Handle by,
Dr. M. KANNAN
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engg,
PITS.
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To introduce the principles of various surveying
methods and applications to Civil Engineering
projects
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Definition
Classifications - Basic principles
Equipment and accessories for ranging and
chaining
Methods of ranging
well conditioned triangles
Errors in linear measurement and their corrections
Obstacles - Traversing – Plotting – applications
enlarging the reducing the figures
Areas enclosed by straight line irregular figuresdigital planimetre.
Chain
Cross staff
Plumb bob
Ranging rod
Arrows
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CHAIN - Used for Linear Measurements
RANGING RODS – Used for ranging the lines and for
marking the positions.
ARROWS – Used to mark the end of each chain during
chainage.
OFFSET RODS – Used to measure rough offsets.
CROSS STAFF – Used to set a perpendicular at a given point
on the chain line
OPTICAL SQUARE – used to set a perpendicular with more
accuracy.
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Compass
Basic principles - Types - Bearing - Systems and
conversions
Sources of errors - Local attraction - Magnetic
declination
Dip-Traversing - Plotting - Adjustment of closing
error – applications
Plane table and its accessories - Merits and
demerits - Radiation - Intersection - Resection –
Traversing- sources of errors – applications.
COMPASS SURVEY
Utility of Compass in Survey :
• Very useful for mountain, forestry,
geological and other types of survey
works.
• The permanently mounted circular
spirit level ensures easy and fast
leveling.
• Ensures greater degree of accuracy.
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Prismatic Compass – reading increases from 0ْ
at south and to 90ْ at west, 180ْ at North and 270ْ at east
Tripod stand
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Level line
Horizontal line
Datum - Bench marks
Levels and staves
temporary and permanent adjustments
Methods of levelling - Fly levelling - Check levelling Procedure in levelling - Booking -Reduction - Curvature
and refraction
Reciprocal levelling
Sources of Errors in levelling- Precise levelling - Types
of instruments - Adjustments - Field procedure
Dumpy Level with Tripod
Dumpy Level
Cross Staff
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Longitudinal and Cross-section
Plotting - Contouring - Methods - Characteristics
and uses of contours
Plotting – Methods of interpolating contours
Computations of cross sectional areas and volumes
Earthwork calculations
Capacity of reservoirs
Mass haul diagrams.
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Theodolite - Types - Description
Horizontal and vertical angles
Temporary and permanent adjustments
Heights and distances
Tangential and Stadia Tacheometry
Subtense method
Stadia constants
Anallactic lens.
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Students are expected to use all surveying
equipments, prepare LS & CS, contour maps and
carryout surveying works related to land and civil
engineering projects.
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Principles and classification of surveying
Direct and reciprocal ranging
Local attraction with example problem
Height of collimation and Rise & Fall method
Contours and their characteristics and uses
Classification of Surveying
Principles of surveying
Field and office work
Surveying instruments and their care adjustments
Prismatic compass and surveyors compass
Reduced bearing and whole circle bearing
Local attraction and Magnetic declination
Plane table surveying – Radiation, Intersection,
Resection and Traversing
◦ Fly levelling and check levelling
◦ Height of collimation and Rise & Fall method in
levelling
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www.surveyhistory.org
wwwww.indiastudychannel.com
w.compasssurveying.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table
www.whycos.org/fck_editor/.../Levelling_and_surveying.p
df
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/.../core/.../elevation.ht
ml
www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm
REFERENCES
1. James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, "Surveying, Theory
and Practice",7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.
2. 2. Bannister and S. Raymond, "Surveying", 7th Edition, Longman
2004.
3. 3. Roy S.K., "Fundamentals of Surveying", 2nd Edition, Prentice
Hall of India, 2004.
4. 4. Arora K.R.,"Surveying Vol I & II", Standard Book house, 10th
Edition 2008
Thank u