 11-19
 9-16
 9-17
 11-21
 13-17
 14-22
 16-30
 17-30
 22-36
Stand alone
Walk without support
Stand on 1 leg
Climbs (chairs, etc.)
Walk backward
Run
Walk on tiptoes
Jump in place
Walk up & down stairs
 7-15
 8-16
 10-19
 10-21
 12-18
 15-23
 20-28
 24-32
 26-34
 29-37
 Autonomy-
a sense of self governing or
personal control over their immediate
environment;
 Defiance
& negative responses from the
toddler are typical (resisting parental
boundaries or “control”)
 Tertiary
Circular Reactions (12-18 mos)
 The child intentionally tries an action out, to
see what the effects will be (performed
repeatedly)
 Examples?
 Text: Little Scientists (i.e. – Twins & flushing
toilet)
 Mental
 Child
Representations (18-24 mos.)
first thinks about the possibilities &
selects the action which most likely to
achieve the desired outcome
Language: are mental representations we have of
objects, people, actions, & ideas
Text: Lucienne & matchbox w/ chain in it
Piano
Pavo real
Paddle board
Lacrosse
Praise/reward
influences the
development of
language.
 Training by parents is
necessary for
language acquisition.
 Utterances are
learned through
imitation…

Children are active
learners of language.
 Parents do not have
to train their child to
learn language
 Rules of sentence
structure cannot be
taught to children in
order to acquire
language…

Learning Theory:
Behavior Ecology Theory:
B.F. Skinner
Noam Chomsky
 Cooing-
birth – 2-6 mos.; 1 vowel sound;
“oooo”
 Babbling-
emerges at 6 mos; string 2 +
sounds; “papapa”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY
2 min 9 sec
Holophrastic Speech:
12 mos. & beyond; uses a single word to
convey an entire thought…
 Telegraphic
Speech:
18 mos. & beyond; uses 2 words to convey an
entire thought…
“Cup”
 “Bye”
 “Gone”
 “Toy”
Ex- Fill my cup, I’m
done with my cup,
where is my cup? Etc.

Holophrastic Speech
“See doggie”
 “Big car”
 “My ball”
 My cookie”
 Mommy gone”

Telegraphic Speech
1) Overextension- one word represents a
variety of related objects
Text: “Nunu” the family furry dog; all dogs &
furry objects, slippers, etc.
2) Underextension- using a general word for a
specific object
Text: “the kitty”; not realizing that kitty is
slang for the category of cats
 Private
speech - children talk to themselves
in a self-guiding & self-directing way
a) First aloud
b) Then internally
 Used to work through new concepts &
experiences
a) (i.e.) – how a toy works: “this goes there”,
or
b) (i.e. ) - social experiences: “I share”