Biology: Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide
The Science of Biology
Be able to define/use these terms on your test.
Unicellular
Multicellular
Asexual Reproduction Autotroph
Ecosystem
Community
Organ System
Organ
Molecule
Hypothesis
predicting
classifying
Homeostasis
Heterotroph
Population
Tissue
observing
skepticism
science
quantitative observation
Sexual Reproduction
Biosphere
Organism
Cell
inference
models
qualitative observation
1. What attitudes are important in science? Explain why it is important for a scientist to possess these
attitudes.
2. What is science?
3. Biologists only study what type of things?
4. What is an observation?
5. Compare and contrast the two types of observations. Give an example of each.
6. What is data?
7. Explain the difference between an inference and observation. Give an example of each.
8. What is a hypothesis? What kind of statement should it be?
9. Explain why a hypothesis should be testable.
10. Formulating a hypothesis:
Problem: Russell raises bees. He noticed that different numbers of young hatched from the same
number of hives at different times. He wondered what factors might influence the hatching rate of
bees. He selected the following variables to be tested:
a. temperature of hive
c. amount of food available
b. relative humidity inside the hive
d. number of bees living in the hive
Construct a hypothesis for each variable listed above.
11. List the 6 steps of the scientific method we discussed in class. Be able to apply these steps or identify
them in a scenario.
12. What is a control group in an experiment? Explain why there always needs to be a control group in
experiments. **Remember, IV changes DV
13. What is the difference between independent (manipulated) variable and dependent (responding)
variable? Be able to distinguish between the two.
14. Explain why it is important to only change one variable in an experiment.
15. A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is fed a normal diet, while the other group is
fed the same diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals receiving the normal diet
remained healthy; those in the other group grew weaker.
i. Identify the independent variable.
ii. Identify the dependent variable.
iii. Which set of rats were the controls?? Which were the experimental?
16. Analyze the following scenario: Researchers wish to test the effect of the use of school uniforms in
reducing discipline problems. On the North campus, students are allowed to wear normal attire. On
the South campus, students are wearing school uniforms. The researchers collect data on discipline
violations for the entire school year.
a. Identify the manipulated variable:
b. Identify the responding variable:
c. Identify the control group:
d. Identify the experimental group:
17. As a result of an experiment, you reject your hypothesis. Explain why you should not consider your
efforts a waste of time.
18. In science scientists will usually show data by making a __________.
19. Identify where the independent and dependent variables are found on a graph. DRY MIX
20. What should all graphs have?
21. A line graph compares:
22. Be able to identify the x and y axis on a graph.
23. Be able to interpret and answer questions about graphs. (see other page)
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Characteristics of Living Things:
Review the 8 characteristics all living things share. Be able to apply these.
You will not be asked to list them all from memory, just make sure you understand what each one is
about. (Be able to identify examples)
Fire has several characteristics of a living thing. List 3. Why isn’t fire considered to be alive?
Which characteristic of life does each of these terms go with?
Unicellular, multi-cellular, Homeostasis, Sexual Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction,
Autotroph, Heterotroph, Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, adaptation, stimulus.
Place these terms in order from largest to smallest: cell, tissue, population, organ, ecosystem, organ
system, biosphere, organism.
Identify each of the following: Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population
7. Explain what homeostasis is?
a. Explain how humans maintain homeostasis.
b. Explain two ways plants maintain homeostasis.
8. Be able to identify the Stimulus and the Response in different scenarios. (Responding to the
environment).
9. Explain why the sun is the ultimate source of energy for ALL living things!
10. Explain why movement, breathing, and blood are NOT characteristics of all living things. (Don’t just
say because they are not found in all living things. Support your answer with details from prior
knowledge!!)
GRAPH INTERPRETATION
The line graph shows the number of worms collected and their lengths.
a) What length of worm is most common?
b) What was the longest worm found?
c) How many worms were 6 cm long?
d) How many worms were 7.25 cm long?
e) The peak of the curve represents the
[ longest worms / average worms ]
f) Create a scientific title for this graph, be sure
it represents the data.
Which runner completed the 100 m race in the lease amount of time? What was his time?
Which runner started out the fastest?
What was Charlie doing between 8 seconds and 10.5 seconds?
What does a straight line on this graph tell you? A curved line?
Cell Structure:
1. List the five scientists who helped develop the cell theory. Describe each one’s contribution to the cell
theory.
2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
3. Compare and contrast Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes. Be able to identify each one by characteristics.
4. What is an organelle?
5. Describe the function of each organelle in a cell. (Use organelle quiz for list)
6. What is cytoplasm?
7. The cell membrane controls: _____________________________
8. Describe what the cell membrane looks like/is made of?
9. What does hydrophobic mean? What does hydrophilic mean?
10. Molecules moving from a high to low concentration?
11. Explain what is moving during diffusion. (give an example)
12. Explain what is moving during osmosis. (give an example)
13. Compare and contrast osmosis and diffusion.
14. Describe what happens to a human blood cell in an isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and
hypertonic solution.
15. Describe what happens to a plant cell in an isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic
solution.
16. Summarize the egg demo we did in class.
17. Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion to regular diffusion.
18. Compare and contrast diffusion to active transport.
19. Explain endocytosis and exocytosis
20. Why aren’t the lipid tails of the phospholipids facing the outside of the cell?
21. If I placed a piece of celery into a solution with a very high concentration of salt, what would happen?
22. Compare and contrast an animal cell to a plant cell.
23. Trace the path of protein production through a cell.
24. **Explain how a cell maintains homeostasis** Support your answer with three examples.
Vocab: concentration, diffusion, prokaryotic, eukaryotic, osmosis, selectively permeable, isotonic
solution, hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, active transport, carrier protein, endocytosis,
exocytosis.
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ATP/ Energy for the Cell
What is ATP?
Where is energy stored in ATP? How is it released?
Compare and contrast ATP to ADP.
Explain how ATP and ADP are like batteries.
Describe three ways in which ATP is used by our cells.
6. Explain why cells must convert ATP into glucose?
7. Describe the energy transition during the ATP/ADP Cycle. (Potential/Kinetic)
8. What is the job of ATPase? Why is it important?
9. Explain why eating food is important for the ATP cycle.
Cellular Respiration:
1.
In terms of photosynthesis & cellular respiration, what is the difference between heterotrophs
and autotrophs?
2.
How are cellular respiration & photosynthesis opposite reactions?
3.
What is the role of glucose in both cellular respiration & photosynthesis?
4.
Explain why the statement: “Life on Earth depends on the sun” is true.
5.
Name the process in which chemical energy is released from food (glucose).
6.
What is the overall goal of cellular respiration?
7.
What is the equation for Cellular Respiration. Explain the equation.
8.
Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic respiration?
9.
How is breathing related to cellular respiration?
10. Compare and contrast the burning of a marshmallow with fire to the burning of a
marshmallow through cellular respiration.
11. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? (Why is it needed?)
12. How many ATP do we get from 1 glucose molecule?
13. Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
14. Name and describe 2 types of fermentation. Discuss when and where they occur as well as
the products of each and how these might be used. (See quiz and reading questions/lab
questions)
15. Be able to explain what happened and why during the lab and demo.
16. What are the three stages of cellular respiration and what is important in each? Where does
each occur?
17. What is ATP synthase? Explain what it does.
18. Label and describe what is going on during Cellular Respiration.
Photosynthesis: **Know vocab!!!**
1. Know the photosynthesis equation/reaction. (word and formula).
2. During photosynthesis light energy is converted into ____________.
3. Why is it necessary to convert light energy into this other form of energy?
4. What contributions did Van Helmont, Joseph Priestly and Jan Ingenhousz give to science?
5. What are pigments and why are they important?
6. What are plants main two pigments?
7. What pigments did we see in our lab?
8. What lab technique did we do during our pigment lab?
9. Explain why leaves change color in the fall.
10. Which organelle is the most important in photosynthesis?
11. Label the parts of this photosynthetic organelle:
12. What processes happen in each structure of this organelle.
13. What energy carrier do plants use for photosynthesis?
14. Explain what an energy carrier does?
15. Compare and contrast Light Dependent Reactions to Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle).
16. One of the products of photosynthesis is oxygen. What is that produced from?
17. What goes in to the light dependent reactions? What comes out? What is the point of the light
dependent reaction?
18. What happens during the Calvin Cycle? (Light independent).
19. What goes in to the Calvin Cycle? What comes out? What is the main point of the Calvin Cycle?
20. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases during the night and decreases during the
day. Based on your knowledge of photosynthesis, explain why this occurs.
21. Label the stages of photosynthesis in the chloroplast below.
Molecules of Life: Carbon Compounds:
1. List the 4 carbon compounds
2. Know the monomer, use/function of each
3. Know two examples of each.
4. Explain the process of polymerization using one of the 4 compounds. Also use the terms
polymer and monomer correctly in your answer.
7th Hour Final Wednesday
This exam is worth 20% of your final semester 1 grade!! It will be multiple choice, matching, and
short answer...Just like all of our tests, except much longer!! It will be comprehensive! Please be sure
to study and ask questions!!!! USE THIS STUDY GUIDE AS A GUIDE TO WHAT MATERIAL TO
FOCUS ON! Be sure to understand main concepts! GOOD LUCK!