Special
Education
Specially designed instruction
required to meet the unique
needs of disabled students so
they can benefit from their
education
Zero Reject
Public schools must
educate ALL
children,
regardless of their
disabilities
Early
Intervention
any interventions designed to
help at-risk children from
birth to age 5 to reduce the
effects of potential
disabilities
6 items for
diagnosis of
Mental
Retardation
1. Child performs at 2.0 standard deviations below the norm.
2. IQ is 70-55 mild
55-40 moderate
40-25 severe
25 and below profound
3. Adaptive behavior is consistent with academic ability.
4. Reduced cognitive ability and adaptive behavior adversely affect
educational performance.
5. Exclusion clause, the defect is not caused by visual, auditory or
motor defects, behavior or emotions disturbance or a language or
learning disability.
6.Determination of continued need for Special Education or related
services.
Criteria for
Learning Disability
Diagnosis (7)
1. Basic psychological processing deficit in one or more
areas.(reading skills, reading comprehension, written
expression, math calculation, math reasoning, listening
comprehension or oral expression)
2. Behavioral characteristics identified in deficit area (s)
3. Behavioral characteristics identified by one of these
procedures;
behavioral observation, structured clinical task or others
4. LD adversely affects school functioning
5. Discrepancy between achievement and ability or
conclusion that discrepancy is present
6. LD not caused by visual, auditory or motor deficit, BD, ED
environmental, economic or cultural differences.
7. Determination of need for SE or related services.
9 steps in
Special
Education
Process
1. Screening
2. Alternative Intervention Strategies
3 referral & screening review
4. Develop IEP to include areas to evaluate, at least 1 observation in area of
concern, complete within 30 days of referral, notice of evaluation or
reevaluation
5. Notice & Consent for Evaluation
6. Evaluation, diagnosis of disability, establish current level of functioning,
completed within 45 days of parents consent for evaluation,if no disability
recommend continuation of AIS, if disability found, continue with IEP process.
7. Develop IEP must be within 45 days of initial diagnostic staffing
8. LRE considerations
9. Notice of consent for placement before SE services begin. If parents deny,
initiate due process
FAPE
Free Appropriate Public Education - one
of the major principles of IDEA - states
all children with disabilities, regardless
of the type or severity of their
disability, shall receive a free
appropriate public education provided
at public's expense IEP must be developed to meet each
child's unique needs
SST
Student Support Team;
determines
whether students are performing
sufficiently outside the norm to
require referral for evaluation for
special education
IEP
Individual
Education
Program
annual goals
measurable, yearly goals on
an IEP stating the desired
progress for a student with a
disability in academic, social,
communication, or other
areas
short-term objectives
measurable, smaller steps
needed to achieve an annual
goal on an IEP.
IFSP
Individual Family
Service Plan
ESY
Extended School Year related service that is
required if the IEP team
determines it is needed
Inclusion
teaching children with
disabilities in the
regular classroom
LRE
the educational setting that most closely
resembles a regular school program and
also meets the child's special education
needs. For many students with disabilities,
the general education classroom is the LR;
however, the LRE is a relative concept and
must be determined for each individual
student with disabilities
OT
Occupational Therapist - a
professional who helps
children and adults learn how
to complete useful activities
like dressing
Also used for
Occupational Therapy
PT
Physical Therapist - a
professional who helps
children and adults improve
their muscle and movement
capability.
(Physical Therapy)
PL 94-142
First federal law requiring
schools to educate students
with disabilities (Education of
All Handicapped Children Act
of 1975)
Section 504 of
rehabilitation
act
Declared a person cannot be
excluded on the basis of a
handicap alone from any
program or activity
receiving federal funds
IDEA
Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (1990 &
2004) Reauthorization and
expansion of PL 94-142
SP
State plan for
part b of
IDEA
Due Process
Safeguards
Disabled students
cannot be deprived of
their education
without
"due process"
Accommodations
Changes in HOW the
student is taught,
learns, or is assessed
What
accommodations
can teachers make
for
students with
disabilities?
breaking tasks into smaller steps, and giving directions verbally and in writing;
giving the student more time to finish schoolwork or take tests;
letting the student with reading problems use instructional materials that are
accessible to those with print disabilities;
letting the student with listening difficulties borrow notes from a classmate or use a
tape recorder; and letting the student with writing difficulties use a computer with
specialized software that spell checks, grammar checks, or recognizes speech.
Learn about the different testing modifications that can really help a student with
LD show what he or she has learned.
Teach organizational skills, study skills, and learning strategies. These help all
students but are particularly helpful to those with LD.
Work with the student's parents to create an IEP tailored to meet the student's
needs.
Establish a positive working relationship with the student's parents. Through regular
communication, exchange information about the student's progress at school.
Assistive
Technology
any item or equipment
used to improve the
functioning of a disabled
person
Modifications
Change in WHAT the student
is taught, learns, or is
assessed on (often removal
or alteration of curriculum).
Related
Services
Specialized services such as
transportation, counseling,
speech, physical or
occupational therapy
required
to meet a student's IEP goals
Transition Plan
a plan required by IDEA
to facilitate the transition of
disabled students from school
to adulthood, work and
independent living
AYP
Adequate
Yearly
Progress
NCLB
No Child Left Behind
Emphasis on standardized testing and
punitive measures for schools not making AYP.
RTI
Response to Intervention –
a pyramid of increasing interventions
available to students as the school
identifies learning problems early
rather than waiting until they fail.
Functional
Behavior
Assessment
A systematic process of
gathering information to
understand why a
student is
engaging in challenging
behavior
BIP
Behavior Intervention Plan
Uses information gathered
in the FBA.
Progress monitoring
brief assessments that inform
teachers whether a student is
making adequate progress
towards meeting a gradelevel benchmark, so that
support can be provided if
needed.
Manifestation
Determination
A review of the
relationship between a
student's misconduct
and his disability
Functional
curriculum
learning activities selected
because they will increase a
student's independence, self
direction,
and enjoyment in all
environments.
Alternative
teaching
One teacher works with
majority of class
Other teacher pulls out
individual or small group of
students
Co-teaching
A special educator working
side-by-side with a general
educator in a classroom,
both teachers provide
instruction to the group
Station
teaching
Incorporated stations or centers in learning,
Advantage: individual instruction
Don't always split by ability level
Vary the groups
Split class up: half with special education teacher
and half with general education teacher
Switch groups-both work with all students-don't
always stay with group
Don't let them know high vs. low group
Collaborative
teaching
general ed and special ed
teachers working
together to meet the needs
of special needs
students
Cooperative
teaching
Both SpEdT and RgEdT share
equally in the responsibility for
planning, instructing, and evaluating
all members of the regular ed. class.,
The SpEdT still does most of the
paper work regarding students with
IEPs.
Shared teaching
Both teachers
deliver the
lesson
together
APO
Alternative
placement
options
Examples of
APO
1.Regular Ed- modified (use of para or modification of
assignments or parallel curriculum to include same
subject but at a different level
2. Resource- removed from regular Ed 21-59% of the
day.
3. Self contained - more than 60% of the day not in
regular ed
4. Separate school
5. Home/hospital instruction
6. Institution/ residential where SE services are
provided.
Continuum of
services
Regular classroom (full day) Regular
classroom with consultation, Regular
classroom with supplementary
instruction and services, Resource
room, Separate classroom, Separate
school, Residential school,
Homebound or hospital
autism
a disorder that appears in
childhood and is marked by
deficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding
of others' states of mind
Characteristics
of Autism
Communication problems (for example, with the
use or comprehension of language);
Difficulty relating to people, things, and events;
Playing with toys and objects in unusual ways;
Difficulty adjusting to changes in routine or to
familiar surroundings; and
Repetititive body movements or behaviors.
What are the five Autism
spectrum disorders classified
under the umbrella category
officially known as Pervasive
Developmental Disorders, or
PDD?
autism;
Asperger syndrome;
Rett syndrome;
childhood disintegrative disorder; and
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not
Otherwise Specified (often referred to as
PDDNOS).
ADHD
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- characterized by attention
problems along with
impulsivity and hyperactivity
ABA
Applied Behavioral
Analysis - systematic
behavioral training
Behaviorism
an approach to
psychology that
emphasizes observable
measurable behavior
Cognitivism
A theory of learning. The idea is
that learning is a conscious,
rational process. People learn
by making models, maps and
frameworks in their mind. ~ is
the opposite of behaviorism.
Social/moral
how is it all
playing out?
self-regulation
Adaptive
behavior
the social, and practical
skills that people need to
function in their
everyday lives.
childhood
disintegrative
disorder
Pervasive developmental
disorder involving severe
regression in language, adaptive
behavior, and motor skills after
a 2- to 4-year period of normal
development.
Developmental
delay
a term often used to encompass a
variety of disabilities of infants or
young children indicating that they
are significantly behind the norm for
development in one or more areas
such as motor, cognitive, or language
Developmental
disability
Substantial handicap of indefinite
duration with onset before the age
of 18 years; attributable to mental
retardation, autism, cerebral palsy,
epilepsy, or other incurable
neuropathy
Intellectual
Disability
Mental Retardation significantly sub-average
general intellectual
functioning
existing concurrently with
deficits in adaptive behavior
LD
Learning Disability individuals with average or
above average IQs who have a
significant discrepancy in their
academic achievement
dyscalcula
a learning disability
that results in
difficulty in math
dysgraphia
a learning disability
that results in
difficulty in writing
Dyslexia
a learning disability
that results in
difficulty reading
and writing
Dysphagia
condition in which
swallowing is
difficult or painful
Rett syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood
characterized by normal early development
followed by loss of purposeful use of the hands,
distinctive hand movements, slowed brain and
head growth, gait abnormalities, seizures, and
mental retardation; affects females almost
exclusively; included in autism spectrum
disorders.
Emotional
disturbance
behavioral or emotional responses
differ from what is age appropriate
and they adversely affect educational
performance in such areas as self care,
relationships, adjustment,
academic progress, classroom
behavior
Examples of
emotional
disturbances
anxiety disorders;
bipolar disorder (sometimes called
manic depression);
conduct disorders;
eating disorders;
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD); and
psychotic disorders.
EBD
Emotional Behavioral Disorder
- students with behavior so
different from age and cultural
norms that they adversely effect
educational performance
OHI
Other Health Impairment - a
general disability category
under IDEA that includes
cancer, diabetes and severe
ADD
Ecological
learning
-Lorenz's theory
-imprinting
-adaptive & survival
behaviors
-survival of the fittest
EDGAR
Educational
department general
administration
regulations
FERPA
Family
Educational
Rights
and Privacy Act
APGAR Scale
A test used at birth to
measure the newborns
functioning on 5 critical
areas
PLEP
Present Levels of Educational Performance. You
can't know how far you have come if you don't
know where you started
Describes in language that the parent and all
professionals can understand, where the student
is functioning so that a year from now the parent
and educators can determine if progress has
been made.
Formative
assessment
Assessment used
throughout teaching of a
lesson and/or unit to gauge
students' understanding and
inform and guide teaching
Multidisciplinary
assessment
members of an assessment team conduct their
own independent assessments of the child's
abilities that relate to their own interest areas (e.g.
speech-language pathologists evaluate speech and
language only, physical therapists evaluate motor
abilities only, etc.). In a summary meeting, each
member of the team shares their findings and
recommends treatment. The emphasis is on the
parts of the child rather than the whole child.
Nondiscriminatory
Assessment
Diana vs. State Board of Education, Larry
P.vs Riles, and Lau vs. Nichols all
addressed the issue of non-discriminatory
assessment. The assessment must be multi
disciplinary and cannot discriminate.
Children must be assessed in all areas of
suspected disability.
Measurable
goal
a goal in which we
know how long and
exactly when we have
completed it
CriterionReferenced
a test that compares a
student's performance
against a specific
standard
NormReferenced
a test that
compares a
student's
performance
against a group
GEPA
General
educational
provisional
Act