Asian and African societies
as a source of industrial raw materials.
Imperialism, the extension of a nations power over
other lands, was not new, however this new type of
imperialism was different in the sense that the
conquests were strongly motivated based upon
gaining advantages over other European rivals and
gaining national prestige.
New Imperialism
• In addition imperialism was tied to
Social Darwinism and Racism.
• At the same time, there were
people who viewed Europeans
entering Africa/Asia as a
humanitarian purpose to spread
Christianity and moral
responsibility called the White
mans burden.
White Mans Burden
Take up the White Man's burden-Send forth the best ye breed-Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child.
Take up the White Man's burden-The savage wars of peace-Fill full the mouth of Famine,
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
(The end for others sought)
Watch sloth and heathen folly
Bring all your hope to nought.
South East Asia
Great Britain
Britain founded a new colony in 1819 at the tip of the
Malay Peninsula called Singapore.
Following Singapore Britain would extend to the
Kingdom of Burma.
France
The French were in Vietnam and forced the Vietnamese
to accept French protection when the British neared
Vietnamese territory.
The French eventually took over Hanoi in 1884 and
created a French protectorate, a political unit that
depends on another government for its protection.
Thailand The Exception
After French conquest of Indochina, Thailand
(Formerly known as Siam) was the only remaining
free state in Southeast Asia.
The main reason the Thai were able to stay
independent were their Western Friendly Policies
implemented by their leaders King Mongkut and
King Chulaongkorn.
The United States
In 1898 Commodore George Dewey helped the US
defeat the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.
In order to “Civilize” the Philippines, President
William McKinley decided to turn the Philippines
into an American colony.
-The Philippines was strategically in a great position
for the United States, due to its close distance to
China.
-Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, their was a resistance for
Pilipino independence, however this was shut down
by the US military.
Direct and Indirect Rule
Direct Rule
When local rulers were removed and the colonizers
directly took over.
-Example, Burma
Indirect Rule
When local rulers were allowed
to maintain their positions of
authority and status.
-Cost effective and convenient
-Example, Dutch East Indies
Economies
Agricultural/Raw Materials:
Often the colonies were used purely for extraction
of various raw materials such as rubber, tin, spices,
coffee, wood, gold, sugar.
The colonial rules did bring some benefits. It led
towards a modern economic system and also
helped create railroads, highways and other
infrastructure for the local economies.
Resistance
Resistance took various forms.
In Burma the monarchy directly revolted where
as in Vietnam the emperor agreed to French
control, but the people resisted.
Many of the resistance movements were led by
a new class, the new middle class which has
been educated Western-style.
Ch.21 Section 2
Empire Building in Africa
West Africa
West Africa was affected greatly by the slave trade.
However, by the late 1800s most countries had banned
slavery, and Europe's interest in Africa had shifted from
slavery towards the various natural resources in the
area such as peanuts, timber, hides and pal oil.
The British annexed the west coastal states and created
the first British colony of Gold coast
The French took over a large area of West Africa
controlling most of the area.
The Germans controlled Togo, Cameroon, German
Southwest Africa and German East Africa
North
Africa
Egypt:
Muhammad Ali seized power in 1805 establishing an Egyptian state
independent to the Ottoman Empire.
In 1854 a French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lesseps signed a contract
to begin building the Suez Canal.
1914 Egypt becomes part of the British protectorate.
French:
The French had colonies in Algeria where there were 150,000 French
people. France imposed a protectorate on Tunisia and Morocco.
Italy:
Attempted to take over Ethiopia in 1896, however was defeated. Italy
was now the only European state defeated by an African state. However,
in 1911 the Italians were able to defeat Turkish Tripoli which it renamed
Libya.
Central Africa
1876 King Leopold of Belgium hires
Henry Stanley to set up Belgian
settlements in the Congo.
Leopold occupied most of the
territories around the Congo river, the
French occupied the areas farther
north.
-The occupation of the Belgians in the
Congo was incredibly violent.
Belgians in the Congo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx2Sj1fhSso
(BBC 10minute Documentary)
East Africa
Britain and Germany were rivals in East Africa.
Much of the territory in the Eastern part of
Africa was decided through a conference held in
Berlin in 1884 and 1885. No African delegates
were present during this conference where the
British, Germans and Portuguese decided how
to divide up the territory of East Africa..
South Africa
The Boers or Afrikaners were original Dutch
settlers who had occupied Cape Town and
surrounding areas. During the Napoleonic Wars,
the British seized these lands from the Dutch.
In the 1830’s, the Boers fled North. The Boers
who believed that White superiority was ordained
by God, put many of the indigenous peoples in
areas on reservations. There, they battled the
indigenous people, the Zulus.
South Africa 2
The British eventually took over the territory
and named it Rhodesia.
The Boers resisted British rule in the area, which
started the Boer War (1899-1902)
The British were victorious and create dan
independent Union of South Africa, which
included the old Cape Colony and the Boer
republics. In order to appease the Boers, the
British passed a law that only Whites can vote.
Colonial Rule in Africa
By 1914, Great Britain, France, Germany,
Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal had divided up
Africa. Only Liberia, which had been created as a
homeland for freed United States slaves and
Ethiopia remained free.
The British tended to use Indirect rule
The French tended to use Direct rule
African Nationalism
Although the middle class Africans were not as
negatively effected as the lower class, their was a
glass ceiling.
Africans could only attain a certain level in
businesses and government and the higher level
positions were saved for Europeans. Additionally,
Europeans would express their superiority through
segregated clubs, schools and churches.
This stirred resentment towards Europeans by the
educated Africans which would eventually lead
towards political actions in the early 1900s.
Ch.21 Section 3
British Rule in India
The Sepoy Mutiny
To rule India, the British East India Company
had its own soldiers and forts. It also hired
Indian soldiers known as sepoys, to protect
the companies interests in the region.
1857, Indian distrust towards Britain led to a
revolt, this was known as the Great Rebellion
or the Sepoy Mutiny.
In India it is recognized as the First War of
Independence.
The Rebellion was crushed by the British,
however atrocities were committed on both
sides.
In 1876, the title of the Empress of India was
bestowed on Queen Victoria, India was now
officially a colonial subject under the crown.
The British in Indian
The British used direct rule using viceroy, who assisted
the British civil service staff.
Benefits:
New School System: served only elites and served many children to
serve in gov. and military. 90% remained illiterate.
Railroads, telegraphs, postal services were introduced.
Costs:
Financial benefits were reaped by the British and the elite Indians.
British industries destroyed local manufactures.
In rural areas, zamindars (Local officials used to collect taxes)
abused their powers and over taxed people.
Farms were encouraged to grow cotton, not food.
British ruling was degrading. They looked down upon Indian
cultures and even the elites.
An Indian
Nationalist Movement
Early Movements
Were instigated by the upper class who were
English educated and started up in urban areas
such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Calcutta.
Indian National Congress (INC)
Formed in 1885
Religious differences created difficulties
In 1915, when Mohandas Gandhi returned to
India he helped the country move towards
independence.
Gandhi
“Live as if you were to die
tomorrow. Learn as if you were to
live forever.”
“You can chain me, you can torture
me, you can even destroy this body,
but you will never imprison my
mind.”
"Generations to come, it may well be, will
scarce believe that such a man as this one
ever in flesh and blood walked upon this
Earth.” Einstein on Gandhi
Colonial Indian Culture
Indian novelists and poets wrote historical romances
and epics, most wrote in Indian not feeling comfortable
using colonial language (English).
Rabindranath Tagore
A social reformer, spiritual leader,
educator, philosopher, singer, painter and
international spokesperson help set up
schools and promoted the idea of Indian
nationalism and promoted human dignity.
Ch.21 Section 4
Nation Building in Latin America
Social Classes in the Americas
Peninsulares: Held all
important positions
Creoles: Controlled land and
business but were regarded as
second-class citizens by
Peninsulares.
Mestizos: the largest group
but worked as servents or
laborers.
Leading to a Revolution
The Creoles deeply resented the peninsulares and
found the ideas of equality and freedom of press and
trade to be something attractive.
The Portuguese and the Spanish dominated the
Americas and benefited from most of the trades.
Portuguese Spanish Weakness
The two powers were significantly weakened when
napoleon overthrew them in the early 1800s.
Those in the Americas took advantage of this event and
began to revolt against the Spanish and Portuguese.
Saint Domingue / Haiti
100,00 slaves revolved and seized all of
Hispaniola, a French colony. This area is known
as Haiti today.
Revolt in Mexico
Miguel Hidalgo, studied the French Revolutions and
roused the local Indians and
mestizos to free themselves from the Spanish.
His attacks against the Spanish failed, and he was
sentenced to death.
In fear that the masses would cooperate and
overthrow the Peninsulares and Creoles, they
selected a creole military leader Agustin de Iturbide.
1821, Mexico declared its independence from Spain.
Revolts in South America
Revolts in Argentina were led by Jose de San
Martin, who attacked the Spanish in Chile in 1817.
Revolts in Venezuela was led by Simon Bolivar who
helped the Argentinians defeat the Spanish army at
Aycucho on 1824.
By the end of 1824, Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay,
Colombia, Venezuela Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile
had all become free from Spain.
In 1838 the Central American states divided into 5
republics.
Haiti
Crash Course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBw35Ze
3bg8
The Monroe Doctrine
The United States president in
1823 declared the Monroe
Doctrine, he guaranteed the
independence of the new Latin
American nations and warned
against any European
intervention in the Americas.
Difficulties of Nation Building
The new nations faced serious problems
between 1830 to 1870. The wars for
independence had resulted in loss of people,
property and livestock. The new nations not
sure where borders were went to war with each
other, poor roads and thick jungles made
transportation poor and the Latin American
nations found themselves relying on Europeans
for their economy once again.
Caudillos
Caudillos ruled chiefly by military force and were
usually supported by the landed elites. Many
kept the new national states together.
Caudillos and Mexico
Example; Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, for
example, ruled Mexico from 1833 to 1855. He
misused state funds, halted reforms, and created
chaos. Eventually in 1835 American settlers in
the Mexican state of Texas revolted against Santa
Annas rule.
War between the USA and Mexico soon followed
(1846-1848), Mexico was defeated and lost
almost one-half of its territory to the United
States.
Following Santa Anna, Benitto Juarez took control
of Mexico and helped rebuild the nation,
separating church and state, distributing land to
the poor and creating a national education
system.
*Big problem with Caudillos system is that once
they died they lost power and often civil wars
erupted (Venezuela today?)
New Imperialism (Latin America Version)
In the era of New Imperialism, the Spanish and
Portuguese were no longer the major presence in
Latin America. Instead the British took over the
region in order to take advantage of Latin
Americas wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee and
hides.
The Elite Problem
A consistent problem for all of Latin America
was that the society was dominated by elites.
Land remained the basis of wealth, social
prestige and political power and had landowners
making enormous profits creating only one type
of crop for foreign export.
The US in Latin
America
The US as a result of the Spanish-American War
gained much territory in Mexico as well as gained
Cuba as a protectorate and annexed Puerto Rico.
The US helped Panama in a rebellion in 1903, in
return the US received control of a strip of land 10
miles wide running from coast to coast in Panama,
the US built the Panama Canal here in 1914.
Revolutions in
Mexico
Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico between 1877 to 1911
created a conservative, centralized government with
the support of the army, foreign capitalists and large
land owners and the Catholic Church.
When liberal land owner Francisco Madero took power
in 1911, he opened way for a revolution. Emiliano
Zapata helped arouse the masses of landless peasants
to begin seize the estates of wealthy land holders. The
revolution between 1910-1920 cost the Mexican
economy greatly.
Economic Change in Latin America
Many nations began to focus on exporting one
or two few basic items. For example, Argentinawheat and beef, Brazil-coffee and bananas,
Central America-sugar and Peru-silver. The
middle class began to expand and cities began
to grow following the United States as a model
for economic development.