Introduction to Mass
Spectrometry
March 2008
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
A Mass Spectrometer is a machine that
weighs molecules !
0 units
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
A Mass Spectrometer is a machine that
weighs molecules !
12 units
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
A Mass Spectrometer is a machine that
weighs molecules !
12 units
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
A Mass Spectrometer is a machine that
weighs molecules !
14 units
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
12 units
Number of counts
A Mass Spectrometer is a machine that
weighs molecules !
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
mass
Outline
• Basic Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Mass Spectrometry
– Types of Ion Sources
• EI, CI, ESI, APCI, APPI, MALDI
– Types of MS
• Ion Traps, Quads, FT-ICR, TOF, Sector
• MS/MS
• Performance Comparisons
– Market Segments
Basic Chemistry
• Everything is made of Atoms
– Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and
electrons
– Many atoms together make up molecules
ATOM
U
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon Atom
6 protons (+)
6 neutrons
6 electrons(-)
Carbon
More Carbon
• 6 protons (1 mass unit each) + 6 neutrons
(1 mass unit each) = 12 mass units
– Electrons are negligible ( 1/3600 of mass unit)
• Some carbon (about 1%) has 7 neutrons
so weigh 13 units
12.00 x 99%+13.00 x 1% = 12.01 amu
But how much does
an atom weigh ?
• It was found that 12 grams of carbon
contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms of carbon.
( 1023 seconds have not elapsed since the beginning of time !)
• So one atom of carbon weighs
1.99 x 10-23 grams !
O
Caffeine
CH3
H3C
N
N
H
O
N
CH3
N
C8H10N4O2
Total Mass
194 Daltons
3.22x10-22 grams
O
Caffeine
CH3
H3C
N
N
H
O
N
CH3
N
C8H10N4O2
Total Mass
194 Daltons
3.22x10-22 grams
So we must devise a machine which
can measure ~ 10-22 grams.
Analytical Chemistry
Instrumental Methods
Mass Spectrometry
Spectroscopy
Chemical Methods
Titration
Gravimetric Analysis
Solution Chemistry
Optical Emission
NMR
Microwave
Optical Absorption
FT-ICR
TOF
Quadrupole
Ion Trap
Linear Trap
Magnetic Sector
3 Elements to Mass Spectrometry
(J.J. Thomson ~ 1910)
Gas Phase/
Ionize
Separate Based on
Mass/Charge
Sample
Why Ionize ?
Difficult to manipulate
neutral particles on
molecular scale. If they are
charged, then we can use
electric fields to move them
around.
Detector
3 Elements to Mass Spectrometry
(J.J. Thomson ~ 1910)
Gas Phase/
Ionize
Separate Based on
Mass/Charge
Sample
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electron Impact (EI)
Chemical Ionization (CI)
Electrospray (ESI)
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical
Ionization (APCI)
Photo-ionization (APPI)
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption
and Ionization (MALDI)
Detector
3 Elements to Mass Spectrometry
(J.J. Thomson ~ 1910)
Gas Phase/
Ionize
Separate Based on
Mass/Charge
Sample
• Scanning (Filter)
– Linear Quadrupole
– Sector
• Pulsed (Batch)
– Ion Trap
– FT-ICR
– Time-of-Flight
Detector
3 Elements to Mass Spectrometry
(J.J. Thomson ~ 1910)
Gas Phase/
Ionize
Separate Based on
Mass/Charge
Sample
•
•
•
•
Faraday Cup
Discrete Dynode
Continuous Dynode
Multi-channel Plate
Detector
3 Elements to Mass Spectrometry
(J.J. Thomson ~ 1856-1940)
Gas Phase/
Ionize
Separate Based on
Mass/Charge
Sample
So, we could come up with 6x5x4 =
120 Unique Mass Spectrometers.
In reality, not all combinations make
sense, but many extra “hybrid” MS
systems have value. For example
Q-TOF’s and LT-FT-ICR
Detector
6 Types of Ion Sources
Ion Source Depends on Sample
Solid Sample
Liquid Sample
Make into Solid ?
Make into Solution ?
APCI
APPI
Turn into Gas?
Chemical
Properties
of analyte in gas
phase ?
Chemical
Properties
of analyte in
solution phase ?
MALDI
Gas Sample
ESI
CI
EI
Polarity, MW and Volatility
Polarity, MW and Volatility
Caffeine
Gas Phase Ionization
•EI and CI are gas phase ionization
techniques
•Sample is heated to cause
volatilization
•The molecule must have a low
enough MW and polarity so that:
TBoil< TDecomposition
Electron Impact
e-
e-
e-
M
M(g) + e-  M+(g) + 2eThis reaction creates the molecular ion so is very
useful.
However, the excess energy from the electron can
cause the molecular ion to fall apart:
Neutral
Molecule
IP2
Excess Energy
get redistributed
throughout ion
to cause
fragmentation.
s1
IP
s0
s1
s0
Ionized
Molecule
Electron Impact
e-
e-
e-
M
A+
B
M(g) + 
(g) +
M+(g)  A+Fragment 1 (g) + BFragment 2 (g)
e-
M+
2e-
•Electron energy is chosen by compromise.
•Fragment Information is useful. It can help structural
determination. However, many ions produce only
fragments with no molecular ion remaining. Molecular ion
often very unstable.
•70 eV “Classical Spectra” to be used for comparisons
O
MW 194
CH3
H3C
N
N
H
O
N
CH3
N
O
CH3
H3C
N
N
H
O
N
CH3
N
109 m/z
O
CH3
H3C
N
N
H
O
N
CH3
N
55 m/z
Chemical Ionization
• EI is not appropriate for some molecules
(it causes too much fragmentation)
• Instead, ionize a reagent gas (by EI) then
react it with a analyte molecules
• Typically use methane or ammonia for
reagent gas
CI: Form Reagent Ions First
•
For Example - Methane CI
1. electron ionization of CH4:
•
CH4 + e-  CH4+ + 2e– Fragmentation forms CH3+, CH2+, CH+
2. ion-molecule reactions create stable reagent
ions:
•
•
CH4+ + CH4  CH3 + CH5+
CH3+ + CH4  H2 + C2H5+
– CH5+ and C2H5+ are the dominant methane CI reagent
ions
Methane CI Reagent Ions
– Ions at m/z 17, 29, and 41 are from methane;
• H3O+ is also formed from water vapor in the
vacuum system
Reagent Ions React with Analytes
• Several Types of Reactions May Occur
– Form Pseudomolecular Ions (M+1)
– CH5+ + M  CH4 + MH+
– M+1 Ions Can Fragment Further to Produce a Complex CI
Mass Spectrum
– Form Adduct Ions
– C2H5+ + M  [M + C2H5]+
– C3H5+ + M  [M + C3H5]+
M+29 Adduct
M+41 Adduct
– Molecular Ion by Charge Transfer
– CH4+ + M  M+ + CH4
– Hydride Abstraction (M-1)
– C3H5+ + M  C3H6 + [M-H]+
» Common for saturated hydrocarbons
EI Spectrum of Cocaine
• Extensive Fragmentation
• Molecular Ion is Weak at m/z 303
Methane CI of Cocaine
Pseudo molecular Ion and Fragment Ions
Isobutane CI of Cocaine
• Soft Reagent - Less Fragmentation
Polarity, MW and Volatility
Liquid Techniques
• Depending on solvent composition and
molecular properties either
– APPI
– ESI
– APPI
APPI
APPI
• Lamp Wavelength
chosen to only excite
analytes not
solvent/background
– Low amount of
photo dissociation
results
• New technique with
few novel
applications
• Less universal than
electrospray
APCI Principles
• Rapidly vaporize entire liquid flow
• Ionize solvent molecules in corona
discharge
• CI process ionizes sample molecules
• Positive mode: proton transfer or charge
exchange
• Negative mode: proton abstraction or
electron capture
APCI – Cut Away View
What applications
need APCI?
• APCI works well for small molecules that are
moderately polar to non-polar
• APCI works well for samples that contain
heteroatoms
• Avoid samples that typically are charged in
solution
• Avoid samples that are very thermally unstable
or photosensitive
Why Electrospray ?
• Most Samples are delivered as liquids.
– GC analysis requires heating sample to cause
evaporation
– Ionization occurs through electron impact or
chemical reaction
– Not all analytes are thermally stable
• Electrospray was designed to provide a
gentle method of creating gas phase ions
Taylor Cone
Three Step Process
1)Droplet formation Electrospray process does not ionize samples !
2)Droplet Shrinkage
3)Gaseous Ion Formation
•Solutions delivered to the tip of the electrospray capillary
experience the electric field associated with the
maintenance of a high potential.
•Assuming a potential gradient, positive ions will
accumulate at the surface.
•Positively Charged Ions will “bud” off the surface when the
applied electrostatic force is bigger than the surface tension.
Assisted Electrospray
Low Voltage (0.1 kv)
Low Voltage (0.5 kv)
High Voltage (5 kv)
MS
LC Column Flow
Drying
Gas
Nebulizing
Gas
MALDI
•
•
•
•
•
•
Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
Analyte co-deposited with Matrix
Laser excites matrix which transfers energy to analyte
Produces singly charged species
Typically used for large biomolecules / polymers
MALDI is a high mass/pulsed source so usually
combined with TOF
5 Types of Mass
Spectrometers
5 Types of Mass Spectrometers
• Scanning (Filter)
– Linear Quadrupole
– Sector
( Separation in Space)
• Pulsed (Batch)
– Ion Trap
– FT-ICR
– Time-of-Flight
( Separation in Time)
Basics of Ion Physics
F  ma
F  qE
F   qvB
1 2
K .E.  mv  qV
2
m – mass
a – acceleration
B – Magnetic Field
q – charge
E - electric field
F – Force
K.E. – kinetic energy
V – electric potential
v - velocity
Combine 1st two equations
ma  qE
 qE
a
m
We can
measure
this.
We can
control this.
(volts/meter)
 qE
a
m
We can
measure
this.
We can
control this.
(volts/meter)
 qE
a
m
We can deduce This !
-40V
0V
+
1 meter
0V
+
 qE
a
m
-40V
Time of Flight MS
1 2
K .E.  mv  qV
2
m 2Vt
 2
q
l
2
Time of Flight (TOF)
m/z  t2
+ Very high mass range
+ Both high resolution and high
sensitivity
+ Mass accuracy
+ High scan speed
+ Mechanically simple
-
-
High vacuum critical
Demanding high voltage/ pulsed/ high
precision electronics
Expensive
Bruker, Waters-Micromass, JEOL, Analytica
Time of Flight
SECTOR MS
2
mv
F
 qvB
r
2 2
m Br

q
2v
MStation™ Double Focusing Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometer
FROM JEOL
High resolution (60,000 at 10% valley).





Very high reproducibility
Best quantitative performance of all mass
spectrometer analyzers
High resolution
High sensitivity
High dynamic range
-
Large
Expensive
Not suited for pulsed sources
FT-ICR
2
mv
F
 qvB
r
v qB
 
r m
1347.734
1348.736
m
Resolution 
m
1349.741
PROFILE Scan 35 from ...ta sept 24.04\0.01+0.036 extrste m ode 1 609.xm s
Spectrum 1A
BP 609.50 (1384=100% ) 0.01+0.036 extrste mode 1 609.xms
PROFILE
0.472 min. Scans: 3-67 Channel: 1 Ion: 2000 us RIC: 21543
kCounts
Reserpine
1.5
Resolution ~ 1200
609
609.50
0.3541
1384
1.0
610
610.45
0.4533
471
0.5
607
611
611.45
0.3952
114
612
0.0
605.0
607.5
610.0
612.5
Reserpine is used to treat high blood pressure. It works by decreasing your heart rate
and relaxing the blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily through the body.
It also is used to treat severe agitation in patients with mental disorders
615.0
617.5
m/z
LC/MS/MS with data dependent acquisition using
Bruker’s simple, unified Compass software package
Exact mass MS analysis to sub-ppm levels for
unambiguous determination of elemental chemical
composition. Automated software to confirm
composition with m/z and isotopic pattern information
Exact mass MS(n) capability for detailed structural
analysis and peptide sequencing
Qh-hybrid along with CID and ECD for “top-down”
proteomics (Top↓Pro™) facilitates selected gas phase
ion enrichment
Extreme resolution capability for direct analysis of
complex mixtures (> 600,000 FWHM)
Wide m/z range simultaneous detection of ions (e.g.
100 - 7,000 m/z)
Sub fmol sensitivity
FT-ICR





The highest recorded mass resolution of
all mass spectrometers
Powerful capabilities for ion chemistry
and MS/MS experiments
Well-suited for use with pulsed ionization
methods such as MALDI
Non-destructive ion detection; ion
remeasurement
Stable mass calibration in
superconducting magnet FTICR systems
•
•
•
•
•
Limited dynamic range
High Vacuum Demands
Subject to space charge effects and ion molecule
reactions
Many parameters (excitation, trapping, detection
conditions) comprise the experiment sequence that
defines the quality of the mass spectrum
Generally low-energy CID, spectrum depends on
collision energy, collision gas, and other parameters
Ion Traps, Transmission
Quadrupoles and Linear Traps
• Electrodynamic quadrupole fields
– Paul (University of Bonn in 1953 – Nobel Prize 1989)
• 3D and 2D traps
• Created a “high resolution quad” that was 5.82 m
long !
• A quadrupole field is linearly dependant on the
coordinate axis
• Ions are confined or rejected based on Voltage,
Frequency, Dimension, Mass and Charge
Ion Traps and Quads
•Traps are Pulsed
•Quads are Continuous
•Both rely time varying
electric fields (RF)
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
Splat
+ -
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
+
+
Ion Trap + Quadrupole Theory
• Forces on ion are simple to understand
• As always
Fz  eEz  ma
Where Fz = the force in the z direction
e = charge on the particle
m = mass of the particle
a = acceleration
Ez= electric field
Fz  ma  eEz
d z

FZ  maz  m 2  e
dt
z
2
2
d z e2 z
FZ  ma  m 2  2 (U  V cos t )
dt
ro
Ion Motion in an Ion Trap
• After several pages of math, we can derive an equation
for ion motion as a function of time:
d 2 z 2e
 2 (U  V cos t ) z  0
2
dt
ro m
d 2r
e

(U  V cos t )r  0
2
2
dt
ro m
• These second order differentials are not trivial to solve.
• Mathieu Equation ! ( solved in 1868 , sub type of Hill’s
equations)
• Graphical Solution – (Slightly different for Traps and
Quads because of symmetry.)
NEED SOLUTIONS WHICH ARE BOUND AND STABLE IN
TIME
Stable Solutions to the Mathieu Equation
For a Quadrupole
- 8eU
az 
m 2 ro2
- 4eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Mathieu Equation for an ion trap
15
10
z stable
au
5
z stable
0
5
10
15
20
25
-5
r stable
-10
r stable
-15
- 16eU
az 
m 2 ro2
- 8eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
qu
Stability Diagram ( Area 1)
az
z
0.1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
qz
0
0.4
- 0.1
r
- 0.2
0.6
- 0.3
- 0.4
0.8
- 0.5
1.0
- 0.6
0.2
az 
0.4
0.6
- 16eU
m 2 ro2
0.8 1.0
1.2
1.4
qz 
- 8eV
m 2 ro2
• Operated in RF only
mode
• Light ions have a
higher qz than heavier
ions
• Ions stable in z axis
when qz < 0.908
• Ions selectively
ejected when RF
amplitude is raised
• Light ions leave first,
heavier ions later
Stability Diagram for a Quad
- 8eU
az 
m 2 ro2
- 4eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Stability Diagram for a Quad
V=200V
U=0V
200
- 8eU
az 
m 2 ro2
100
50
- 4eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Stability Diagram for a Quad
V=200V
U=50V
50
100
200
- 8eU
az 
m 2 ro2
- 4eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Stability Diagram for a Quad
50
100
V=200V
U=100V
200
- 8eU
az 
m 2 ro2
- 4eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Stability Diagram for a Quad
50
150
200
- 8eU
az 
m 2 ro2
V=400V
U=200V
- 4eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Stability Diagram for a TRAP
az
z
0.1
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
qz
0
0.4
- 0.1
Quad operates by
selectively passing
one m/z at a time.
r
- 0.2
0.6
- 0.3
- 0.4
0.8
- 0.5
1.0
- 0.6
0.2
- 16eU
az 
m 2 ro2
0.4
0.6
0.8 1.0
1.2
1.4
- 8eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Trap operates by
collecting all ions
simultaneously and
then ramping them
out one at a time.
Stability Diagram for a Trap
V=200V
U=0V
Eject when q=0.908
200
- 16eU
az 
m 2 ro2
100
50
- 8eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
Stability Diagram for a Trap
V=300V
U=0V
Eject when q=0.908
200
- 16eU
az 
m 2 ro2
100
- 8eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
50
Stability Diagram for a Trap
V=400V
U=0V
Eject when q=0.908
200
- 16eU
az 
m 2 ro2
- 8eV
qz 
m 2 ro2
100 50
Mass Spectrum on a Quad or Trap
RF
Spectrum
Ramp RF (in trap) or ramp RF/DC in Quad
Stability Diagram for a Trap
m  ?
- 16eU
az 
2 2
m ro
- 8eV
qz 
2 2
m ro
Potential Well Model
 eV 2
D z  2 Dr 
4mzo2  2
Need for helium buffer gas
Secular Frequency
• Ion Motion in Trap contains many frequency
components
• These depend on a and q parameters
– (When q < 0.40)
1
2
q  
 
 u   u   au  
2 
2  2
2
u
m/z= 1500
q = 0.0605
ω = 16.7 kHz
0
Low Mass
Cut Off
100 m/z
m/z= 500
q = 0.1816
ω = 50.5 kHz
0.2
m/z= 1000
q = 0.0908
ω = 25.1 kHz
0.4
0.6
0.8
m/z= 106
q = 0.850
ω = 301.9 kHz
1
Varian Eject
m/z= 1500
q = 0.0605
ω = 16.7 kHz
0
Low Mass
Cut Off
100 m/z
m/z= 500
q = 0.1816
ω = 50.5 kHz
0.2
m/z= 1000
q = 0.0908
ω = 25.1 kHz
0.4
0.6
0.8
m/z= 106
q = 0.850
ω = 301.9 kHz
1
Notched Broad Band Waveform
Fourier Transform
Amplitude
frequency
Frequency Notch
180kHz
m/z= 1500
q = 0.0605
ω = 16.7 kHz
0
240kHz
Low Mass
Cut Off
100 m/z
m/z= 500
q = 0.1816
ω = 50.5 kHz
0.2
m/z= 1000
q = 0.0908
ω = 25.1 kHz
0.4
0.6
0.8
m/z= 106
q = 0.850
ω = 301.9 kHz
1
Practical Mass Spectrometer
Load Time
Notched
Waveform
Ion Ejection
Dipole Ejection
Mass Spectrum
Ion trap
Benefits
High sensitivity
Multi-stage mass spectrometry
(analogous to FTICR
experiments)
Compact mass analyzer
Cheap and Easy to build
Limitations
•Poor quantitation
•Poor inherent dynamic range
•Subject to space charge effects and ion
molecule reactions
•Collision energy not well-defined in CID
MS/MS
•Many parameters (excitation, trapping,
detection conditions) comprise the
experiment sequence that defines the quality
of the mass spectrum
Transmission Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
Benefits
Classical mass spectra
Good reproducibility
Relatively small and low-cost
systems
Potentially good conversion
efficiency for MS/MS
Limitations
•Limited resolution
•Peak heights variable as a function of
mass (mass discrimination). Peak height
vs. mass response must be 'tuned'.
•Not well suited for pulsed ionization
methods
•Low-energy collision-induced
dissociation (CID) MS/MS spectra in triple
quadrupole and hybrid mass
spectrometers depend strongly on
energy, collision gas, pressure, and other
factors.
Linear Trap
+
Newest Generation MS
•Many of the advantages of ion
traps, without normal trap
limitations.
•Less Space Charge Problems
•MSN
•Great loading Efficiency
=
MS/MS
• In a transmission Quadrupole, MS/MS is
done in Space
– need three quads ( Triple Quad)
• In an Ion trap MS/MS is done in time.
Q1
Pass only 195
Q2
RF ONLY
-Pass
Everything
-Collisions with
Ar cause
fragmentation
Q3
Scan from 100-195
Look at daughter ions
Triple
Quad
vs.
Ion
Trap
Why MS/MS
• Unknown Identification
• Potentially two compounds of interest
have the same mass ( and same retention
time)
• Quantitation improvements ( background
signal reduced)
Problem: Thiabendazole in
Grapefruit Extract
• Antifungal agent, thiabendazole (TBZ) must be
below 10 ppb in the processed grapefruit
• Major matrix interferent:
Similar retention time
Similar spectrum
Concentration much greater than TBZ
Interferent
Interferent
MS, MS/MS, and MS/MS/MS of TBZ
Matrix peak
MS (500 pg)
MS/MS (10 pg)
20180-220
Matrix peak
MS/MS/MS (10 pg)
20117465-220
No matrix peak
Quadrupole 1
MS 1
Select
Scanning
Scanning
Quadrupole 2
Collision Cell
Quadrupole 3
MS 1
Scanning
Product Ion Scan
Select
Precursor ion Scan
Scanning
Neutral Loss Scan
Real Life System
PROFILE Scan 35 from ...ta sept 24.04\0.01+0.036 extrste m ode 1 609.xm s
Spectrum 1A
BP 609.50 (1384=100% ) 0.01+0.036 extrste mode 1 609.xms
PROFILE
0.472 min. Scans: 3-67 Channel: 1 Ion: 2000 us RIC: 21543
kCounts
Reserpine
1.5
609
609.50
0.3541
1384
1.0
610
610.45
0.4533
471
0.5
607
611
611.45
0.3952
114
612
0.0
605.0
607.5
610.0
612.5
Reserpine is used to treat high blood pressure. It works by decreasing your heart rate
and relaxing the blood vessels so that blood can flow more easily through the body.
It also is used to treat severe agitation in patients with mental disorders
615.0
617.5
m/z
PROFILE Scan 85 from ...ultip charge ions\4500-cytochrome c-6-17-04.xms
Spectrum 1A
BP 816.43 (2316=100%) 4500-cytochrome c-6-17-04.xms
PROFILE
4.898 min. Scans: 10-160 Channel: 1 Ion: 500 us RIC: 159835
kCounts
Cytochrome C – MW 12220
+15
2.5
816.43
0.3790
2316
m/z = mass/charge
 MW  nH  



 nH

2.0
+14
874.45
0.4061
1507
1.5
+16
765.65
0.6099
1186
1.0
+13
941.55
0.4655
693
+8
+12
0.5
+17
1020.13
0.4678
413
+11
+10
1112.72
0.4881
247
721.00
1.3347
238
+9
1223.87
0.6065
183
1529.57
0.5139
456
1359.76
0.5506
236
+7
1747.75
0.7672
180
0.0
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
m/z
Market Segments and Where
Varian Sits
GC/MS mass analyzer type
GC/MS Initial Sales $280M
Sector
$5 M
TOF
$7 M
Ion Trap
$50 M
2%
3%
18%
Triple Quadrupole 4%
$ 14 M
Single Quadrupole
$204 M
73%
LC/MS mass analyzer type
2004 LC/MS Initial Sales $698M
Q-TOF
$128 M
Sector/FTICR
$30 M
13%
Single Quadrupole
$114 M
18%
3%
API TOF
$65 M
8%
33%
Ion Trap
$140 M
25%
Triple Quadrupole
$221 M
Agilent Bruker
Single Quad
JEOL Micro
Mass
1
Triple Quad
Sector
3
FT-ICR
3D Trap
3
2
1
1
1
2
4
4
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
TOF/TOF
2
Q-TOF
2
TOTAL (LC/MS)
1
2
Linear Trap
TOF
Sciex Thermo Varian
5
10
1
4
1
1
2
4
1
11
6
10
3
The High-end LC/MS Vendors
High-end LC/MS Vendor Market Share
High-end TQ (55%)
Waters, Thermo, ABI
High-end Ion Traps (23%)
Bruker/Agilent, Thermo
LTQ -Thermo
LC-TOF, TOF-TOF, QTOF (13%)
Q-Trap (5%)
Magnetic sector (4%)
Markets served by the high-end LC/MS
Total Market $330M
Academic,
40M (5%)
Food/AG,
14M (15%)
Indep.Test
16M (6%)
Varian participates in less than 25% of the market, with a 1% overall market share
What is a Mass Spectrometer?
A Mass Spectrometer is a machine that
weighs molecules ! (by measuring the
mass to charge ratio of ions)
Source
Dispersion
Detector
EI
CI
ESI
APCI
APPI
MALDI
TOF
FT-ICR
Sector
Quad
Trap
Faraday Cup
Channeltron
MCP