MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 1
The Systems Development
Life Cycle (SDLC)
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 2
Simon’s Model of Decision Making:
1. Intelligence
2. Design
3. Choice
• Is there a Problem??
• Should I get dressed
today ??
• What Alternatives Are
there ??
• Should I wear Black
Socks? Blue Socks?
Red Socks? No Socks??
• OK – The Red Socks!
1916 – 2001
Nobel Laureate, 1978
Extensions
4. Implementation
5. Review
• Put on the darn socks already!!
• How do they Look (Good, I
think)? Was it a good choice?
What is Occam’s Razor and how does it apply here ???
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 3
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
 Generic Term
 Describes a basic series of activities, not necessarily a
set series of tasks
 Intended as a ‘top-down’ Approach
• First, Understand the ‘forest’
• Next, Understand the relationships
between the ‘trees’
• Finally, examine each tree closely
 Developed for large-scale, organization-wide systems
 Emphasis on long-term lasting systems
Why do you suppose you can get a better paid job than a Computer
Science Major (HINT: it’s not because you can program better) ???
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 4
But what steps do actually we take when
developing an Information System?
Simon’s Model corresponds to the Scientific
Approach, which indicates the general tasks needed
AND also corresponds to the Systems Development
Life Cyle (SDLC):
Simon
Intelligence
Design
Choice
Implementation
Review
System’s Approach
Define Problem
Develop
Alternatives
Select Solution
Design Solution
Implement
Solution
SDLC
System
Investigation
System Analysis
System Design
Implementation
Maintenance
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 5
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Formal Investigation Request
 Usually Requested by Area Manager
What is a System’s Bottleneck ???
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 6
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Problem
 Initial Investigation
 Formal Investigation Request
 Usually Requested by Area Manager
Why??
• No System
• Faulty or Inadequate System
 Mandate
• Management Ordered
• Legal Requirement
Who is it ??
 Opportunity
• Opportunity to gain Competitive
Advantage
Opportunity,
Ma’am
Open Up!!
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 7
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Formal Investigation Request
 Usually Requested by Area Manager
Is there an order of Preference??
Preference and Priority are often two different things:
• A MANDATE means it must be dealt with first
• A PROBLEM is usually dealt with next
• An OPPORTUNITY implies that it is the type of system which
should be developed first
Why Should they be developed First??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 8
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Formal Investigation Request
 Usually Requested by Area Manager
Why Should they be developed First??
Consider Sabre Reservations Systems (AMR):
• First (fully) installed in 1964
• For the year 2001, revenues
were $2.1 billion
• For the year 2001, AMR suffered a
34% decrease in Stock Prices
(This is a little misleading, since both had a VERY bad year in 2001,
but it does give some idea about how Strategic Initiatives can help a
Corporation)
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 9
SDLC Activities/Products
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
Preliminary
Investigation
PIECES Analysis
 Performance •
 Information •
 Economy
•
 Control
•
Is the System doing what it should be??
Are the inputs and outputs appropriate ??
How much is this costing us??
Do we have appropriate security or control
 Efficiency
• Is the system operating as well as it should ??
 Service
• Are our customers and users happy with the
system ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 10
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Performance
• Throughput:
• Is the amount of information
being processed adequate ??
• Response Times
• Is the time between a transaction
the response to that request too
long ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 11
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Information
• Outputs:
• Too little information ??
• Too Much information ??
• Irrelevant information ??
• Inaccurate information ??
• Untimely information ??
• Too difficult to produce ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 12
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Information
• Inputs:
• All Data Captured ??
• Data Captured in time??
• Accurate Data Captured??
• Redundant Data Captured??
• Too Much Data Captured??
• Illegal Data Captured??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 13
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Information
• Stored Data:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Redundant Storage ??
Inaccurate Storage??
Secure Storage??
Well Organized??
Inflexible Data??
Accessible Data??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 14
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Economy
• Costs:
• Too High ??
• Unknown ??
• Untraceable ??
• Profits:
• Can the Market be expanded ??
• Are there new markets ??
• Can orders be increased ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 15
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Control
• Too Little:
• Security Breaches ??
• Ethics Breaches ??
• Processing Errors ??
• Too Much:
• Slow due to Bureaucracy ??
• Inconvenient to Users/Customers ??
• Processing Delays ??
How do you deal with Right to Privacy Laws AND Freedom of
Information Laws ???
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 16
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Efficiency
• People or machines waste
time ??
• People of machines waste
materials and Supplies ??
• Excessive Effort Required ??
• Excessive Materials/Supplies
Required ??
What’s the difference between
Efficiency and Effectiveness ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 17
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
PIECES Analysis
 Service
• System Produces acceptable
results ??
• System too difficult to learn and
use ??
• System Inflexible ??
• System Incompatibility ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 18
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
Preliminary Investigation Outcomes
 Problem/Opportunity/Directive List
• Urgency of Need
• Visibility to clients,
Mgt. And Users
• Benefits
• Priority (relative to
other Requests)
• Initial Solutions
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 19
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
Preliminary Investigation Outcomes
 Problem/Opportunity/Directive List
 Project Scope Negotiation
• What types of Data are
necessary ??
• What types of processes (e.g.,
sales, Production) are
necessary ??
• What types of interfaces
(with systems, users, etc) will
be required ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 20
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
Preliminary Investigation Outcomes
 Problem/Opportunity/Directive List
 Project Scope Negotiation
 Project Scheduling
• Preliminary Master Plan
(baseline)
• Detailed Problem Analysis
Plan (for the next phase)
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 21
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary
Investigation
 Initial Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
Preliminary Investigation Outcomes
 Problem/Opportunity/Directive List
 Project Scope Negotiation
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
• Steering Committee Selection
• Need for Top Management Support
• Need for User Support (Champion)
(This is a political Process)
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 22
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 How does the system work??
 What Equipment is Available??
 What operations can not be changed??
 How does the system relate to overall
Company Operations?
 What other systems are related to the
system ??
 Who are the key personnel??
• Users
NOTE: System’s
• Managers
Analysts are NOT
well liked by users
Who is this Man ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 23
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Problem Analysis Outcomes
 Problem Domain Analysis
• List all files, databases & forms which the
system constantly uses/updates/creates
(Data Modeling)
• Define each Business Event for which a
process is applied
(Decomposition Models)
• Define all of the locations that the systems
serves and all the users at those sites
(Context Diagrams)
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 24
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Problem Analysis Outcomes
 Problem Domain Analysis
 Cause and Effect Analysis
•
•
•
•
Define the problem (or Opportunity)
Identify what might cause the problem
Identify what effects the problem has
Establish what the OBJECTIVE of the
system is
• List what constraints there are inhibiting
meeting system objectives
(NOTE: constraints can NOT
be changed)
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 25
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Problem Analysis Outcomes
 Problem Domain Analysis
 Cause and Effect Analysis
 Update the Project Plan
• Update the Master Plan
• Create a detailed Requirement’s Analysis
Plan (for the next phase)
 Present Findings
• REMEMBER that this is a political
process
• IF there is no Management nor User
support, the system WILL fail
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 26
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 What is needed?? (Not what do we have)
 What SHOULD the system be doing??
 What operations
need to change? NOTE: This is where
User Assistance is
 What equipment CRITICAL
is needed?
How do you suppose users respond to
questions like “What do you need?” ??
How do you suppose users respond to
questions like “What do you want?” ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 27
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Requirements Analysis Outcomes
 Requirements Definition
• Functional Definition
 Necessary Inputs, Outputs,
Processes and Stored Data
• Non-functional Definition
 Includes such items as ease-ofuse, budgeting, training, quality
management, security, and
auditing needs
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 28
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Requirements Analysis Outcomes
 Requirements Definition
 Prioritize Requirements
• Requires Analysis of all Requirements
(Tools needed To be dealt with later)
• Determine Mandatory (Essential)
Requirements
• Determine Desirable Requirements
• Rank-Order all requirements within
each category
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 29
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Requirements Analysis Outcomes
 Requirements Definition
 Prioritize Requirements
 Update the Project Plan
• Update the Master Plan
• Create a detailed Decision
Analysis Plan (the next phase)
???When
Does it all
End ???
 Present Findings
• Politics, Politics, Politics !!!
IT DOESN’T !!!
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 30
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
 Is it worthwhile to go on?
“ … That is the question …”
Who is this Man (really)??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 31
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
• Corresponds to Simon’s
concept of ‘Design’
 Enumeration of Alternatives
• There should be predetermined criteria
established
• Each Candidate’s strengths
and weaknesses should be
listed by criteria category
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 32
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
• Operational Feasibility
 Does the system fit in the
Organization’s mission and
Strategic Goals?
 Will the Users like and
accept it?
 Will it fit into operations or
will it change the work
environment?
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 33
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
• Operational Feasibility
• Technical Feasibility
 Is the hardware and software
available ??
 Is it compatible with current
operations ??
 Do we have the staff to manage
it ??
 Will it allow for growth ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 34
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
• Operational Feasibility
• Technical Feasibility
• Schedule Feasibility
 Can the System be designed and
implemented within an
acceptable period ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
•
•
•
•
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 35
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
 The Bottom Line !!!
 Is it worth it??
 Will Management go along
with it??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 36
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
•
•
•
•
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Cost/Benefit Analysis
•
•
•
•
•
Tangible Costs:
Equipment Costs
Development Costs
Training Costs
Start-up costs
Other known
costs
•
•
•
•
•
Intangible Costs:
User Resistance
Customer Resistance
Unexpected Mistakes
Initial loss of
productivity
Other unanticipated
costs
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 37
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
•
•
•
•
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Tangible Benefits:
• Increased Sales
• Decreased Costs
• Faster Processing
• Increased Capacity
• Projected Profits
•
•
•
•
•
Intangible Benefits:
Improved Service
Customer Goodwill
New Information
Improved Decisions
Improved Morale
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
•
•
•
•
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 38
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Cost/Benefit Analysis
How do we evaluate ??
• Payback Period
• Return on Investment
• Net Present Value
In the final analysis, Benefits MUST outweigh Costs
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
•
•
•
•
•
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 39
Operational Feasibility
Technical Feasibility
Schedule Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Overall Evaluation
 Based on comparisons of all
candidates (one is always to
do nothing) according to all
comparison areas
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 40
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 41
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
Recommendation Preferences
1. Do Nothing: If its not broken,
Don’t fix it !!
2. Make non-system changes:
Procedural Changes
3. Modify Existing System:
Change/Add Code
4. Buy the new system: If Possible
5. Outsource: A consideration
6. Build the new system: If unavoidable
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 42
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
Buy vs. Make Considerations
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations Buy Advantages:
Buy Disadvantages :
• Cost
• Lack of
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
• Implementation
Time
• Tried-and-true
• Available
Documentation
• Product Support
•
•
•
•
Customization
Lack of flexibility for
change
Vendor Reliance
Quality of
Documentation
Security Concerns
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 43
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
Buy vs. Make Considerations
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations Make Advantages: Make Disadvantages :
• Effectiveness
• Cost
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
• Control
• Security
• Documentation
Quality
• Ability to make
future changes
• Initial Reliability
• Maintenance
• Updating
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 44
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
Buy vs. Make Compromises
• Customization by vendor
• Hybrid Systems
• Vendor Supplies Basic system
• Company Develops User Interfaces
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 45
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
•
•
•
•
•
Outsourcing Considerations
Cost Concerns
Lagging IT Performance
Focus on area of Prime Expertise
Access to specialized skills and
Expertise
Expensing of costs
You’re crazy, Chump !!!
Why would I Give up Because if YOU don’t, Someone else will
my job ????
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems
Analysis
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
Slide 46
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Decision Analysis Outcomes
 List of Candidates
 Candidate Evaluations
 Recommendation
 Present Recommendations to the Steering
Committee
•
•
•
•
Recommendation Outcomes
Reject – The Project is Dead
Reject – Revise and Resubmit
Approve limited-scope project
Approve full-scale version
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Request for Proposals (RFP)
I. Introduction
A. Background
B. Brief summary of needs
C. Explanation of RFP document
D. Call for action on part of vendor
II. Standards and instructions
A. Schedule of events leading to contract
B. Ground rules that will govern selection decision
1. Who may talk with whom and when
2. Who pays for what
3. Required format for a proposal
4. Demonstration expectations
5. Contractual expectations
6. References expected
7. Documentation expectations
III.Requirements and features
A. Hardware
1. Mandatory requirements, features, and criteria
2. Essential requirements, features, and criteria
3. Desirable requirements, features, and criteria
B. Software
1. Mandatory requirements, features, and criteria
2. Essential requirements, features, and criteria
3. Desirable requirements, features, and criteria
C. Service
1. Mandatory requirements
2. Essential requirements
3. Desirable requirements
IV.Technical questionnaires
V. Conclusion
Slide 47
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Request for Quote (RFQ)
• System Specifications
are well Defined
• The Primary issues
are price and vendor
reliability
 Request for Proposal (RFP)
• The steering committee is open to
suggestions about system hard/software
• Basic Requirements and desires are
communicated to the vendor
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 48
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Validate Vendor Submissions
 Hard to imagine, but not
ALL Vendor Claims are
Accurate
 Evaluate/Rank Proposals
• Criteria Should be
established in advance
Quote/Proposal Outcome
 Award Contract
Who are these people ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 49
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
 Project Scheduling
• Gantt Charts
• PERT/CPM
• Other Project
Management Tools
 Benchmark
Establishment
 Establish Training
Schedule
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 50
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
Design Plan/Schedule Outcomes
 System Design Schedule
• Sequence of Activities
• Measurable Benchmarks
• Training Schedule
 Development Budget
• Hardware/Software
• Personnel
• Materials/Supplies
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 51
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
 System Design
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Output Design
• Reports and Screens
• Shows Inputs needed
• User/Mgr. Input absolutely necessary
• Commercial Packages available
 Input Design
• Input Data Defined
• Input sources identified
• Databases Developed
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 52
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Contract
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
 System Design
 Throughput Design
• Outline of Program Procedures
• (Physical) Data Flow Diagrams
• Process flow Diagrams
 System/User Interfaces
• Descriptions of tie-ins to legacy/other
Organizational Systems
• User preferences incorporated
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 53
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
 System Design
System Design Outcomes
 System Specifications
• Outlines how the system should work
• Blueprint for system Construction
• Manual for System Developers
Who drew this ??
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 54
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
 System Design
 System Construction
 Build and Test Networks
 Build and Test Databases
 Write New Programs
• Case Tools/ 3GLs/4GLs
 Write Documentation
 Test System
• According to benchmarks
 Get User Feedback
These
Activities
MAY take
place
independently of
each other
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems
Design
Slide 55
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation
 Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
 Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
 Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Solicit Quotes/Proposals
 Design Plan/Schedule
 System Design
 System Construction
System Construction Outcomes
 Operational System
• Although no matter how well it
was designed and tested, there
are bound to be some problems
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Implementation
Plunge
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)







Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Solicit Quotes/Proposals
Design Plan/Schedule
System Design
System Construction
Slide 56
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Prob. Domain  System Specs.
 Design Sched.  Operational System
 Dev. Budget.  Others
 Implementation Schedule
 Prepare Conversion Plan
 Four Major Approaches:
Phased
• On a certain
• New
date and time,
components
the new system
are added in
replaces the
phases
old System
• If appears to
• Risky
be working
well, next
• Cheapest
component
added
Parallel
Location
• Both the new
• If multiple
and old
locations, new
Systems
system
operate
installed in
concurrently
only site first
• Least Risky
• May use any of
the other
• Most expensive
approaches
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Implementation
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)







Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Solicit Quotes/Proposals
Design Plan/Schedule
System Design
System Construction
Slide 57
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Prob. Domain  System Specs.
 Design Sched.  Operational System
 Dev. Budget.  Others
 Implementation Schedule
 Prepare Conversion Plan
 Four Major Approaches:
 Systems Acceptance Test
• Extensive testing by Users. Designers
monitor:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ererrs Earrors Errors
Systems Performance
Periods of peak demand
Ease of Use/Difficulties
Audit testing
Others
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Implementation
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)







Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Solicit Quotes/Proposals
Design Plan/Schedule
System Design
System Construction
Slide 58
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Prob. Domain  System Specs.
 Design Sched.  Operational System
 Dev. Budget.  Others
 Implementation Schedule
 Prepare Conversion Plan
 Train Users
NOTE: Even the
 How ???
best system is
• In-House/Off Site
worthless if no
• Professional trainers one can use it
• Train the Trainer/Lead Users
 Monitor User use of Documentation
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Implementation
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)







Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Solicit Quotes/Proposals
Design Plan/Schedule
System Design
System Construction
Slide 59
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Prob. Domain  System Specs.
 Design Sched.  Operational System
 Dev. Budget.  Others
 Implementation Schedule
 Prepare Conversion Plan
 Train Users
 Convert to New System
Implementation Outcome
 Ownership Assigned
 Working System !!!
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
SDLC Activities/Products
Preliminary Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
Implementation
 Preliminary Investigation
 Further Investigation (For Problems)











Physical Study (Problem Analysis)
Logical Study (Requirements Analysis)
Feasibility Study (Decision Analysis)
Solicit Quotes/Proposals
Design Plan/Schedule
System Design
System Construction
Implementation Schedule
Prepare Conversion Plan
Train Users
Convert to New System
Slide 60
 P/O/D List
 Project Scope
 Project Scheduling
 Proposal Presentation








Prob. Domain
Cause/Effect
Require. Def.
Require. Prior.
Candidate List
Candidate Evals.
Recommendations.
Project Scheduling.
 Prob. Domain  System Specs.
 Design Sched.  Operational System
 Dev. Budget.  Others
 Impl. Sched
 Conv. Plan
 Train. Man.
 System Ownership.
 Working System
 Others
Maintenance  Constant Review
 Periodic Enhancements
 Modifications as needed
 Update Manuals on regular basis
 Organizational Learning
Maintenance Outcomes
 Improved System NOTE: The SDLC is intended to reduce
maintenance costs; It can’t eliminate them
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 61
?????????????
Any Questions (Please !!!)
?????????????
They must never suspect that I don’t
know everything about everything!!!
MIT5312: Professor Kirs
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Slide 62