FRBR : a new way to have access to the intellectual
content in the bibliographic universe
LIDA FRBR and FRANAR Workshop,
Mljet, 2003
Eeva Murtomaa
Helsinki University Library
eeva.murtomaa@helsinki.fi
Background
In the early 1960’s
The idea of the IFLA UBCIM Programme,
Universal Bibliographic Control and International
Marc programme
- each publication would be catalogued only once
in the country of its origin
Cataloguing Conference of Directors of
National Libraries,
and the IFLA Division of Bibliographic
Control
- the changing environment of the bibliographic data
- costs of cataloguing and authority control
- increasing need to share bibliographic data nationally
and internationally
- how to meet the different users and their needs
- how to get intellectual and physical access to the
documents in the networked environment
The Starting point to the FRBR-study
A Seminar on Bibliographic Records,
held on 15-16 August 1990 in Stockholm
- ” the national bibliographic agency should
be responsible for ensuring the recording of
the national published output in all media,
whilst taking account of the needs of the
variety of groups of users”
- ” a study should be commissioned to
define the functional requirements for
bibliographic records in relation to the
variety of user needs and the variety of
media”
A Seminar on Bibliographic Records,
held on 15-16 August 1990 in Stockholm
- In this seminar IFLA Section on
Cataloguing established a Study Group on
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records
A Seminar on Bibliographic Records,
held on 15-16 August 1990 in Stockholm
Goals
- to create a conceptual framework for the future
environment of bibliographic data
- to investigate different users and user needs
- to analyse the functions of the bibliographic records
- to develope a logical record model for containing all
important attributes and their interrelationships
- a recommendation for the basic level bibliographic
record created by national bibliographic agencies
When we are now looking at the enormous mass of
materials from past and present, which exists in all
possible formats and forms, some questions arise:
How to get relevant information from this chaos?
How to get access to the same work embodied in different
manifestations and possibly existing in different types of
institutions?
The electronic environment diminishes the importance of
the form of information.
Important is the intellectual and artistic content
Our task is to create virtually seamless access to
information and relevant retrieval of information for our
users
… a deeper semantic interoperability
The entity-relationship model of the FRBR offers a new
way for providing systematic access to the
intellectual/artistic content of the works, in whatever
medium that intellectual content is stored, and by
whatever medium it is accessed
The FRBR model is intended to be independent of any
cataloguing code or implementation, and it opens new
possibilities for organising bibliographic information
The IFLA Study on Functional Requirements for
Bibliographic Records published by K.G. Saur in 1998
ISBN 3-598-11382-X
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm
What does the entity-relationship model
mean?
The entity-relationship model consists of
• entities
• attributes
• relationships
Entity = key object of the user’s interest
Attributes = elements associated with entities
(e.g. place name)
Entity-relationship model
Entities
Relationships
Attributes
relationship
entity
entity
What are the generic tasks of the user?
Our imaginary user is supposed to be looking for
a particular document or trying to find out what
information resources exist on a particular subject
or person
After successfull search result he wants to select one
or more documents and verify their availability
According to the FRBR the generic
tasks of the user are
to find
• to identify an entity
• to select an entity
• to obtain access to the entity described
- rights managing, preservation, attributing royalties, navigating
…(BT)
The Entity-Relationship Model includes three
groups of entities
Group 1:
- work
- expression
- manifestation
- item
Work:
• distinct intellectual or artistic creation
(abstract entity)
Expression
• Intellectual or artistic realization of a work
• e.g. in the form of software, or textual, visual, or
coreographical notation, sound, image, movement,etc.
•or any combination
• different versions, revisions, performances, translations
etc. may be considered as the expression of the parent
work
•copyright protects the expression
Manifestation
• represents the physical embodiment of an
expression of a work
• e.g. resources which are issued or published
Manifestation
• an expression or expressions of the work may be published
in various ”carriers” such as manuscripts, books, continuum
resources, maps, sound recordings, multimedia kits, films,
electronic resources etc.
• The manifestation is representing all the physical objects
that bear the same intellectual content and physical form
Item
• the single copy of a manifestation
e.g. the electronic article
Group 2 entities: “responsibility
entities”
Persons and corporate bodies, which
are responsible for the creation,
realization or for the physical
production or dissemination of the
group 1 entities
Group 3 include subject entities
Concepts
Objects
Events
Places
-usually serving as the subjects
of the works
in addition group 1 and group 2
entities may appear as subjects
of the works
Group 1 entities and primary
relationships
work
realized through
expression
embodied in
manifestation
exemplified by
item
Work:
The novel
Expression
original
Work:
Tthe novel
Expression
original
translation
”realized through”
Work:
Tthe novel
Expression
original
translation
”embodied in”
Manifestation
paper
HTML
Work:
Tthe novel
Expression
original
translation
Manifestation
paper
HTML
”exemplified by”
Item
copy
copy
url
url
Work:
The novel
The screenplay
Expression
original
translation
original
Manifestation
paper
HTML
paper
Item
copy
copy
url
url
Work:
The novel
The screenplay
The movie
Expression
original
translation
original
original
Manifestation
paper
HTML
paper
Item
copy
copy
url
url
reels
videodiscs
Family
of
Works:
The novel
original
The screenplay
translation
The movie
original
original
Sibling
relationships
paper
copy
copy
HTML
url
paper
url
reels
videodiscs
Functional principles
work
Intellectual and
artistic content
Realized
through
expression
embodied in
Physical recording of
content
manifestation
exemplified by
item
Relationships
• various relationships reflect meaningful associations
between different entities
• provide links between one entity and another
• help the user to formulate a search query (access points)
• explain relationships for identification and collocation
•assist users to ”navigate” in the bibliographic universe
Relationship
to
work
- successor
- supplement
- complement
- summarization
- adaptation
- transformation
- imitation
- whole/part
work
Relationship
to
expression
- successor
- supplement
- complement
- summarization
- adaptation
- transformation
- imitation
- whole/part
expression
Relationship
to
expression
expression
- abridgement
- revision
- translation
- musical arrangement
- whole/part
Relationship
to
manifestation
- reproduction
- alternate
- whole/part
manifestation
Relationship
to
manifestation
- reproduction
- alternate
- whole/part
manifestation
Relationship
to
item
- reconfiguration
- reproduction
- whole/part
item
Group 2: Person(s) and coporate
body(ies) – responsible for the Group
1 entities
creates
is created by
work
person
realizes
is realized by
corporate
body
produces
is produced by
owns
is owned by
expression
manifestation
item
Group 3: concept, object, event, or place
• usually as subjects of works
• possibility to link all works relevant to a given
subject
work
• concept
• object
• event
• place
work
work
Group 3. Subject relationship
work
• person
• corporate body
• concept
• object
• event
• place
• work
• expression
• manifestation
• item
FRBR relations
Gone with the
wind [ motion picture]
Lost laysen
Adaptation
Author
Mitchell, M.
Author
Subject: Person
Hanson, Elizabeth I.
Margaret Mitchell
Gone with the
wind
Translation
Prohujalo sa vihorom
Subject: Place
Atlanta
Part of
Biblioteka izabrana
dela
Other
Mitchell,
Margare
t
1936
translations
Atlanta
editions
Motion pictures
Parodies
Sound
Recordings
Sequel
s
Clark
Vivie
n
Selznic
k
work
Is created by
expression
is realized by
manifestation
produced by
item
Is owned by
Group
2
Relationships person - work
created by Margaret Mitchell
w1: Letters to A. Edee
w2: Lost Laysen
w3: Gone with the wind
Relationships- person/corporate body
expression
is realized by
Storm in a Teacup (1937)
Twenty One Days (1937)
Gone with the wind (1939)
Anna Karenina (1947)
...
Relationships- person/corporate body
expression
...film 1939, dir. by George Cukor
Victor Fleming, starring
Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Olivia de
Havilland, Leslie Howard, Hattie
McDaniel, Butterfly McQueen, prod. by
David O. Selznick
Relationships person/corporate body - manifestation
Produced by David O.
Selznick
Selznick International Pictures
David copperfield (1935)
Anna Karenina (1935)
Gone with the wind (1939)
Rebecca (1940)
...
CALL NUMBER:
VAB 1799-1800 (viewing copy)
-- Request in:
Motion Picture/TV Reading Rm. By
Appointment (Madison LM336)
-- Status: Not Charged
CALL NUMBER:
DAA 2027 (viewing copy)
-- Request in:
Motion Picture/TV Reading Rm. By
Appointment (Madison LM336)
item
Is ownewd by
Could we find FRBR model from the MARC records included in the Finnish and Norwegian
nationalbibliographies, and BIBSYS ?
*008880325
no
esp
*02000 $a 82-991075-2-0 $b h. $c Nkr 60.00
*04110 $a espnor
*08200 $a 839.822[S]
*10010 $a Ibsen, Henrik $d 1828-1906
*24510 $a Puphejmo (1879) $c Henrik Ibsen ;
tradukis:Odd Tangerud ; lingve kontrolita
de Esperantista Verkista Asocio (EVA)
*26000 $a Hokksund $b Eldonejo Odd Tangerud
$c 1987
*26900 $a [Drammen] : Tangen-trykk
*30000 $a [1], 57 s. $c 24 cm
*50000 $a Originaltittel: Et dukkehjem. Originalutgave: København :
Gyldendal, 1879
*99100 $a Tangerud, Odd
001f521254
008 941208s1946 fi j f
015 $a f521254
041 $a swe
080 $a 839.79-3(024.7)
1001 $a Jansson $h Tove
2452 $a Kometjakten
$d Tove Jansson
260 $a Helsingfors
$b Söderström $c 1946
300 $a [2], 179 s. $c 8:o
011 $a swe $b f
001f521255
008941208s1946 se j f c
015 $a f521255
041 $a swe
080 $a 839.79-3(024.7)
1001 $a Jansson $h Tove
2452 $a Kometjakten
$d Tove Jansson
260 $a Norrköping
$b Sörlin $c 1946
300 $a [2], 179 s. $c 8:o
011 $a swe $b f
001f521254
008 941208s1946 fi j f
015 $a f521254
041 $a swe
080 $a 839.79-3(024.7)
1001 $a Jansson $h Tove
2452 $a Kometjakten
$d Tove Jansson
260 $a Helsingfors
$b Söderström $c 1946
300 $a [2], 179 s. $c 8:o
011 $a swe $b f
001f521255
008941208s1946 se j f c
015 $a f521255
041 $a fin $c swe
080 $a 839.79-3(024.7)
1001 $a Jansson $h Tove
2452 $a Takaisin Muumilaaksoon
$d Tove Jansson
260 $a Porvoov$a Hki $a Juva
$b WSOY $c 1988
300 $a 250 s. $b kuv. $c 30 cm
500 $a Alkuteokset: Kometjakten ;
Trollkarlens hatt …
505 Sisältö: Muumipeikko ja pyrstötähti ; ...
70011 $a Järvinen $h Liisa
011 $a fin $b f
3. Identifying the manifestation: our string
*001887091044X
*008941107s1994 it
j c
*021 $a 88-7091-044-X $c nid.
*0411 $a ita $c swe
*080 $a 839.79-3
*1001 $a Jansson $h Tove $c 1914*241 $a Resa med lätt bagage
*2452 $a Viaggio con bagaglio leggero $d Tove Jansson $e introduzione di Carmen Giorgetti
Cima $e [traduzione dallo svedese di Carmen Giorgetti Cima]
*260 $a Milano $b Iperborea $c 1994
*300 $a 187, [1] s. $c 20 cm
*490 $a Iperborea $v 44 $y 0044
*70021$a Giorgetti Cima $h Carmen
*011 $a ita $b j
• Card catalogue 1.
• Card catalogue 2.
• Tree
Impacts to the cataloguing rules
FRBR terminology
ISBD (International Standard for Bibliographic Description)
Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR.
Models for expression-level cataloguing
e.g. AACR
First IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing
Code, July 28 - 30, 2003, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Sources
Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report. - Munchen :
Saur, 1998. - (UBCIM Publications-new Series ; vol. 19). Also available:
http://ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf
Hegna, Knut and Murtomaa, Eeva: Data mining MARC to find:
FRBR? 13th March 2002.
http://folk.uio.no/knuthe/dok/frbr/datamining.pdf
Tillett, Barbara: Bibliographic relationships. In: C. A. Bean & R. Green:
Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, 19-35. 2001
Tillett, Barbara: The FRBR model (Functional Requiremets for Bibliographic
Records / a presentation by Dr. Barbara Tillett : June 15.2002
for ALA ALCTS CCS CC:DA, Atlanta, Georgia (Power Point)