Modifications to this presentation
1. S 88 has been added to explain WAAS channel numbers
and using them to tune GPS receivers.
2. S 4 Modified
3. S 83 & 84 modified
4. S 34 modified with another line::::Many LOM’s now have
a more powerful MH NDB
5. 30 May 2014 S 57 – 61 provides pictures of tactical GCA
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE C
ACTION: Fly a Precision Instrument Approach
Procedure (PA)
CONDITION: Given an Instrument Approach
Procedure (IAP)
STANDARD: IAW FM 3-04.240, DOD FLIP,
AR 95-1
3
The following Instrument Approach
Procedures will be covered.
NON-PRECISION APPROACHES (MDA)
LOC & LOC BC (Localizer & LOC Back Course)
LP
( Localizer Performance) (GPS)
LNAV
( Lateral Navigation)
(GPS)
PRECISION APPROACHES (DH)
ILS
GCA
(Instrument Landing System)
(PAR - Precision Approach Radar)
APPROACH with VERTICAL GUIDENCE (APV) (DA)
LPV
(LOC Performance with Vertical Navigation)
4
Precision Approaches
Have an electronic glide slope
Precision approaches have a
Decision Height
PRECISION APPROACH
DEFINITION: A standard instrument approach
procedure in which an electronic glide slope is
provided.
PAR
ILS
DH
6
7
The Instrument Landing System
(ILS) is designed to provide an
approach path for exact alignment
and descent of an aircraft on final
approach to a runway.
8
ILS Categories
1. Category I an approach with a HAT not normally
below 200 ft.
2. Category II an approach with a HAT no less than 100
Ft. RVR no less than 1,200 Ft.
3. Category III (a, b & c)
9
ILS RWY 10
Montgomery Dannelly Field
(KMGM)
Category I ILS
Expanded Circling Approach
Maneuvering Airspace Radius
10
ILS - General Information
1. Guidance Information: Localizer, glide slope
2. Range information - marker beacons / DME
3. Visual information – approach & runway lights,
VASI or PAPI
11
ILS - General Information
LOCALIZER - Provides horizontal (course)
information
GLIDESLOPE - Provides vertical (glide slope)
guidance
12
ILS - General Information
MARKER BEACONS and / or DME distance guidance
13
Loc 27R EDDV (Hanover, Germany)
14
Fully IFR
Capable AH-64E
Localizer antenna located off
departure end. Sited to provide a
700’ full scale deviation indication at
the runway threshold.
15
LOCALIZER
LOCALIZER - Frequency 108.1 to 111.95 Mhz - odd
tenths only. Has voice capability.
IDENTIFIER - prefix “I” followed by 3 letter locator
identifier - e.g. “I-OZR”
16
VOR
LOC -- Each
Each dot
dot equals
equals 1/2
twodegree
degrees
offoff
course.
course
This
offcourse
course
ThisHSI
HSIVOR
LOC indication
indication == 41 degrees
degree off
.
17
LOCALIZER
2 dots = 828’
196’
210’
From
center line
1
dot =
= 424’
88’
1 dot
108’
Localizer off-course
indications
18
LOCALIZER
Front Course
Localizer width - 4° to 5°
Front Course Setup
19
ILS 09R EDDV (Hanover, Germany)
ILS 15 EFHK (Helsinki, Finland)
20
Glideslope antenna- located
between 750’ + 1200’ from the
approach end of the runway and
offset 250 - 600’ from centerline.
Sited to provide Threshold Crossing
Height of 55’ +/- 5’
21
INNER
MARKER
MIDDLE
MARKER
OUTER
MARKER
The Glide Slope Transmitter:
1. Uses UHF frequencies 329.15 - 335.0
2. Glide Slope UHF frequencies are paired with
Localizer VHF frequencies automatically in the
aircraft’s on board VHF navigation receiver.
3. Transmits a glide path beam 1.4 deg. wide
(Vertically)
4. Generally transmitted along the FRONT COURSE
22
ONLY
INNER
MARKER
MIDDLE
MARKER
OUTER
MARKER
The GlideSlope Transmitter
Projects a glidepath, normally, between 2 and 3 degrees
above horizontal.
Intersects the IM at about 100 ft above the airfield
elevation
Intersects the MM at about 200 ft above the airfield elev.
Intersects the OM at about 1400 ft above the airfield elev.
Is normally usable to 10 Nm.
23
INNER
MARKER
2 dots = 8’
50’
25’
11dot
dot =
=4’
=12’
25’
MIDDLE
MARKER
OUTER
MARKER
Above or
Below
Center of
Glide slope
Glide slope deviation
indications
24
Glide slope
deviation
indications
MIDDLE
MARKER
OUTER
MARKER
25
Loss of Glide Slope indication during an
Or Climb to MAProc.
ILS approach
Altitude (2000’ MSL)
Ref: FAA-H-8261-1A
Page:5-33
760’ LOC MDA
This slide uses the KOZR ILS or LOC RWY 6
approach for the example
498’ ILS DH
Corrective Action - CLIMB to Localizer MDA or
Missed
Approach
Altitude,
continue
Aircraft
is on ILSProc.
glideslope,
above
DH, to the
MAP for
the
Localizer
Approach,
thenloses
initiate
but
below
Localizer
MDA and
Missed Approach Procedure
Ref: AIMS para
5-4-21 (a)(b)
glideslope
signal
here
26
27
LOCALIZER BACK COURSE
Front Course
Back Course
Back Course Setup
Set Course Selector to
FRONT COURSE
28
LOCALIZER BACK COURSE
Back Course
Front Course
Incorrect Back Course setup
Causes course indicator to be non-directional
29
Caution on a Localizer Back Course
X
X
1. False glide slope signals may exist in the area of the
localizer back course approach which can cause the
glide slope needles to present unreliable glide slope
information.
2. Disregard all glide slope signal indications when
doing a localizer back course approach.
30
VOL 18
31
MARKER
BEACONS
32
INNER MARKER
- transmits
Morse
MIDDLE
MARKER
Code dots
(TH-67Morse
is Steady
signal)
transmits
Code
dots
White segment
light flashes.(TH-67
and
dashes.
OUTER MARKER -Amber
transmits
remains constant)
segment
light flashes.
Morse
Code dashes.
Blue
(Catagorylight
II & III
ILS ONLY)
segment
flashes.
33
Compass Locator
Usually sited at the OM
Power output of 25 watts or less
Range of at least 15 miles
Operating frequency between 190 and 535 kHz
Transmits two letter identification groups.
The OM transmits the first two letters of the
localizer identification group and the MM
transmits the last two letters.
Many LOM’s now have a more powerful MH NDB
34
Localizer
Locator
35
36
HSI setup for ILS
(TROY)
37
On course, below glideslope.
Inbound to outer marker
Below
Above
Glideslope
Glideslope,
Intercept
right
of
left
of
On
course,
on
glideslope
course
38
Glide Slope Intercept Point
FAFfor
forNON-PRECISION
PRECISION Approach
FAF
Approach
39
ILS (Precision) Approach
ILS final descent begins here
40
ILS (Precision) Approach
G/S Intercept Point
Altitude of aircraft on glide path
when crossing the Outer Marker
41
G/S Intercept Point
Altitude difference at OM on LOC
vs. ILS approach
161 Feet
42
Predicted
Rate of Descent
computations
43
Climb / Descent
Table
Ground Speed = 90 knots
Glide slope angle
Rate of descent
3.01o = 480 fpm
3.00o = 478 fpm
44
Property of Lear-Siegler Inc.
Using the CPU – 26A/P (E6-B)
45
Method: A
Index Method
46
Groundspeed = 90 Knots
Glideslope angle = 3.00
Place INDEX on
your final approach
Ground speed
Result differs from TLA
Chart due to E6-B’s linear
computations:
(making Earth flat)
Ground Speed = 80 Kts.
Glideslope Angle
Answer = 382 ft/min
(Interpolation/Proportion)
Answer = 360ft/min (E6-B)
50
ILS RWY 06 at
Cairns AAF
(KOZR)
51
ILS RWY 32 at
Dothan, AL
(KDHN)
52
CAT I ILS
Just for helicopters
53
CAT II ILS
Just for helicopters.
Currently no US Army helicopter nor
US Army Helicopter Crew meets the
provisions of AR 95-1 Table 5-3
outlining the requirements for
Category II ILS approaches with
minimums below 200 Ft AGL.
54
Ground Controlled Approach
(GCA)
Precision Approach Radar
(PAR)
No-Gyro Approach
U.S. Army Tactical GCA Unit.
‘ATNAVICS’
Photography Courtesy: WO1 Taylor, Jantzen (Class: 2014-11)
57
Sensor
Vehicle
58
Sensor
Vehicle
59
Operations Vehicle
(GCA Radar Screens and GCA Controller)
This would be the
Air-Conditioner
60
ASR
Screen
61
GS
Azimuth
62
63
PAR Console at KOZR App Control
PAR Pulse Radar Antenna at KOZR AAF
AZIMUTH
GLIDESLOPE
64
Precision Approach Radar:
Utilizes a precision type radar
designed to display an aircraft’s
position and altitude, only in the final
approach area, to a specific runway
with which the radar is aligned.
 A precision approach
 Provides the aviator with:
1) Precise Course
2) Glide slope
3) Range
Ref: FM3-04.240 Para 10-205
Still
slightly
of course.
On course.
Turn
leftTurn
Your
missed
approach
Slightly
left of left
course.
Turnheading
right
heading
334.
heading
332.
Two
miles
procedure
is Climb
right
332.straight
Well
At
Decision
Height,
ifturn
the
Slightly
above
glide
path.
from
touchdown.
ahead
toglide
1000,
then
above
path,
adjust
Army
12345,
Do
not
Intercepting
thesight,
finalfinal
airfield
is
not
in
Army
12345
this
is
your
Three
miles
from
Approaching
glide
path
right
to
heading
060,
climb
your
rate
of
descent.
Four
On
course.
Intercepting
acknowledge
further
On
course,
6
miles
from
Army
12345,
tower
advises
approach
course.
Turn
right
On
course
ondo
glide
path..
execute
missed
approach.
controller.
How
you
hear
touchdown.
slowly.
and
maintain
2000.
miles
from
touchdown.
glide
path,
begin
descent.
transmissions.
touchdown.
Approaching
cleared
to
land
runway
33
heading
330.
One mile me?
from touchdown.
5 miles from
glide touchdown.
path.
Army 12345, I hear
Army
12345
Roger.
you loud
and
clear.
GCA
APPROACH
MINIMA
69
Please open TLA VOL-18
RADAR INSTRUMENT APPROACH MINIMUMS
To Page: XLII
Beaufort MCAS
(KNBC)
70
Aircraft approach categories
• Category A - < 91 knots
• Category B - > 91 knots but <121 knots
• Category C - > 121 knots but < 141 knots
• Category D - > 141 knots but < 166 knots
• Category E - > 166 knots
• Copter only - maintain 90 KIAS or less.
Ref: GP Terms
“Army 12345,
this will be a
Precision
approach to
runway 23,
landing
runway 23.”
“Army 12345,
this will be an
Surveillance
approach to
runway 05,
landing runway
05.”
Circling
GCA Approaches
75
Maneuvering Pattern Examples
GCA to Runway 36
Circle to land Runway 07
OVER-FLY
airport. Then
normal traffic
pattern at
Circling MDA
Maneuvering Pattern Examples
GCA to Runway 18
Circle to land Runway 29
TURN SHORT
when airport
in sight, enter
downwind to
base at
circling MDA
Extract from TLA:
Page: XV (IFR Landing Minima)
The circling MDA and weather
minima to be used are those for the
runway to which the final approach
is flown.
NOT:
The landing runway
“Army 12345,
this will be a
ASR approach
to runway 14,
circle to land
runway 32.”
“Army 12345,
this will be an
Surveillance
approach to
runway 05,
circle to land
runway 32.”
Army 12345
This will be an
Precision approach
to runway 32,
runway 14 in use.
Radar Monitoring of Approaches
Radar advisories may be provided only when a PAR
final approach course:
a. Coincides with another type of approach course
e.g. ILS, VOR.
b. When PAR safety limits are exceeded or a radical
deviation is observed, the pilot will be advised to
execute a missed approach.
Automatically Provided when:
(1) When Wx is less than 1000’ - 3 miles Vis
(2) When requested by the pilot.
(3) At night (N/A at U.S. Army Airfields).
82
Ref: AIMS Para 5-4-12
83
TLA
VOL 19
84
DHN
ILS RWY 14
TLA VOL 14
86
87
ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE D
ACTION: Fly a GPS Approach
CONDITIONS: Given an Airport with a GPS
Approach
STANDARDS: IAW: AIM Para 1-1-18 thru 20
AIM Para 1-2-1
FM 3-04.240
AR 95-1
DOD FLIP
88
Global Positioning System Approach Procedures
APV = Approach With Vertical Guidance (DA)
1) LPV Localizer Performance with Vertical Navigation
 WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) (ICAO
calls it: SBAS)
2) LNAV/VNAV Lateral NAVigation/Vertical NAVigation
 WAAS
GPS With Lateral Guidance Only (MDA)
1) LP Localizer Performance
 WAAS
2) LNAV Lateral NAVigation
 (LNAV+V ) may be displayed on the GPS 430W
screen.
89
GPS
Approach with Vertical uidance (APV)
DEFINITION: A GPS instrument approach
procedure in which an electronic glide slope is
provided but does not meet ICAO Annex 10
standards for a precision approach.
(WAAS is Required)
LPV
LNAV/VNAV
DA
90
GPS
NON-Precision Approach Procedure
DEFINITION: A GPS instrument approach
procedure in which no electronic glide slope is
provided but may have a vertical reference displayed
using the glideslope needles. (ONLY LP requires WAAS)
MDA
91
GNS 430W Tolerances
En Route : > 30 Nm from airport
Terminal: < 30 Nm from airport
Final Approach: FAF inbound
Conforms to RNP tolerances
AIM says: Enroute = 5 NM (For NON-WAAS GPS.)
92
RNAV (GPS) RWY 19 available in FAA
TPP SE-3
The WAAS Channel Number is
an optional equipment capability
that allows the use of a 5−digit
number to select a specific final
approach segment without using
the menu method.
The Approach ID is an airport
unique 4−character combination
for verifying the selection and
extraction of the correct final
approach segment information
from the aircraft
database.
Garmin 430W as installed in
the TH-67A, does NOT accept
these inputs.
94
GPS
Overlay
Approach
(TLA Vol 18)
Do not attempt to fly an approach
(using GPS) unless the procedure is:
1. Stored in the onboard database
2. The approach is identified as
“GPS” on the approach chart.
3. And the onboard GPS Navigation
system Database is current
REF: AIMS Page 1-1-36 Para 1-1-19 N 8
GPS
Stand-Alone
Approach
TLA Vol 14
Missed Approach Point for:
1. LNAV
2. Circling
Visual Descent Point
Missed Approach Point for:
1. LPV
2. LNAV/VNAV
GPS
Stand-Alone Approach
(With TAA)
The pilot can determine which
TAA
(Terminal Arrival Area)
the aircraft will enter by:
1. Selecting the IF (IAF) to determine
the magnetic bearing to the center IF
(IAF).
2. That bearing should then be
compared with the published
bearings that define the lateral
boundaries of the TAA areas.
(Ref: AIM Pg 5-4-12)
TLA Vol 19 Page 185
97
Flying
the
TAA’s
98
This Approach NO
LONGER exists as a
T RNAV APPROACH.
It is provided for
instructional
purposes ONLY.
WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System
(ICAO calls this SBAS)
100
WAAS reference stations for the USA. WAAS coverage is approximately 200nm around these stations
101
102
Check on
Learning
103
1. A PAR (Precision Approach) provides the aviator with what
information?
ANSWER: Precise Course, Glide slope and Range
information
2. Inbound on a LOC-BC, the HSI selected course pointer should
be tuned to what?
ANSWER: Front Course
3. VOR is tuned and identified, but flag remains, why?
ANSWER: Unreliable
4. Where would you find the Glideslope intercept altitude?
ANSWER: Below the Lightning Bolt in the Profile View
5. What is your rate of descent (ft/m): Descent Angle 2.8o at 90
Kts Ground Speed
ANSWER: 446 FPM (Using Chart)
104
6. This symbol
denotes:
ANSWER: A mandatory Fly-Over Point
7. There are two types of GPS approaches?
ANSWER: Overlay and Stand Alone
8. To fly a GPS approach or an Enroute Segment using your
on-board installed GPS, it must be an IFR certified GPS with a?
ANSWER: Current database
9. For GPS to locate your 3D position, it must know the location
of a minimum number of satellites. What is the minimum
number of satellites?
ANSWER: 4
10. The missed approach point on the RNAV RWY 36 LNAV
approach to KOZR is:
ANSWER: RW36
105
Class Time Change:
FOR NEXT TD
106
Practical Exercise Next !!!!!!!
Instrument Approach Procedures PE #3 (TD 60)
1. Complete in Class
2. I am available for any
questions/clarifications.
3. You may leave when you are done.