Dirección de Proyectos Informáticos

• Relacionar satisfacción y productividad
• ¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva?
• Relación entre actitud y comportamiento
• 5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño
• Porque dos personas pueden ver lo mismo e interpretarlo como cosas distintas
• Teoría de la atribución
• Proceso de aprendizaje.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 1

Attitudes learning Personality
Perception
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 2

• Evaluative statements–either favorable or unfavorable- concerning objects, people or events
• We are interested in attitudes about the work…
– “I like my job”
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 3

Positive
Attitudes
Job
Satisfaction
Negative
Attitudes
Job
Dissatisfaction
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 4

– Mentally challenging work
– Equitable rewards
– Supportive working conditions
– Supportive colleagues-
• People want jobs were:
– They can apply their abilities an capacities
– Task variety
– Freedom and feedback
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 5

Satisfaction
Frustration
None objectives
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
A lot
6

• People expect more than material…
• People seeks:
– Personal communications
– Friendship
– Support from other people
– (socializes)
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 7

• The more satisfaction are more productive?
– …
– It’s not clear…
– Ti has same effects
• Other factors have more influence… as working in a chain
• But productivity provides satisfaction
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 8

• Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
• people will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence the discomfort
• Way to reduce dissonance:
– Change the job
– Change the behavior
– …it's unimportant
– Change the attitude
– Seek more consonant elements
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 9

• Factors
– uncontrollable…
– Rewards…
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 10

• The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to an interact with others.
• Sixteen primary traits:
– Reserved - Outgoing
– Less intelligent - More intelligent
– Affected by feelings-
Emotionally stable
– Submissive - Dominant
– Serious – Happy-go-lucky
– Expedient - conscientious
– Timid - Venturesome
– Tough-minded - Sensitive
– Trusting - Suspicious
– Practical - Imaginative
– Forthright - Shrewd
– Self_assured apprehensive
– Conservative-
Experimenting
– Group dependent –
Self_sufficient
– Uncontrolled - Controlled
– Relaxed - Tense
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 11

• Extroverted - Introverted (E o I)
• Sensing - Intuitive (S o N)
• thinking - felling (T o F)
• Perceiving - judging (P o J)
• INTJ (Visionaries,… determined)
• ESTJ (Organizers,…)
• ENTP (Conceptualizer,…)
• NTs (Business people supersuccessful firms)
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 12

• Extraversion:
– sociable, talkative and assertive.
• Agreeableness:
– Good natured, cooperative and trusting.
• Conscientiousness:
– responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented
• Emotional stability:
– Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) vs. tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
• Openness to experience:
– Imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and intellectualism
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 13

• Locus of control
– Internals
– Externals
• Machiavellianism
• self esteem
• Self monitoring
• Risk taking
• Type A personality
• Type B personality
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 14

• Realistic:
– physical activities, require skill, strength, and coordination
– Shy, genuine/ persistent, stable, conforming, practical
– Mechanic, drill press operator, assembly line worker, farmer
• Investigative
– activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding
– Analytical, original, curious, independent
– Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 15

• Social:
– activities that involve helping and developing others
– Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding
– Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical psychologist
• Conventional:
– rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities
– Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible
– Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 16

• Enterprising:
– verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power
– Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering
– Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations specialist, small business manager
• Artistic:
– ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression
– Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical
– Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 17

GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 18

• A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
• Factors influencing perception:
– The perceiver,
• Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, expectations
– The target
• Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity
– The situation
• Time, work setting, social setting
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 19

• When we observe people we attempt to develop explanations of why they behave in certain ways.
• When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
• Internally: under control of individual.
• Externally: outside causes.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 20

• Determination depends on:
– Distinctiveness
• Different behaviors in different situations.
– As usually or he don’t use to do this.
– Consensus
• Everyone do the same in this situation.
– Consistency
• Does the person respond the same over time?
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 21

• There is a tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for failure on external factors as luck.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 22

• Selective perception
– People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experience, and attitudes.
• Contrast effects
– Comparison with otter people about same characteristic.
• projection
– Attributing one’s own characteristics to he other people.
• Stereotyping
– Perception of the group to which that person belongs.
• Halo effect
– Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis or a single characteristic.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 23

• Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as result of experience.
• How do we learn?
– Classical conditioning
• Behavior depends on consequences (money, smiles,…)
– Positive consequences: repeat.
– Negative consequences: do no repeat.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 24

Environme nt
conditioning comportamiento
Shaping
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 25

• Operant conditioning
– slow, rewards, punishment.
– Test and fail
• Shaping
– By observing what happens to other people.
– Quick
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 26

• Robbins, Comportamiento Organizativo,
Prentice Hall, 1999.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 27