ANATOMY - the study of the structure
(morphology, form) of body parts.
 Hist ology - the microscopic study of tissues.
 Cyto logy - the microscopic study of cells .
PHYSI OLOGY - the study of the function of body parts.

Life Processes Distinguish Living from Non-Living Things.
• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Respiration
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Circulation
• Assimilation
• Excretion

• I stop at the traffic light Responsiveness
• I am getting taller
• I am breathing air
Growth
Respiration
• I get a hamburger and eat it Digestion
• My body absorbs nutrients from hamburger Absorption
• The nutrients I absorbed from hamburger is turned into things my body needs
• Eventually I go to the restroom Excretion
• Someday I may reproduce Reproduction

 Nutrients for energy
 Oxygen for cellular respiration
 Water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc…
 Heat to maintain 37  C body temperature, enzyme action
 Pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys

The tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
 All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis .
 Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback (system acts to oppose changes)
 Example - maintenance of body temperature at
98.6
 F/37  C.

3 Components of homeostatic mechanism:

3 Components of homeostatic mechanism:
1. Thermoreceptors
2. Hypothalamus
3. Skin blood vessels,
Sweat glands,
Heart, Lungs.

The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element.

Atoms combine with one another to form …
Molecules (i.e. CO
2
, H
2
O) ;

Molecules combine with another to form
…

Macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);
 Macromolecules combine to form…
 Organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosome); small organs of a cell, each with a particular function;
 Organelles collectively compose…

Cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron);
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things!
 Similar cells are arranged into…

Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);
 Two or more tissues combine to form …
Organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain);
 Two or more organs combine to form …
Organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular),
The eleven organ systems collectively form the…
The human organism; the most complex level of organization.

• Axial Portion
Head
Neck
Trunk
Appendicular Portion
Arms
Legs
Axial Portion is divided into 2 major cavities. (organs within these cavities are referred to as viscera.)

2 Divisions of Axial Portion of the Body
• Dorsal Cavity
• Subdivided into
2 parts
Ventral Cavity
Subdivided int0
2 parts
Cranial
Cavity
Vertebral
Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Separated by diaphragm

Cranial Cavity
•Brain
Vertebral Cavity
•Spinal Cord
Thoracic Cavity
•Lungs
•Mediasitum - separates thorax into right and left sides
•Heart
•Esophagus
•Trachea
•Thymus gland

Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Stomach
• Liver
• Spleen
• Gall bladder
• Small and large intestines
• Rectum/Anus
• Urinary bladder
• Internal reproductive organs
Abdominal Region
Pelvic Region

4.
Ventral cavity
5.
6 .
7.
1.
3.
Vertebral cavity
4.
Pleural cavity
2 . Dorsal cavity
5.
7.
9 .
8.
1
3
2
6.
10. Ventral cavity

Serous Membranes of the Ventral
Body Cavity
Membrane - a soft , thin pliable layer of tissue that either:
 Covers a vital (visceral organ) = Visceral membrane.
 Lines a body cavity = Parietal Membrane.
There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

Cardi = Heart
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called the parietal
pericardium.
The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity , and it is filled with serous fluid.

Pleur = lung
The membrane on the surface of the lung is called
visceral pleura.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura .
The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral
peritoneum.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum.
The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity , and it is filled with serous fluid

Pop Quiz…
1. Label:
11.
Lung
Heart
Diaphragm

12. Draw a picture to show the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
Give the correct terms:
13. Membrane that covers the heart
14. The study of the function of the body parts.
15. The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Definition - a language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication .
• Anatomical position standing erect, face forward, palms forward
• It is helpful in as much as they allow medical staff to speak to each other and view images (X-ray or MRI) without having to continuously clarify meanings.

1. Superior = above ; Inferior = below ;
2. Anterior = front ; Posterior = back ;
3. Medial = Center ; Lateral = side ;
4. Cephalad = head ; Caudal = tail ;
5. Ventral = front ; Dorsal = back
6. Proximal = closer to trunk of body or other point of reference ; (Elbow proximal to wrist)
Distal = farther from trunk of the body or other point of reference (Fingers are distal to the wrist);
7. Superficial = surface ;
Deep = internal .

Sagittal cut : divides the body into right and left portions.
Midsagittal : equal right and left portions.
Frontal/Coronal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

3.
1.
4.

Midsaggital
Transverse
Frontal/Coronal

Regions in the abdominopelvic area
Right
Right hypocondriac region
Epigastric region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac region
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region
Left

Right upper quadrant
RUQ
Right lower
Quadrant
RLQ
Left upper quadrant
LUQ
Left lower quadrant
LLQ

Anterior landmarks: a. cranial=skull c. cephalic=head b. facial=face d. cervical=neck e. axillary= armpit f. brachial= upper arm g. antecubital=anterior elbow h. antebrachial= forearm i. carpal=wrist k. digital=finger m. patellar= knee cap j. metacarpal= hand l. femoral= thigh n. crural= leg o. frontal= forehead q. otic= ear s. nasal= nose u. mental= chin w. umbilical=naval y. inguinal= groin bb. tarsal=ankle p. orbital=eye r. buccal=cheek t. oral= mouth v. mammary=breast x. coxal= hip aa. Pubic= pelvic

Posterior land marks a. acromial = shoulder b. cubital = elbow c. gluteal = buttocks d. popliteal = back of knee e. pedal = foot f. plantar = sole g. dorsal = back h. lumbar = loin i. calcaneal = heel

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29. Otic (Ear)
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Calcaneal
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