The “FRBR family”
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Functional Requirements for Authority Data
Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
The relationship to RDA
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Australia License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/
1
“FRBR family”
history
• 1990- a study commissioned to define the functional
requirements of bibliographic records in relation to
the variety of user needs and the variety of media
• 1992- Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records (FRBR) Study Group established
• 1998- FRBR conceptual model published
• FRBR Review Group – reviews FRBR on an ongoing
basis, revising when needed
2
“FRBR family”
history
• Functional Requirements for Authority Data
– 1999- working group formed
– 2009- FRAD conceptual model published
• Functional Requirements for Subject Authority
Data
– 2005- working group formed
– 2010- FRSAD conceptual model published
3
FRBR, FRAD and FRSAD What they are
• They are conceptual models to explain the
purpose of bibliographic and authority records
and how they relate to the needs of users
• They provide a common understanding and
vocabulary to enable cataloguers around the
world to discuss cataloguing concepts,
independent of any particular cataloguing
rules or system
4
FRBR, FRAD and FRSAD What they aren’t
• They are not cataloguing rules
• They are not data models
• They do not prescribe how the models might
be implemented in online catalogues
5
What is FRBR?
• FRBR is a structured framework for
– relating the data recorded in bibliographic records
to the needs of users
– relating bibliographic records to each other
• FRBR identifies and defines the data
requirements of what users expect to find in a
bibliographic record and how they use that
information
6
What do users expect
from a library catalogue?
• Users expect that a library catalogue will
enable them to FIND a work/item of
intellectual or artistic content that meets their
needs
– For example
• by a particular author
• on a particular subject
• with a certain title
7
What do users expect
from a library catalogue?
• Users expect that a library catalogue will
enable them to IDENTIFY a work/item of
intellectual or artistic content that meets their
needs
– For example
• to distinguish between items with the same title
8
What do users expect
from a library catalogue?
• Users expect that a library catalogue will
enable them to SELECT a work/item of
intellectual or artistic content that meets their
needs
– For example
• to check that an item is in a suitable form for a
particular group, such as the vision impaired
9
What do users expect
from a library catalogue?
• Users expect that a library catalogue will
enable them to OBTAIN a work/item of
intellectual or artistic content that meets their
needs
– For example
• to request the item
• to access a remote resource
10
What do users expect
from a library catalogue?
• Users expect bibliographic records to help
them find, identify, select and obtain the
products of intellectual or artistic endeavour
11
Intellectual or
artistic activity
and content
Physical
characteristics
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
12
Item
• A concrete entity
– the National Library’s copy of Tim Winton’s
Cloudstreet, as first published in 1991 by McPhee
Gribble
13
Manifestation
• All the physical or virtual objects that bear the
same characteristics, in respect of intellectual
content and form
– The entire print run by McPhee Gribble in 1991 of
Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet
14
Expression
• Intellectual or artistic form, such as language,
alpha-numeric or musical or choreographic
notation, sound, image, object, movement,
etc, or a combination of these
– The English language and alpha-numeric text of
Tim Winton’s Cloudstreet
15
Work
• The intellectual or artistic creation as an
abstract entity
– The characters and plot of Tim Winton’s
Cloudstreet
16
Attributes of a Work
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Title
Date
Form (e.g. poem, map, painting)
Intended termination
Intended audience
Context
Coordinates and Equinox (Cartographic works)
Medium of performance, Numeric designation and
Key (Musical works)
• Any other characteristic that serves to differentiate a
work from another of the same title
17
Attributes of an
Expression
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Title
Form (e.g. alpha-numeric notation, spoken word, mime)
Date
Language/s
Extensibility (e.g. future volumes in a multi-vol.)
Revisability (e.g. draft or integrating resource)
Extent (e.g. number of words, duration of performance)
Summarization (e.g. abstract, table of contents)
Context
Critical response
Use restrictions
Any other characteristic that serves to differentiate an
expression from another expression of the same work
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Attributes of an
Expression
• Serial
– Sequencing pattern
– Expected regularity
– Expected frequency
• Musical notation
– Type of score
– Medium of performance
• Sound recording
– Medium of performance
• Graphic or Projected
image
• Remote sensing image
– Recording technique
– Special characteristic
• Cartographic image or
object
–
–
–
–
–
Scale
Projection
Presentation technique
Representation of relief
Geodetic, Grid, and
Vertical measurement
– Technique
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Attributes of a
Manifestation
• Title
• Statement of
responsibility
• Edition/Issue
designation
• Imprint (place, date,
publisher,
manufacturer)
• Series statement
• Identifier (e.g. ISBN)
• Physical description
(form, extent,
composition,
dimensions)
• Capture mode
• Source of acquisition
• Terms of availability
• Access restrictions
20
Attributes of a
Manifestation
• Printed book
– Typeface
– Type size
• Hand printed book
– Foliation
– Collation
• Serial
– Numbering
• Microform
– Polarity
– Generation
– Reduction ratio
• Sound recording
– Kind of sound
– Playing speed
– Groove width and kind
of cutting
– Tape configuration
• Electronic resource
–
–
–
–
System requirements
File characteristics
Mode of access
Access address
• Image
– Colour
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Attributes of an Item
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identifier (e.g. accession number, call number, barcode)
Provenance
Marks and inscriptions
Torn or missing pages
Exhibition history
Treatment history
Access restrictions
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WORK
EXPRESSION
MANIFESTATION
ITEM
100 1_ $aWinton, Tim,$d1960240 10 $aCloudstreet.$lGerman
245 13 $aDas Haus an der Cloudstreet :$bRoman /
$cTim Winton ; aus dem australischen
Englisch von Barbara Lehnerer
260 __ $aFrankfurt am Main :$bKruger,$c1998.
300 __ $a 493 p. ;$c22 cm.
700 1_ $aLehnerer, Barbara,$etranslator.
900 __ $aLibrary’s copy signed by the author.
Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report / IFLA
Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records,
2008, p. 14, “Group 1 entities and primary relationships”, Figure 3.1
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Equivalent relationships
• Most commonly between the various
manifestations of an expression of a work
– Alternate
• Simultaneously released edition
• Alternate format
– Reproduction
• Reprint
• Mirror site
• Facsimile
Derivative relationships
• Work-to-Work or Expression-to-Expression
– Different Expressions of the same Work
•
•
•
•
•
Revision
Literal translation
Musical arrangement
Dubbed or subtitled version of a film
Illustrated edition
– A new Work based on another Work
•
•
•
•
Adaptation for children
Parody
Free translation
Screenplay
Descriptive relationships
• A new Work that describes one or more existing
Works, Expressions, Manifestations or Items
–
–
–
–
Review
Criticism
Commentary
Annotated edition
The Epistle of James : a commentary on the Greek text / by Peter H.
Davids
Nimbus of glory : a study of Coleridge's three great poems / by Warren
Stevenson
Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green,
2001, p. 23, “Bibliographic Relationships” by
Barbara B. Tillett, Figure 2, © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, with kind permission of
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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Work
Cloudstreet
(Book discussion
notes)
Cloudstreet
(Novel)
Cloudstreet
(Play, 1998)
Expression
German
translation
English language
text
English language
text
Manifestation
Kruger, 1998
McPhee Gribble,
1991
Reprint
(McPhee Gribble,
1993)
Currency Press,
1999
Whole-Part relationships
• Relationship between a Work, Expression,
Manifestation or Item and its component
parts
– Dependant parts
• chapters, sections, parts, volumes
• illustrations for a text
• sound aspect of a film
– Independent parts
•
•
•
•
monograph in a series
journal articles
parts of a kit
books of the Bible
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Sequential relationships
• Sequential
– Sequel
• Zen and the modern world : a third sequel to Zen and
Western thought / Masao Abe ; edited by Steven Heine
– Prequel
• Wide Sargasso Sea / Jean Rhys
– Prequel to: Jane Eyre / Charlotte Brontë
– Multi-part series, where the parts relate to each
other
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Accompanying
relationships
• Supplementary
– May be dependent or independent
• appendix
• supplement
• Companion
• music written for an existing poem
32
Contextual relationships
• Relationship between Work or Expression or
Manifestation or Item
and
• Person/s or Family/Families or Corporate
body/bodies responsible for
– intellectual or artistic content
– physical production or dissemination
– custodianship
33
Work
Expression
PERSON
FAMILY
CORPORATE BODY
Manifestation
Item
34
FRAD user tasks
• Find person/s, family/families, corporate
body/bodies, works, etc based on known information
• Identify
– Confirm person or family or corporate body or work, etc is
the one sought
• Contextualize
– clarify the relationship between entities, such as earlier
and later names of a corporate body
• Justify the controlled access point
Attributes of a Person
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dates
Title
Gender
Place of birth
Place of death
Country with which the
person is identified
• Place of residence
• Affiliation
•
•
•
•
Address
Language
Field of activity
Profession or
occupation
• Biography or history
• Any other information
by which a person is
known or identified
Attributes of a Family
• Type of family
– Clan, dynasty, family unit
• Dates associated with family
• Field of activity
• History of family
Attributes of a Corporate
Body
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Place associated with corporate body
Dates associated with corporate body
Language
Address
Field of activity
History
Any other information that differentiates one
corporate body from another
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
WORK
Person
Family
Corporate body
Concept
Object
Event
Place
39
FRBR and RDA
• FRBR and FRAD concepts, terms and user
tasks
• RDA content and organisation reflect FRBR
and FRAD
– Attributes
– Relationships
40
RDA structure
• Section 1: Recording attributes of manifestation and item
– All physical formats, not one per chapter
– Describing carriers
• Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression
– Describing content
• Section 3: Recording attributes of person, family, corporate
body
• Section 4: Recording attributes of concept, object, event,
place (Concept, Object, Event still at placeholder stage)
41
RDA structure
• Section 5: Recording primary relationships
– Work-expression-manifestation-item relationships
• Section 6: Recording relationships to persons, families, and
corporate bodies associated with a resource
• Section 7: Recording subject relationships (placeholder)
• Section 8: Recording relationships between works,
expressions, manifestations , and items
• Section 9: Recording relationships between persons, families,
and corporate bodies
• Section 10: Recording relationships between concepts,
objects, events, and places (placeholder)
42
RDA, FRBR
and the future
• Library systems will evolve to fully display
FRBR structure of work, expression,
manifestation, and item
• Application of FRBR concepts to traditional
catalogue records
– Trove - http://trove.nla.gov.au/
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Virtua ILS (VTLS)
Display created using linked data
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RDA, FRBR
and the future
• Application FRBR concepts in other systems
• Australian Music Centre catalogue http://www.australianmusiccentre.com.au/search
• Austlit - http://www.austlit.edu.au/
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Where to find out more
• FRBR family of models
– http://www.ifla.org/en/node/2016
– FRBR blog
• http://www.frbr.org/
• RDA
– http://www.rda-jsc.org/rda.html
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Acknowledgments
• Parts of this presentation have been copied
from presentations by Deirdre Kiorgaard,
Barbara Tillett, Alan Danskin and John Attig
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