Chap 10: Community Health
and Minorities
Anita Sego
Spring, 2005
Chap 10: Minorities
Chapter Objectives
• Explain the concept of diversity as it
describes the American people.
• Explain the impact of a more diverse
population in the United States as it
relates to community health efforts.
• Explain the importance of the 1985
landmark report, The Secretary’s Task
Force on Black and Minority Health.
Chap 10: Minorities
Chapter Objectives
• List the racial and ethnic categories
currently used by the U.S. Government
in statistical activities and programs
administration reporting.
• List some limitations related to
collecting racial and ethnic health data.
• Identify some of the sociodemographic
and socioeconomic characteristics of
minority groups in the United States.
Chap 10: Minorities
Chapter Objectives
• List some of the beliefs and values of
minority groups in the United States.
• List and describe the six priority areas
of the Race and Health Initiative.
• Define socioeconomic gradient and
provide an example as it relates to
minority health.
Chap 10: Minorities
Chapter Objectives
• Define cultural sensitivity and cultural
competence and define the importance
of each related to minority community
health.
• Identify the three kinds of power
associated with empowerment and
explain the importance of each related
to minority community health.
Chap 10: Minorities
Overview of Diversity
• The strength and greatness of America
lies in the diversity of its people
– President’s Initiative on Race
– majority
– minorities
Chap 10: Minorities
Documents
• The Secretary’s Task Force Report on
Black and Minority Health
• Health People 2000
• Initiative to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic
Minorities in Health
– prevent disease
– promote health
– delivering care to racial and ethnic minority
communities
Chap 10: Minorities
Racial and Ethnic Classifications
• U. S Office of Management and Budget
– operationalize race and ethnicity
• Five categories
Chap 10: Minorities
Health data sources and their
limitations
• Gaps in the information system
• bias analysis
• self-reported data
• reliability
Chap 10: Minorities
Black Americans
• Socioeconomic Characteristics
– education
– lowest median income
• Vital Statistics
– 34.5 million 12.3% of population
Chap 10: Minorities
Black Americans
• Major community health problems
–
–
–
–
Infant mortality
Sickle cell disease
HIV/AIDS
Violent Deaths
Chap 10: Minorities
Americans of Hispanic Origin
• Vital Statistics
– 35.3 million 12.5% of population
– education
– income
• Religious beliefs
Chap 10: Minorities
Asian/Pacific Islanders
• Vital Statistics
– 11.9 million 4.2% of the population
– fastest growing ethnic population in the US
– high school completion and income is
highest among the ethnic groups
• Consists of two distinct groups
Chap 10: Minorities
Native Americans
• Demographic Characteristics
– 2.5 million nearly 1% of the population
• Vital Statistics
–
–
–
–
economic disadvantaged
poor health status
poverty rate of 25.9%
low high school completion rate
Chap 10: Minorities
Native Americans
• Health care - Indian Health Service
– Established in 1954; 1st Federal Agency to
address health
– Alcohol abuse #1 health problem
– Intentional & Unintentional injuries
Chap 10: Minorities
U.S. Population 2000
Pacific Islander
American Indian
0.9%
1%
Asian
3%
Hispanic
12%
Black
12%
White
72%
Chap 10: Minorities
U.S. Population 2050 projected
Asian/Pacific
8%
American Indian
1%
Hispanic
25%
White
52%
Black
14%
Chap 10: Minorities
Median household income 1999
$44,400
$60,000
$51,200
$27,900
$50,000
$20,000
$40,000
$30,700
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
Bl
ac
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H
isp
As
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te
$0
Chap 10: Minorities
Poverty rates 1999
25.90%
24%
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
22.30%
9.80%
15.00%
10.70%
10.00%
5.00%
Bl
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k
H
isp
As
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ic
n/
Pa
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fic
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an
In
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an
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hi
te
0.00%
Chap 10: Minorities
Refugees: New Immigrants
•
•
•
•
•
Refugees
Immigrants
Aliens
Illegal aliens
Special Concerns
–
–
–
–
poor
lower levels of education
few work skills
serious health problems
Chap 10: Minorities
Race and Health Initiative
• Infant mortality
• Cancer screen
• Cardiovascular disease
• Diabetes
• HIV/AIDS
• Adult & child immunization
Chap 10: Minorities
Socioeconomic Status & Racial
and Ethnic Disparities in Health
• Indirect causal associations
– level of education
– level of income
– poverty
• Group living circumstances
Chap 10: Minorities
Community Health Strategies for
Achieving Equity in Minority Health
• Cultural Competence
– A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes,
and policies that come together in a
system, agency, or among professionals
that enables effective work in cross cultural
situations.
• Empowering the Self and the
Community
– social power
– political power
– psychological power
Race
&
Health
Biological
Cultural
Socioeconomic
Race
Racism
Health practices
Chap
- Smoking
10: Minorities
- Alcohol
- Nutrition
Psychosocial stress
- Smoking
- Alcohol
- Nutrition
Environmental
stress
- Residential
- Occupational
Political
Psychosocial
resources
- Social ties
Historical
Legal
- Perceptions of control
- Coping patterns
Medical care
- Need
- Access
- Quality
Biological
processes
Health
outcomes
Chap 10: Minorities
Chapter 10
Community Health
and Minorities