The New Nation Era 1
1787-1816
The New Nation
1776
1781-1787
1787
The Articles of Confederation 1781-1787
Period
The Northwest Ordinance 1787
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Northwest Ordinance 1787
The Borders:
West:__________ ______
South: ______ River
North:______ ____,
Canada
1.Prohibited___________
2.Citizenship in territories
= to_____________
3.___________petition
for_____________
4.T________ System w/
funding edu./schools
Northwest Ordinance 1787
The Borders:
West: Mississippi River
South: Ohio River
North: Great Lakes,
Canada
1.Prohibited Slavery
2.Citizenship in
territories = to states
3.40,000 petition for
statehood
4.Township System w/
funding edu./schools
Northwest Ordinance 1787
TOWNSHIPS
Townships
Shay’s Rebellion
•
•
•
•
•
•
An armed rebellion of farmers led
by Daniel Shays of Massachusetts
Issue: State Courts were
foreclosing on farmer’s lands over
taxation
Many of the Farmers were former
Patriot soldiers who thought they
had fought a war to end “Taxation
w/o Representation”
Troops were called out to put
down the rebellion by force
The event shocked the nation into
realization that the Articles of
Confederation was NOT working
A new, Stronger Central
Government with a system of
Courts and powers over taxation
and the army was needed.
Shay’s Rebellion
• Cartoon Clip Explanation– 4 min.
The Articles of Confederation 1781-1787
Period
Growing Pains
In 1789, the new U.S. Constitution was
launched, and the population was doubling
every 20 years.
America’s population was still 90%
rural, with 5% living west of the
Appalachians.
“America was also heavily in debt,
and paper money was worthless”.
Meanwhile, restless monarchs watched to see if the
U.S. could succeed in setting up a republic while
facing such overwhelming odds.
The Cabinet 1789
• Standing Right Washington:
3 Constitutional Roles:
1. Chief Executive (CEO)
2. Commander in Chief (Military)
3. Head of State (Chief Diplomat)
• Seated Center: Knox
Secretary of War
• Standing Left: Jefferson
•
Secretary of State
Standing 2nd Right:
Hamilton
Secretary of the Treasury
• Rear Center : Ed Randolph
Attorney General
Chief Executive (CEO)
Unit 3 The New Nation 1789-1815
(Era 1)
Assignment #1
Washington’s Cabinet
1789
• Standing Right Washington:
3 Constitutional Roles:
1. Chief Executive (CEO)
2. Commander in Chief (Military)
3. Head of State (Chief Diplomat)
• Seated Center: ____
______
Secretary of_______
• Standing Left:____ _______
Secretary of_______
•
Standing 2nd Right:____
_______
Secretary of the_______
• Rear Center :
Ed__________
Attorney______________
Washington’s Inauguration New York
City 1789
From John Adams HBO Miniseries:
• The Inauguration of George Washington
Domestic and Foreign Policy Issues
Washington 1789-1797
• Anglo-French Conflict:
• Washington’s Policy---
John Adams 1797-1801
• XYZ Affair-
• Compromise of 1790:
• Alien and Sedition Acts-
North ….
• Impresment—
South ….
• Regional Conflict—
• Citizen Genet• Whiskey Rebellion-
• Northern perspective
• Millions for defense, but…
• Southern perspective
Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell
1.
In a last attempt to avert war, Washington sent John Jay to England to work something out.
However, the negotiations were sabotaged by Hamilton, who secretly gave the British the
details of America’s bargaining strategy.
2. The results of Jay’s Treaty were not good:
•
Britain would evacuate its chain of forts on U.S. soil
•
Britain would repay the lost money from the recent merchant ship seizures called
•
“impressment”, but it said nothing about future seizures or supplying Indians
with arms.
America would have to pay off its pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain.
3. The JDR’s were angry, but happy because war was avoided.
4. The Pinckney Treaty of 1795 with Spain gave Americans free navigation of the
Mississippi and the disputed territory north of Florida. Oddly, it was the pro-British
Jay Treaty that prompted Spain to be so lenient.
After his second term,
Washington stepped down,
creating a strong two-term
precedent.
His farewell address warned
against building
permanent alliances
with foreign nations, and
of conflicting political
parties.
Washington had set the U.S. on
its feet and had made it
sturdy, with perhaps his
greatest contribution
being that he kept the
young country out of
foreign wars.
Washington’s Farewell Address 1797
• Advice, Warnings for Posterity:
• 1. Warned against building…..
• 2. and against…..
• 3. His GREATEST contribution perhaps
was….
Unheeded Warnings in Washington’s Farewell Address
1797
• 1. Be vigilant, people will seek to use the government for selfish
ends.
• 2. Avoid overgrown military establishments; they are hostile to
liberty.
• 3. Prevent all obstructions to the execution of the laws.
• 4. Control bureaucracies; make sure they all work together
.
• 5. Avoid political parties; they will cause divisive factions and
unscrupulous men will use them to undermine the government.
• 6. Give allegiance to the Constitution; improve it as
necessary.
• 7. Do not alter the Constitution lightly, or based on hypothesis; apply
the experience applied when it was created.
• 8. Be suspicious of administrators; they may serve themselves
rather than the people.
• 9. Watch for consolidation of power in any department of
government.
• 10. Preserve existing checks and balances and add more where
power needs to be checked.
• 11. Religion and morality are essential to create the virtue necessary
to preserve the union.
• 12. Promote widespread education; democracy requires literate
citizens that understand the system of governance and take
responsibility for themselves.
• 13. Avoid debt; and immediately discharge any debt created by war.
• 14. Taxes are unpleasant; government spending should be candidly
conducted.
• 15. Cultivate peace and justice toward all nations.
Washington’s Warnings 1797
• 16. Avoid alliances and maintain neutrality among
nations.
• 17. Avoid dependency; a weak state that allies with a
stronger state will become its servant.
• 18. Real patriots will resist intrigues, while dupes will
surrender to interests.
• 19. In trade, give no nation a favored nation status.
• 20. Be guided by principles, not interests.
Washington’s Cabinet 1789
Domestic and Foreign Policy Issues
Washington 1789-1797
• Anglo-French Conflict:
• Washington’s Policy---
John Adams 1797-1801
• XYZ Affair-
• Compromise of 1790:
• Alien and Sedition Acts-
North ….
• Impresment—
South ….
• Regional Conflict—
• Citizen Genet• Millions for defense, but…
• Northern perspective
• Southern perspective
Washington for President
•At 6’2”, 175 pounds, with broad and sloping shoulders, a strongly pointed chin and
pockmarks from smallpox, George Washington was an imposing figure, and he
was unanimously elected as president by the Electoral College in 1789.
•His long journey from Mt. Vernon to New York (the capital at the time) was a
triumphant procession filled with cheering crowds and roaring festivities.
•He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789, on a balcony overlooking Wall Street.
•Washington established a diverse cabinet (which was not necessarily
constitutional, but he took the liberty to do it anyway).
•Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
•Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
•Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
•Born in the West Indies; New York
•Illegitimate Birth- Married Well
•Seafaring Culture- Trade, Merchants
•Charming, able and ambitious
•Aid & Friend to Washington in the war.
•Economy based on business,
manufacturing and trade
•Believed we need a NATIONAL BANK
to print money, collect taxes , loans
•Strong Central Government
•Believed the Best Government is for
Wealthy property owning, public
spirited men should run the country
•Respected Britain’s Power , Order and
Economic Success
•“If all men were angels, then govt.
wouldn’t be necessary”
•North and the East- Boston to New
York
•Born in Virginia to a family in an
agricultural, slave based economy
•Brilliant, Curious, Studious
•Wrote much of the DOI, founder UVA
•Widowed
•Believed in an economy based on
Agriculture
•Opposed any NATIONAL BANK- It
would loan $ to business, not
farmers
•Believed in Small National
Government but a Strong State
Government.
•Believed in Democracy- ruled by
average but educated people
•Sided with France in the Revolution.
•South and the Frontier West
•
5’10” well dressed, slim,
handsome, dashing, good
conversationalist
• Looked to the East; across the
Atlantic- a strong economy based
on sea trade
• Favors a nation like Britain
• LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF
THE CONSTITUTION
• (3 Branches sufficient- Bill of
Rights not needed)
• Talented Teenager sent to New
York
• Married well, into a New York
family
• Manufacturing, Trade, Business,
New
York “Federalist”
banking
• People may be divided into groups
by the best over the lesser
•
6’ 3”- Red Haired Wonder- a better
writer than speaker, usually reserved
• Looked to the West—frontier
expansion
• Favors a Nation like France
• “Federalists are British bootlickers”
• Loved to Ride, Hunt, Sing, Dance and
carried his violin wherever he went
• “Federalists are too close to a
monarchy”
• A Nation of an educated electorate
• A Nation of landowning farmers
• Preferred a Handshake over a bow
• STRICT INTERPRETATION OF THE
CONSTITUTION (Add a Bill of Rights)
• Dressed in Plain- Rustic Attire
•Virginia
Despised
and Distrusted
Monarchies
“DemocraticRepublican”
U.S.History 9.27.12
Unit 2: U.S. 1787-1848
• 1. Ch. 4 section 1 and 2
• 2. Overview– Compromise of 1790– (on back of GW KWL)
• Handout-- Jefferson /Hamilton
• 3. Card Sort Quiz- ALL People Today or Friday--• 4. Assignment: 4.1-4.2 Guided Reading– When you are finished
with this… You are done for the day.
• 5. Assignments Ch. 4 Stapled and turned in Friday
•
RETURN CH. 2 AND 3 ASSIGNMENTS FOR BINDER CHECK FRIDAY
Compromise of 1790
• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson,
with the backing of George Washington, arranged the
compromise. This included passage of the Residence Act in
July and the Funding act in August. Central to this was an
agreement that several Southerners would change their votes
and support the federal assumption of state debts in return for
a bill locating the US capital on the Potomac River after a ten
year temporary residence at Philadelphia.
Compromias of 1790
• “They hoped they had created an indissoluble
bond: a republic fueled by Northern financial and
commercial capitalism with its capital city in the
agrarian, slave-holding South.”
• TWO Slave states Virginia and Maryland would
donate the land for the District of ColumbiaNear the population center of the United States.
The District of Columbia
Compromise of 1790
• The South, with their cash crops, and
North, with their factories, rivers, and
railroads (later), supported each other
economically.
Compromise of 1790
• A Federal bank, a tax on domestically
manufactured alcohol, and a supplemental
residence act that allowed Washington to
include his hometown of Alexandria, VA as
part of the federal district were the three
measures that confirmed the compromise.
• What the North Got
Washington D.C 1790.
Fall Line City /Street Grid Pattern
“Tidal Pool”
Building the White House from a Swamp
Federal City
1791 The Bill of Rights 1791
Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit
•
Born in the British West Indies, Alexander
Hamilton’s loyalties to the United States
was often questioned, though he
proclaimed undivided devotion to his
adopted country.
•
A close confidante of President
Washington and an economic genius,
Hamilton urged the federal government
to:
– Fund the national debt.
– Assume state debts.
– Establish a national bank.
– Enact a low protective wall around
our infant industries
Hamilton believed that a limited national
debt was beneficial because people
to whom the government owed
money would work hard to make the
nation a success,
Hamilton (Federalist) vs. Jefferson
(Democratic Republicans)
Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank
•
Hamilton proposed a national treasury, to be a
private institution modeled after the Bank of
England, to have the federal government as a major
stockholder, to circulate cash to stimulate
businesses, to store excess money, and to print
money that was worth something.
•
This was opposed by Jefferson as being
unconstitutHamilton’s Views:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Privileges for the upper classes
Pro-British
Potent central government
Government support for business
What was not forbidden in the Constitution was
permitted. He evolved the Elastic Clause, AKA
the “necessary and proper” clause, which would
greatly expand federal power. This is a “loose
interpretation” of the Constitution.
Jefferson’s Views:
1. Sympathy for the
common people
2. Pay off the national debt
3. Pro-French
4. Universal education
5. A bank should be a statecontrolled item (since the
10th Amendment says
powers not delegated in
the Constitution are left
to the states).
6. The Constitution should
be interpreted literally
and through a “strict
interpretation.” What was
not permitted was
forbidden.
•
End result: Hamilton won the dispute,
and Washington reluctantly signed the
What the North Got in the
Compromise of 1790
• The Bank of the United States was
created by Congress in 1791, and was
chartered for 20 years.
• It was located in Philadelphia and was to
have a capital of $10 million.
• Stock was thrown open to public sale, and
surprisingly, a milling crowd
oversubscribed in two hours.
Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania
1. In 1794, in western Pennsylvania, the Whiskey Rebellion flared up
•
•
•
when fed-up farmers revolted against Hamilton’s excise tax on
whiskey.
Around those parts, liquor and alcohol was often used as money.
They said they’d been unfairly singled out to be taxed.
They cried “taxation without representation” since many were from
Tennessee and Kentucky which were not yet states and had no one in
Congress.
2. Washington sent an army of 13,000
troops from various states to the revolt, but the
soldiers found nothing upon arrival; the rebels had
scattered.
3.Washington;s new presidency now commanded
respect, but anti-federalists criticized the
government.
4.The new government was stronger than the
Articles of Confederation
The Emergence of Political Parties
1. Hamilton’s policies (national bank,
suppression of Whiskey Rebellion,
excise tax) seemed to encroach
on states’ rights.
2. As resentment grew, what
was once a personal rivalry
between Hamilton and
Jefferson gradually evolved
into two political parties.
3. The Founding Fathers had not
envisioned various political
parties.
4. Since 1825, the two-party
system has helped strengthen the
U.S. government, helping balance
power and ensuring there was
always a second choice to the
ruling party.

In this cartoon entitled, "The Providential Detection," Thomas Jefferson kneels before the altar of Gallic despotism as God and an
American eagle attempt to prevent him from destroying the United States Constitution. He is depicted as about to fling a document
labeled "Constitution & Independence U.S.A." into the fire fed by the flames of radical writings. Jefferson's alleged attack on George
Washington and John Adams in the form of a letter to Philip Mazzei falls from Jefferson's pocket. Jefferson is supported by Satan, the
writings of Thomas Paine, and the French philosophers.
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation
1. With war came the call by the
Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans
to enter on the side of France. The
Hamiltonian Federalists leaned
toward siding with Britain.
2. Washington knew that war could mean
disaster and disintegration, since the
nation was militarily and
economically weak and politically
disunited. In 1793, he issued the
Neutrality Proclamation, proclaiming
the U.S.’s official neutrality and
warning Americans to stay out of the
issue and be impartial.
3. This neutrality proclamation clearly
was based on calculations of
American self interest, and the
controversial statement irked both
France and Britain.
Embroilments with Britain
1. Britain still had many posts in the frontier and supplied the Indians with
weapons.
2. The Treaty of Greenville, in 1795, had the Indians cede their vast tract in
the Ohio country to the Americans after General “Mad Anthony” Wayne
crushed them at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. It was
here that the Americans learned of, and were infuriated by, British guns
being supplied to the Indians.
3. Ignoring America’s neutrality, British commanders of the Royal Navy seized
about 300 American
merchant ships and kidnapped
scores of seamen into their army.
4. Many JDR’s cried out for war with
Britain, or at least an embargo, but
Washington refused, knowing that
such drastic action would destroy
the Hamilton financial system,
which was dependent on British
customs collections for U.S. revenue.
Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell
1.
In a last attempt to avert war, Washington sent John Jay to England to work something out.
However, the negotiations were sabotaged by Hamilton, who secretly gave the British the
details of America’s bargaining strategy.
2. The results of Jay’s Treaty were not good:
•
Britain would evacuate its chain of forts on U.S. soil
•
Britain would repay the lost money from the recent merchant ship seizures called
•
“impressment”, but it said nothing about future seizures or supplying Indians
with arms.
America would have to pay off its pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain.
3. The JDR’s were angry, but happy because war was avoided.
4. The Pinckney Treaty of 1795 with Spain gave Americans free navigation of the
Mississippi and the disputed territory north of Florida. Oddly, it was the pro-British
Jay Treaty that prompted Spain to be so lenient.
•
•
•
Both sides achieved many objectives. The British agreed to vacate the six
western forts by June 1796 (which was done), and to compensate American
ship owners (the British paid $10,345,200 by 1802).[7] In return, the United
States gave most favored nation trading status to Britain, and acquiesced in
British anti-French maritime policies. The United States guaranteed the
payment of private prewar debts owed by Americans to British merchants
that could not be collected in U.S. courts (the U.S. paid £600,000 in 1802).
Two joint boundary commissions were set up to establish the boundary line
in the Northeast (it agreed on the Saint Croix River) and in the Northwest
(this one never met and the boundary was settled after the War of 1812).[8]
Jay, a strong opponent of slavery, dropped the issue of compensation for
slaves, which angered Southern slaveholders. Jay was unsuccessful in
negotiating an end to the impressment of American sailors into the Royal
Navy, which later became a key issue leading to the War of 1812.
After his second term,
Washington stepped down,
creating a strong two-term
precedent.
His farewell address warned
against building
permanent alliances
with foreign nations, and
of conflicting political
parties.
Washington had set the U.S. on
its feet and had made it
sturdy, with perhaps his
greatest contribution
being that he kept the
young country out of
foreign wars.
John Adams Presidency
1796-1800
The Election of 1796
John Adams Becomes President
1. Hamilton was the logical choice to
become the next president, but his
financial plan had made him very
unpopular.
2. John Adams, the ablest statesmen of his
day won the election 71 to 68, against
Thomas Jefferson, who became vice
president.
3. Adams had a hated rival and opponent in
Hamilton, who plotted with Adams’
cabinet against the president, and a
political rival in his vice president.
4. He also had a volatile situation with
France that could explode into war.
The Revolution of 1800
John Adams Becomes President
 Hamilton was the logical choice
to become the next president, but
his financial plan had made him
very unpopular.
 John Adams, the ablest
statesmen of his day, won, 71 to
68, against Thomas Jefferson,
who became vice president.
 Adams had a hated rival and
opponent in Hamilton, who
plotted with Adams’ cabinet
against the president, and a
political rival in his vice president.
 He also had a volatile situation
with France that could explode
into war.
Unofficial Fighting with France
 France was furious about the Jay’s Treaty,
calling it a flagrant violation of the 1778 FrancoAmerican treaty, and so began seizing
defenseless American merchant ships.
 In the XYZ Affair, John Adams sent three envoys
(including John Marshall) to France, where they
were approached by three agents, “X,” “Y,” and “Z,”
who demanded a load of 32 million florins and a
$250,000 bribe just for talking to Talleyrand
 Even though bribes were routine in diplomacy,
such a large sum for simply talking weren’t worth
it, and there was no guarantee of an agreement.
 The envoys returned to America, cheered by
angry Americans as having done the right thing
for America.
 Irate Americans called for war with France, but
Adams, knowing just as Washington did that war
could spell disaster, remained neutral
 Thus, an undeclared war mostly confined to the seas
raged for two and a half years, where American
ships captured over 80 armed French ships
XYZ Affair: Refusing the Paris Monster
XYZ Affair – Maiden America
Ravaged by the French
Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party
 Talleyrand, knowing that war with the U.S. would add another enemy to
France, declared that if another envoy was sent to France, that it would be
received with respect.
 In 1800, the three American envoys were met by Napoleon, who was
eager to work with the U.S. because he decided that he wanted to
concentrate on gaining more power in Europe.
 The treaty in 1800, signed in Paris, ended the 1778 alliance in return for
the Americans paying the claims of its shippers’ as alimony.
 In keeping the U.S. at peace, John Adams plunged his popularity and
lost his chance at a possible second term, but he did the right thing,
keeping the U.S. neutral while it was still weak and preventing the
outbreak of a full-scale war.
The Federalist Witch Hunt

The Federalists scorned the poor people, who in turn were welcomed by the JDR’s.

In effect, the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in order to
silence and punish their critics.

With the Alien Laws, Federalists therefore raised the residence requirements for
aliens who wanted to become citizens from five to fourteen years, a law that
violated the traditional American policy of open-door hospitality and speedy
assimilation.
 Another law let the president deport dangerous aliens during peacetime and jail
them during times of war

The Sedition Act provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government
or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy
fine and imprisonment; it was aimed at newspaper editors and the JDR’s.
 While obviously unconstitutional, this act was passed by the Federalist majority
in Congress and upheld in the court because of the majority of Federalists there
too
 It was conveniently written to expire in 1801 to prevent the use of it against
themselves
 Matthew Lyon was one of those imprisoned when he was sentenced to four
months in jail for writing ill things about President John Adams

Furthermore, in the elections of 1798-99, the Federalists won the most sweeping
victory of their history.
Satiric portrayal of the first fight in Congress—between Matthew Lyon and
Roger Griswold. Lyon was later prosecuted under the Sedition Act.
Read more:
http://law.jrank.org/pages/2396/Alie
n-Sedition-Acts1798.html#ixzz0RflJQdcg
The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky
(Jefferson) Resolutions
 Resentful Jeffersonians would not take these laws lying down, and
Jefferson feared that the Federalists, having wiped out freedom of speech
and of the press, might wipe out more.
 He wrote a series of legislation that Kentucky approved in 1798-99, and
friend James Madison wrote another series of legislation (less extreme)
that Virginia approved:
 They stressed the “compact theory” which meant that the 13 states, in
creating the federal government, had entered into a contract regarding
its jurisdiction, and the individual states were the final judges of the
laws passed in Congress. In other words, the states had made the
federal government, the federal government makes laws, but since the
states made the federal government, the states reserve the right to
nullify those federal laws. This compact theory is heard at this point,
then again in 1832 regarding the national tariff, then again in the 1850s
over slavery. Civil War erupts afterwards. Notably, this theory goes by
several names, all synonymous: the “compact theory,” “states’ rights
theory,” or “nullification.”
 This legislation set out to kill the Alien and Sedition Laws.
 Only those two states
adopted the laws.
 Federalists, though,
argued that the people,
not the states, had made
the contract, and it was up
to the Supreme Court to
nullify legislation, a
procedure that it adopted
in 1803.
 While neither Madison nor
Jefferson wanted
secession, they did want
an end to Federalist
abuses.
Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans
• The Federalists
– Most Federalists were the old Federalists
from before the Constitution.
– They wanted a strong government ruled by
the educated aristocrats, the “best people.”
– Most were the merchants, manufacturers, and
shippers along the Atlantic seaboard.
– They were mostly pro-British and recognized
that foreign trade was key in the U.S.
Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans
•
The Democratic Republicans
•
Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson, a poor speaker but a great leader, and an
appealer to the common people. They desired rule by informed classes and a weaker
central government that would preserve the sovereignty of the states. They were mostly
pro-French.
•
Jefferson was rich and even owned slaves, but he sympathized with the common people.
•
They emphasized that national debt had to be paid off.
•
They were mostly agrarians (farmers), and insisted on no privileges for the upper class.
– They saw farming was ennobling: it kept people away from wickedness of the cities, in
the sun, and close to God.
•
TJ advocated rule of the people, but not all the people, just those who weren’t
ignorant.
•
Slavery could help avoid a class of landless voters by providing the necessary labor.
•
He championed free speech, though he, himself, was terribly abused by editorial pens.
•
Thus, as 1800 rolled around, the disunity of America was making its existence very much
felt.
In this cartoon entitled, "The Providential
Detection," Thomas Jefferson kneels
before the altar of Gallic despotism as God
and an American eagle attempt to prevent
him from destroying the United States
Constitution. He is depicted as about to
fling a document labeled "Constitution &
Independence U.S.A." into the fire fed by
the flames of radical writings. Jefferson's
alleged attack on George Washington and
John Adams in the form of a letter to Philip
Mazzei falls from Jefferson's pocket.
Jefferson is supported by Satan, the
writings of Thomas Paine, and the French
philosophers.
Chapter 7
The Triumphs and Travails of the
Jeffersonian Republic
Jeffersonian America
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Revolution of 1800
The Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark
Reduction of the Federal Government
Tensions with France and England
The Barbary Pirates “The Shores of Tripoli”
Marbury v. Madison
Federalism v. Republicanism
• TJ advocated rule of the people, but not
all the people, just those who weren’t
ignorant.
• The Jeffersonian Democratic
Republicans presented themselves
as:
–Strict constructionists (literal
interpretation of the
Constitution).
–Protectors of agrarian purity.
–Believers of political and
economic liberty.
–Strong supporters of states’
rights.
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
In the election of
1800, the
Federalists had a
host of enemies
stemming from the
Alien and Sedition
Acts.
The Federalists had been
most damaged by John
Adams’ not declaring war
against France.
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
John Adams became known as
“the Father of the American
Navy.”
They had raised a bunch of taxes
and build a good navy, and then
had not gotten any reason to justify
such spending, making them seem
fraudulent as they had also swelled
the public debt.
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Federalists also launched attacks on
Jefferson, saying that he had robbed a
widow and her children of a trust fund,
fathered numerous children with his slaves
(which turned out to be true), called him an
atheist (he was a Deist), and used other
inflammatory remarks.
The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”
The “Revolution of 1800”:
(1)
Was especially remarkable
because there was a
peaceful transfer of power;
Federalists stepped down
from office after Jefferson
won and did so peacefully,
though not necessarily
happily.
(2) The Republicans were more of the
“people’s party” compared to the
Federalists.
The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”
Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a majority
of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though Adams got
more popular votes, Jefferson got New York. But, even
though Jefferson triumphed, in a technicality he and
Aaron Burr tied for presidency.
The vote,
according to the
Constitution,
would now go to
the Federalistdominated House
ofRepresentative
s
Hateful of Jefferson, Finally, a few
changed their minds, and Jefferson
was elected to the presidency
wanted to vote for Burr, and the vote
was deadlocked for months until
Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
persuaded a few House members to
change their votes, knowing that if
the House voted for Burr, the public
outcry would doom =
.
The Election of 1796
The Revolution of 1800
Chapter 7
The Triumphs and Travails of the
Jeffersonian Republic
Jeffersonian America
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Revolution of 1800
The Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark
Reduction of the Federal Government
Tensions with France and England
The Barbary Pirates “The Shores of Tripoli”
Marbury v. Madison
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
In his address, he declared
that all Americans were
Federalists, all were
Republicans, implying that
Americans were a mixture. He
also pledged “honest
friendship with all nations,
entangling alliances with
none.”
On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson
was inaugurated president in the new
capital of Washington D.C.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Jefferson was simple and frugal, and did not
seat in regard to rank during his dinners He also
was unconventional, wearing sloppy attire, and
he started the precedent of sending messages
to Congress to be read by a clerk.
There were two Thomas Jeffersons: the
scholarly private citizen who
philosophized in his study, and the
harassed public official who discovered
that bookish theories worked out
differently in practical politics.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Jefferson also
dismissed few
Federalist officials and
those who wanted the
seats complained.
Jefferson had to rely on his
casual charm because his
party was so disunited still.
•Jefferson
pardoned
those serving
under The
Sedition Act.
Jeffersonian Restraint
•In 1802, he enacted a
new law that returned
the years needed for
an immigrant to
become a citizen from
14 to 5.
•He also immediately got rid
of the excise tax, but
otherwise left the
Hamiltonian system intact.
•Albert Gallatin, new secretary of the treasury,
reduced the national debt substantially while
balancing the budget.
•By shrewdly absorbing the major Federalist
programs and practically leaving them all
intact, T.J. showed that a change of regime need
not be disastrous for the exiting group.
The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary
•However, despite his principles, Jefferson quickly realized how difficult it was to
stick to them once in office, and he often found himself reversing his stand on
several political issues that he had previously championed on becoming
President.
•The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in their last days of Congressional
domination in 1801, created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, to prolong their
legacy.
•Jefferson and his followers opposed John Adams’ last-minute appointment of
new federal judges mainly because it was an obvious attempt by a defeated
party to entrench itself in the government.
•In 1804, Jefferson tried to impeach the Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, but
when the vote got to the Senate, there were not enough votes, and to this day, no
attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment.
•The significance of that case is that judicial independence and the separation
of powers had been preserved.
John Marshall (aka MISTER Chief
Justice, Himself)
• The Chief Justice who carried out, more than
any other official, the ideas of Alexander
Hamilton concerning a powerful federal
government was John Marshall, a lifelong
Federalist.
• John Marshall, as chief justice, helped to
strengthen the judicial branch by asserting
the doctrine of judicial review – the Supreme
Court’s power to declare the constitutionality
(or lack thereof) of congressional legislation.
• The case of Marbury vs. Madison involved
the question of who had the right to declare
an act of Congress unconstitutional.
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Jefferson had a natural fear
of a large, strong, standing
military since such a military
could be turned on the
people. So, he reduced the
militia to 2500 men, and
navies were reduced a bit to
peacetime footing.
The gunboats used in the
Tripolitan War fascinated
Jefferson, and he spent money
to build about 200 of them.
Since they were small, but
unable to fight against large
ships, however, it showed
building them to be a poor
decision (the “mosquito fleet”).
However, the pirates of the North
African Barbary States were still
looting U.S. ships, and in 1801, the
pasha of Tripoli indirectly declared war
when he cut down the flagstaff of the
American consulate.
Thus, Jefferson, in his first major
foreign policy decision was to
reluctantly, send the infant navy to
the Mediterranean Sea of the shores
of Tripoli, where fighting continued
with the North African pirates for four
years until Jefferson succeeded in
obtaining a treaty of peace from Tripoli
in 1805 for $60,000.
Why would Napoleon, the greatest conqueror of modern
times, acquiesce to the infant United States?
• Napoleon’s decision to sell
Louisiana was because:
- He needed cash to renew his
war with Britain.
- The failure to quell the
revolution in Santo Domingo
(Haiti) led by Toussaint
L’Ouverture - which had failed
due to the decimation of his
troops by yellow fever.
- He hoped that the territory
would one day help America to
thwart the expansionist
ambitions of the British.
- Ultimately, he did not want to
drive America into the arms of
Britain.
The Louisiana Godsend
In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced
the king of Spain to cede the
Louisiana territory to France.
Then, in 1802, Spaniards at New
Orleans withdrew the right of deposit
guaranteed by the Pinckney Treaty
of 1795. Such deposit privileges
were vital to the frontier farmers who
floated their goods down the
Mississippi River to its mouth to
await oceangoing vessels. In fact,
they talked of marching on New
Orleans which would’ve plunged the
U.S. into a war with Spain and
France.
•So, in 1803, Jefferson sent James
Monroe and Robert Livingston to buy
New Orleans and as much land to the
east of the river for a total of $10 million,
tops.
•Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New
Orleans and the land west of it,
Louisiana, for only $15 million, thereby
abandoning his dream of a French
North American Empire.
Touissant L’Ouverture: The Caribbean George Washington
Louisiana in the Long View
•The expedition yielded:
The purchase created a
mindset of acquisition of foreign
territory through purchase.
-a rich harvest of
scientific observations.
-maps of the previously
uncharted territory.
-knowledge of the Indians
of the region.
In the spring of 1804, Jefferson
sent William Clark and
Meriwether Lewis to explore all
the way to Oregon and the
Pacific. Along with a Shoshoni
woman named Sacajawea, the
two spent 2 1/2 years exploring
the new territory, where they
marveled at the expanses of
buffalo, elk, deer, antelope,
and the landscape.
-and hair-raising
adventure stories.
•Other explorers, like
Zebulon Pike, trekked to the
headwaters of the
Mississippi River in 1805-06
and ventured to the
southern portion of
Louisiana, Spanish land in
the Southwest, and sighted
Pike’s peak.
The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”
The “Revolution of 1800”:
(1)
Was especially remarkable
because there was a
peaceful transfer of power;
Federalists stepped down
from office after Jefferson
won and did so peacefully,
though not necessarily
happily.
(2) The Republicans were more of the
“people’s party” compared to the
Federalists.
The Revolution of 1800
Lewis & Clark Expedition
The Aaron Burr Conspiracies
•Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s first-term vice
president, had been dropped from the
cabinet in Jefferson’s second term.
Incredibly, Burr joined with a group
of Federalist extremists to plot the
secession of New England and
New York from the United States!
•Alexander Hamilton, though no friend
of Jefferson, exposed and foiled the
conspiracy. Incensed, Burr
challenged Hamilton to a duel and
killed him, blowing out the brightest
mind of the remaining Federalist
party.
In 1806, Burr was arrested for
treason, but the necessary two
witnesses were nowhere to be
found.
The Louisiana Purchase ultimately
nurtured a deep sense of loyalty
among the West to the federal
government, and a new spirit of
nationalism surged through
Precarious Neutrality
In 1804, Jefferson won with a margin of 162 electoral votes to 14 for
his opponent, but the celebrating for T.J. was essentially nonexistent
because in 1803, Napoleon had deliberately provoked Britain into
renewing its war with France, and the still too young United States
was once again on the verge of being sucked into an unwanted
conflict.
As a result , American trade sank as England and France, unable to
hurt each other ( England owned the sea thanks to the Battle of
Trafalgar while France owed the land thanks to the Battle of
Austerlitz), resorted to indirect blows instead.
In 1806, London issues the Orders in Council, which closed ports
under French continental control to foreign shipping, including
American, unless they stopped at a British port first.
Precarious Neutrality
Likewise, Napoleon ordered the seizure
of all ships , including American, which
entered at British ports.
Impressment (illegal seizure of men
and forcing them to work on foreign
ships) also infuriated the U.S. as some
6,000 Americans were impressed from
1808-1811.
Precarious Neutrality
In 1807, a royal frigate the Leopard confronted
the U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake, about 10 miles
off the coast of Virginia, and the British captain
ordered the seizure of four alleged deserters.
When the American commander refused, the
U.S. ship received three devastating broadsides
that killed three Americans and wounded 18. In
an incident when England was clearly wrong,
Jefferson still clung to peace.
The Hated Embargo
In order to try to stop the British and French
seizure of American ships, Jefferson
resorted to an embargo on BOTH countries.
• Jefferson thought that Britain and France relied
on American goods ( whereas it was really the
opposite - Americans relied on Europe’s goods).
• Also, the U.S. still had a weaker army and navy.
The Hated Embargo
The Embargo Act of 1807
forbade the export of
goods from the United
States to any country,
regardless if the goods
were transported by
American ships or foreign
ships.
This resulted in deserted
docks and rotting ships in
the harbors. The embargo
actually hurt the same
New England merchants
he was trying to protect.
The Hated Embargo
The commerce of New
England was harmed more
than Britain or France’s
commerce.
Farmers of the South and
West were alarmed by the
mounting supply of
unexportable cotton, grain,
and tobacco.
Illegal trade mushroomed in
1808 and smuggling was
common again
The Hated Embargo
Finally, coming to their senses and feeling the
public’s anger, Congress repealed the act on
March 1st, 1809, three days before Jefferson’s
retirement, and replaced it with the NonIntercourse Act, which reopened trade with all
nations in the world except France and Britain.
But this had basically little effect on helping the
damaged economy because Americas #1 and
#2 trade partners were France and Britain!
Thus, economic coercion continued from 18091812 when war finally struck.
The Hated Embargo
The embargo failed for two main reasons.
(1) Jefferson underestimated the bulldog
British and their resilience in not being
forced to depend on American goods.
(2) he didn’t continue the embargo long
enough, or tightly enough, to achieve its
purpose.
The Hated Embargo
Even Jefferson admitted that the
embargo ended up three times more
costly than the war itself and he could
have built a strong navy instead with the
money used.
During the time of the embargo, the
Federalist Party regained some if its lost
power.
The Hated Embargo
However, during the embargo,
resourceful Americans opened new and
reopened old factories, and thus—the
embargo ultimately helped to promote
industrialism in America, clearly another
irony because Jefferson was committed to
an agrarian nation while his archrival
Hamilton had been devoted to industry.
The Hated Embargo
• Also, the embargo actually did affect
Britain, and had it been continued over an
extended time, it might have succeeded.
• In fact, two days before Congress
declared war in June 1812, London
ordered the Orders in Council to be
suspended. Had America known this fact,
war would have likely not been declared.
Madison’s Gamble
• After Jefferson, James
Madison took the oath of
the presidency on March 4,
1809 – and continued the
embargo…….
Madison’s Gamble
•
In 1810, Congress adopted a
bargaining measure called Macon’s
Bill No. 2, which while permitting
American trade with all the world, also
promised American restoration of
trade to France and/or England IF
either dropped their commercial
restrictions.
•
Now, Napoleon had his opportunity to
capitalize:
- In August of 1810, he announced that
French commercial restrictions had been
lifted, and the United States, desperate
for recognition of the law, declared France
available for American trade.
•
Of course, Napoleon lied, and never really
lifted restrictions, but in the meantime,
America had been duped into believing so
and now entered potential warfare against
Great Britain.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• In 1811, new young politicians swept
away the older “submission men,” and
they appointed Henry Clay of
Kentucky, then 34 years old, to
Speaker of the House.
• The western politicians also cried out
against the Indian threat on the
frontier. These young, aggressive
Congressmen were known as “War
Hawks.
• Indians had watched with increasing
apprehension as more and more
whites settled in Kentucky, a
traditionally sacred area where
settlement and extensive hunting was
not allowed except in times of scarcity.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
•
Thus, two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, decided that the time to
act was now, and gathered followers, urging them to give up textile clothing for
traditional buckskin garments.
•
Tecumseh argued eloquently for the Indian’s to not acknowledge the White
man’s “ownership” of land, and urged that no Indian should cede control of
land to whites unless ALL Indians agreed.
•
Tecumseh’s resistance movement was the last real Indian defiance of U.S.
encroachment east of the Mississippi River.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• On November 7, 1811, American
general William Henry Harrison
advanced upon Tecumseh’s
headquarters at Tippecanoe,
killed the Prophet, and burned the
camp to the ground.
• Tecumseh was killed by Harrison
at the Battle of the Thames in
1813, and the Indian confederacy
dream perished.
• In the South, Andrew Jackson
crushed the Creek Indians at the
Battle of Horseshoe Bend on
March 27, 1814, effectively
breaking the Indian rebellion and
leaving the entire area east of the
Mississippi open for safe
settlement.
Scene from “Tecumseh” – Outdoor Drama at Chillicothe, Ohio
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• The War Hawks cried that the only way to
get rid of the Indians was to wipe out their
base, Canada, since the British had
helped the Indians.
• War was declared in 1812, with a House
vote of 79 to 49 and a very close Senate
vote of 19 to 13, showing America’s
disunity.
Mr. Madison’s War
• Why did America go to war with Britain and not France?
Because England’s impressments of American sailors
stood out, France was allied more with the Republicans,
and Canada was a very tempting prize that seemed easy
to get, a “frontiersman’s frolic.”
• New England, which was still making lots of money,
damned the war for a free sea, and Federalists opposed
the war because (1) they were more inclined toward
Britain anyway and (2) if Canada was conquered, it
would add more agrarian land and increase Republican
supporters.
Mr. Madison’s War
• In brief, America’s reasons for
entering the War of 1812 were…
• To avenge the manhandling of
American sailors.
• To defend American rights,
specifically “freedom of the
seas” – the U.S. wanted the right
to sail and trade without fear.
• To gain more territory; the
possibility of land – the U.S.
might gain Canada or Florida.
• To wipe out continued Indian
resistance. Americans were still
upset about British guns being
giving to Indians.
Mr. Madison’s War
• The nation became sectionalized.
Generally, the North was against war, the
West and the South were for the war.
• Thus, a disunited America had to fight
both Old England and New England in the
War of 1812, since Britain was the enemy
while New England tried everything that
they could do to frustrate American
ambitions in the war……..
Washington’s Warning from the Grave
Chapter 7
• Article the first... After the first enumeration
required by the first article of the Constitution,
there shall be one Representative for every
thirty thousand, until the number shall amount
to one hundred, after which the proportion shall
be so regulated by Congress, that there shall
be not less than one hundred Representatives,
nor less than one Representative for every forty
thousand persons, until the number of
Representatives shall amount to two hundred;
after which the proportion shall be so regulated
by Congress, that there shall not be less than
two hundred Representatives, nor more than
one Representative for every fifty thousand
persons. (emphasis
Presidential Election of 1808
James Madison Becomes President
James Madison
Dolly Madison
1. Napoleonic Wars
Q 1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental
System”]
Q 1806  Britain issued the “Order in
Council.”
Q 1807  Milan Decrees
Q 1808-1811  Britain impressed over
6,000 American
sailors.
2. Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”
Q
June 21, 1807.
Q
Br. Captain fired on the USS
Chesapeake.
Q
3 dead, 18 wounded.
Q
Br. Foreign Office said it was a
mistake.
Q
Jefferson’s Response:
 Forbade Br. ships to dock in
American ports.
 Ordered state governors to call up
as much as 100,000 militiamen.
Chesapeake-Leopard “Affair”
3. The Embargo Act (1807)
The “OGRABME” Turtle
Q
Forbade export of all goods from the US.
Q
Unexpected Consequences:
 1807 exports  $108 mil.
 1808 exports  $ 22 mil.
4. The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Q
Replaced the Embargo Act.
Q
Reopened trade with all nations EXCEPT
Britain and France.
Q
Remained U. S. policy until 1812.
Q
Unexpected Consequences:
 N. Eng. was forced to become self-
sufficient again [old factories reopened].
 Laid the groundwork for US industrial
power.
 Jefferson, a critic of an industrial
America, ironically contributed to
Hamilton’s view of the US!
5. Br. Instigation of Indians
British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh
Tecumseh Statue at Annapolis
6. “War Hawks” in Congress
John C. Calhoun [SC]
Henry Clay [KY]
Political Cartoon of the Period
Presidential Election of 1812
“Mr. Madison’s War!”
American Problems
Q
The US was unprepared militarily:
 Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s
800 ships.
 Americans disliked a draft 
preferred to enlist in the
disorganized state militias.
Q
Financially unprepared:
 Flood of paper $.
 Revenue from import tariffs
declined.
Q
Regional disagreements.
Overview of the War
Campaigns of 1813
Attack on Ft. Oswego, 1814
The White House Is Burning;
The British Are Coming, AGAIN!!
(August 24, 1814)
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
And the rockets red glare
The bombs bursting in air…
-- Francis Scott Key
Star Spangled Banner
Gave proof through the night,
That our flag was still there..
SSBanner
Star Spangled Banner
The Battle of New Orleans, 1815
Jackson’s Florida Campaigns
Hartford Convention
December, 1814 – January, 1815
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
The status quo ante.
Ch. 12 the Second War for
Independence and the
Upsurge of Nationalism, 18121824
Bonus: (on bottom of handout)
• What were the “Midnight Appointments”?
• What was “Jefferson’s Quandary”
concerning the Louisiana Purchase?
Chapter 4/7
The Triumphs and
Travails of the
Jeffersonian Republic
Jeffersonian America
• The Revolution of 1800
• Reduction of the Federal Government
• Marbury v. Madison and the Midnight
Appointments
•
•
•
•
The Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark
Tensions with France and England
The Barbary Pirates “The Shores of Tripoli”
Federalism v. Republicanism
• TJ advocated rule of the people, but not
all the people, just those who weren’t
ignorant.
The Election of 1796
The Revolution of 1800
• Q1 The Jeffersonian Democratic
Republicans presented themselves
as:
–Strict constructionists (literal
interpretation of the
Constitution).
–Protectors of agrarian purity.
–Believers of political and
economic liberty.
–Strong supporters of states’
rights.
Outline1.
Federalist and Republican
Mudslingers
In the election of
1800, the
Federalists had a
host of enemies
stemming from the
Alien and Sedition
Acts.
The Federalists had been
most damaged by John
Adams’ not declaring war
against France.
#2 Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
John Adams became known as
“the Father of the American
Navy.”
They had raised a bunch of taxes
and build a good navy, and then
had not gotten any reason to
justify such spending, making
them seem fraudulent as they
had also swelled the public debt.
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Federalists also launched attacks on
Jefferson, saying that he had robbed a
widow and her children of a trust fund,
fathered numerous children with his slaves
(which turned out to be true), called him an
atheist (he was a Deist), and used other
inflammatory remarks.
Attacks on Jefferson
• “ If Thomas Jefferson is elected, you will
have to bury your Bibles”
This remark given for Jefferson’s Deist
beliefs and stand on the separation of
church and state
The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”
Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a
majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though
Adams got more popular votes, Jefferson got New
York. But, even though Jefferson triumphed, in a
technicality he and Aaron Burr tied for presidency.
The vote, according to the Constitution,
would now go to the Federalistdominated House of Representatives.
Hateful of Jefferson, many wanted to vote for Burr,
and the vote was deadlocked for months until
Alexander Hamilton and John Adams persuaded a
few House members to change their votes, knowing
that if the House voted for Burr, the public outcry
would doom the Federalist Party.
Finally, a few changed their minds, and
Jefferson was elected to the presidency.
The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”
The “Revolution of 1800”:
#3. Was especially remarkable
because there was a
peaceful transfer of power;
Federalists stepped down
from office after Jefferson
won and did so peacefully,
though not necessarily
happily.
(2) The Republicans were more of the
“people’s party” compared to the
Federalists.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
In his address, he declared
that all Americans were
Federalists, all were
Republicans, implying that
Americans were a mixture. He
also pledged “honest
friendship with all nations,
entangling alliances with
none.”
On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson
was inaugurated president in the new
capital of Washington D.C.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Jefferson was simple and frugal, and did not
seat in regard to rank during his dinners He also
was unconventional, wearing sloppy attire, and
he started the precedent of sending messages
to Congress to be read by a clerk. “He walked
to his inauguration at the capital from the White
House”
There were two Thomas Jeffersons: the
scholarly private citizen who
philosophized in his study, and the
harassed public official who discovered
that bookish theories worked out
differently in practical politics.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Jefferson also
dismissed few
Federalist officials
and those who
wanted the seats
complained.
Jefferson had to rely on his
casual charm because his
party was so disunited still.
•Jefferson
pardoned
those serving
under The
Sedition Act.
#4 Jeffersonian Restraint
•In 1802, he enacted a
new law that returned
the years needed for
an immigrant to
become a citizen from
14 to 5.
•He also immediately got rid
of the excise tax, but
otherwise left the
Hamiltonian system intact.
•Albert Gallatin, new secretary of the treasury, reduced
the national debt substantially while balancing the
budget.
•By shrewdly absorbing the major Federalist
programs and practically leaving them all intact, T.J.
showed that a change of regime need not be disastrous
for the exiting group.
#5 Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch)
137 (1803) is a landmark case in United
States law and in the history of law
worldwide. It formed the basis for the
exercise of judicial review in the United
States under Article III of the Constitution. It
was also the first time in Western history a
court invalidated a law by declaring it
"unconstitutional", a process called
judicial review.[1][2] The landmark
decision helped define the "checks and
balances" of the American form of
government.
#6 Marbury v. Madison cont.
This case resulted from a petition to
the Supreme Court by William
Marbury, who had been appointed by
President John Adams as Justice of
the Peace in the District of Columbia
but whose commission was not
subsequently delivered. Marbury
petitioned the Supreme Court to force
Secretary of State James Madison to
deliver the documents, but the court,
with John Marshall as Chief Justice,
denied Marbury's petition, holding that
the part of the statute upon which he
based his claim, the Judiciary Act of
1789, was unconstitutional.
The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary
and the “Midnight Appointments”
•However, despite his principles, Jefferson quickly realized how difficult it was to
stick to them once in office, and he often found himself reversing his stand on
several political issues that he had previously championed on becoming
President.
•The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in their last days of Congressional
domination in 1801, created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, to prolong their
legacy.
•Jefferson and his followers opposed John Adams’ last-minute appointment of
new federal judges mainly because it was an obvious attempt by a defeated
party to entrench itself in the government. (Midnight Appointments- 1801)
•In 1804, Jefferson tried to impeach the Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, but
when the vote got to the Senate, there were not enough votes, and to this day, no
attempt to alter the Supreme Court has ever been tried through impeachment.
•The significance of that case is that judicial independence and the separation
of powers had been preserved.
#6 John Marshall (aka MISTER
Chief Justice, Himself)
• The Chief Justice who carried out, more than
any other official, the ideas of Alexander
Hamilton concerning a powerful federal
government was John Marshall, a lifelong
Federalist.
• John Marshall, as chief justice, helped to
strengthen the judicial branch by asserting
the doctrine of judicial review – the Supreme
Court’s power to declare the constitutionality
(or lack thereof) of congressional legislation.
• The case of Marbury vs. Madison involved
the question of who had the right to declare
an act of Congress unconstitutional.
#7 Jefferson, a Reluctant
Warrior
Jefferson had a natural fear
However, the pirates of the North
of a large, strong, standing
military since such a military
could be turned on the
people. So, he reduced the
militia to 2500 men, and
navies were reduced a bit to
peacetime footing.
The gunboats used in the
Tripolitan War fascinated
Jefferson, and he spent money
to build about 200 of them.
Since they were small, but
unable to fight against large
ships, however, it showed
building them to be a poor
decision (the “mosquito fleet”).
African Barbary States were still
looting U.S. ships, and in 1801, the
pasha of Tripoli indirectly declared war
when he cut down the flagstaff of the
American consulate.
Thus, Jefferson, in his first major
foreign policy decision was to
reluctantly, send the infant navy to
the Mediterranean Sea of the shores
of Tripoli, where fighting continued
with the North African pirates for four
years until Jefferson succeeded in
obtaining a treaty of peace from Tripoli
in 1805 for $60,000.
#8 Why would Napoleon, the greatest conqueror of modern
times, acquiesce to the infant United States?
• Napoleon’s decision to sell
Louisiana was because:
- He needed cash to renew his
war with Britain.
- The failure to quell the
revolution in Santo Domingo
(Haiti) led by Toussaint
L’Ouverture - which had failed
due to the decimation of his
troops by yellow fever.
- He hoped that the territory
would one day help America to
thwart the expansionist
ambitions of the British.
- Ultimately, he did not want to
drive America into the arms of
Britain.
The Louisiana Godsend
In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced
the king of Spain to cede the
Louisiana territory to France.
Then, in 1802, Spaniards at New
Orleans withdrew the right of deposit
guaranteed by the Pinckney Treaty
of 1795. Such deposit privileges
were vital to the frontier farmers who
floated their goods down the
Mississippi River to its mouth to
await oceangoing vessels. In fact,
they talked of marching on New
Orleans which would’ve plunged the
U.S. into a war with Spain and
France.
•So, in 1803, Jefferson sent James
Monroe and Robert Livingston to buy
New Orleans and as much land to the
east of the river for a total of $10 million,
tops.
•Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New
Orleans and the land west of it,
Louisiana, for only $15 million, thereby
abandoning his dream of a French
North American Empire.
Touissant L’Ouverture: The Caribbean George Washington
#9 Louisiana in the Long View
•The expedition yielded:
The purchase created a
mindset of acquisition of foreign
territory through purchase.
It ushered in a new era of
MANIFEST DESTINY: It was
Jefferson’s desire to spread
democracy from the Atlantic to
the Pacific
In the spring of 1804, Jefferson
sent William Clark and Meriwether
Lewis to explore all the way to
Oregon and the Pacific. Along
with a Shoshoni woman named
Sacajawea, the two spent 2 1/2
years exploring the new territory,
where they marveled at the
expanses of buffalo, elk, deer,
antelope, and the landscape.
-a rich harvest of
scientific observations.
-maps of the previously
uncharted territory.
-knowledge of the Indians
of the region.
-and hair-raising
adventure stories.
•Other explorers, like
Zebulon Pike, trekked to the
headwaters of the
Mississippi River in 1805-06
and ventured to the
southern portion of
Louisiana, Spanish land in
the Southwest, and sighted
Pike’s peak.
Lewis & Clark Expedition
#10 The Aaron Burr
Conspiracies
•Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s first-term vice
president, had been dropped from the
cabinet in Jefferson’s second term.
Incredibly, Burr joined with a group
of Federalist extremists to plot the
secession of New England and
New York from the United States!
•Alexander Hamilton, though no friend
of Jefferson, exposed and foiled the
conspiracy. Incensed, Burr
challenged Hamilton to a duel and
killed him, blowing out the brightest
mind of the remaining Federalist
party.
In 1806, Burr was arrested for
treason, but the necessary two
witnesses were nowhere to be
found.
The Louisiana Purchase ultimately
nurtured a deep sense of loyalty
among the West to the federal
government, and a new spirit of
nationalism surged through
Precarious Neutrality
In 1804, Jefferson won with a margin of 162 electoral votes to 14 for
his opponent, but the celebrating for T.J. was essentially nonexistent
because in 1803, Napoleon had deliberately provoked Britain into
renewing its war with France, and the still too young United States
was once again on the verge of being sucked into an unwanted
conflict.
As a result , American trade sank as England and France, unable to
hurt each other ( England owned the sea thanks to the Battle of
Trafalgar while France owed the land thanks to the Battle of
Austerlitz), resorted to indirect blows instead.
In 1806, London issues the Orders in Council, which closed ports
under French continental control to foreign shipping, including
American, unless they stopped at a British port first.
Precarious Neutrality
Likewise, Napoleon ordered the seizure
of all ships , including American, which
entered at British ports.
Impressment (illegal seizure of men
and forcing them to work on foreign
ships) also infuriated the U.S. as some
6,000 Americans were impressed from
1808-1811.
Precarious Neutrality
In 1807, a royal frigate the Leopard confronted
the U.S. frigate, the Chesapeake, about 10 miles
off the coast of Virginia, and the British captain
ordered the seizure of four alleged deserters.
When the American commander refused, the
U.S. ship received three devastating broadsides
that killed three Americans and wounded 18. In
an incident when England was clearly wrong,
Jefferson still clung to peace.
The Hated Embargo
In order to try to stop the British and French
seizure of American ships, Jefferson
resorted to an embargo on BOTH countries.
• Jefferson thought that Britain and France relied
on American goods ( whereas it was really the
opposite - Americans relied on Europe’s goods).
• Also, the U.S. still had a weaker army and navy.
The Hated Embargo
The Embargo Act of 1807
forbade the export of
goods from the United
States to any country,
regardless if the goods
were transported by
American ships or foreign
ships.
This resulted in deserted
docks and rotting ships in
the harbors. The embargo
actually hurt the same
New England merchants
he was trying to protect.
The Hated Embargo
The commerce of New
England was harmed more
than Britain or France’s
commerce.
Farmers of the South and
West were alarmed by the
mounting supply of
unexportable cotton, grain,
and tobacco.
Illegal trade mushroomed in
1808 and smuggling was
common again
The Hated Embargo
Finally, coming to their senses and feeling the
public’s anger, Congress repealed the act on
March 1st, 1809, three days before Jefferson’s
retirement, and replaced it with the NonIntercourse Act, which reopened trade with all
nations in the world except France and Britain.
But this had basically little effect on helping the
damaged economy because Americas #1 and
#2 trade partners were France and Britain!
Thus, economic coercion continued from 18091812 when war finally struck.
The Hated Embargo
The embargo failed for two main reasons.
(1) Jefferson underestimated the bulldog
British and their resilience in not being
forced to depend on American goods.
(2) he didn’t continue the embargo long
enough, or tightly enough, to achieve its
purpose.
The Hated Embargo
Even Jefferson admitted that the
embargo ended up three times more
costly than the war itself and he could
have built a strong navy instead with the
money used.
During the time of the embargo, the
Federalist Party regained some if its lost
power.
The Hated Embargo
However, during the embargo,
resourceful Americans opened new and
reopened old factories, and thus—the
embargo ultimately helped to promote
industrialism in America, clearly another
irony because Jefferson was committed to
an agrarian nation while his archrival
Hamilton had been devoted to industry.
The Hated Embargo
• Also, the embargo actually did affect
Britain, and had it been continued over an
extended time, it might have succeeded.
• In fact, two days before Congress
declared war in June 1812, London
ordered the Orders in Council to be
suspended. Had America known this fact,
war would have likely not been declared.
Madison’s First Term 1808-1812
Madison’s Gamble
• After Jefferson, James
Madison took the oath of
the presidency on March 4,
1809 – and continued the
embargo…….
Madison’s Gamble
•
In 1810, Congress adopted a
bargaining measure called Macon’s
Bill No. 2, which while permitting
American trade with all the world, also
promised American restoration of
trade to France and/or England IF
either dropped their commercial
restrictions.
•
Now, Napoleon had his opportunity to
capitalize:
- In August of 1810, he announced that
French commercial restrictions had been
lifted, and the United States, desperate
for recognition of the law, declared France
available for American trade.
•
Of course, Napoleon lied, and never really
lifted restrictions, but in the meantime,
America had been duped into believing so
and now entered potential warfare against
Great Britain.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• In 1811, new young politicians swept
away the older “submission men,” and
they appointed Henry Clay of
Kentucky, then 34 years old, to
Speaker of the House.
• The western politicians also cried out
against the Indian threat on the
frontier. These young, aggressive
Congressmen were known as “War
Hawks.
• Indians had watched with increasing
apprehension as more and more
whites settled in Kentucky, a
traditionally sacred area where
settlement and extensive hunting was
not allowed except in times of scarcity.
#13 Tecumseh and the Prophet
•
Thus, two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and the Prophet, decided that the time to
act was now, and gathered followers, urging them to give up textile clothing for
traditional buckskin garments.
•
Tecumseh argued eloquently for the Indian’s to not acknowledge the White
man’s “ownership” of land, and urged that no Indian should cede control of
land to whites unless ALL Indians agreed.
•
Tecumseh’s resistance movement was the last real Indian defiance of U.S.
encroachment east of the Mississippi River.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• On November 7, 1811, American
general William Henry Harrison
advanced upon Tecumseh’s
headquarters at Tippecanoe,
killed the Prophet, and burned the
camp to the ground.
• Tecumseh was killed by Harrison
at the Battle of the Thames in
1813, and the Indian confederacy
dream perished.
• In the South, Andrew Jackson
crushed the Creek Indians at the
Battle of Horseshoe Bend on
March 27, 1814, effectively
breaking the Indian rebellion and
leaving the entire area east of the
Mississippi open for safe
settlement.
Scene from “Tecumseh” – Outdoor Drama at Chillicothe, Ohio
Tecumseh and the Prophet
• The War Hawks cried that the only way to
get rid of the Indians was to wipe out their
base, Canada, since the British had
helped the Indians.
• War was declared in 1812, with a House
vote of 79 to 49 and a very close Senate
vote of 19 to 13, showing America’s
disunity.
#14 Washington’s Warning from the Grave
Mr. Madison’s War
• Why did America go to war with Britain and not France?
Because England’s impressments of American sailors
stood out, France was allied more with the Republicans,
and Canada was a very tempting prize that seemed easy
to get, a “frontiersman’s frolic.”
• New England, which was still making lots of money,
damned the war for a free sea, and Federalists opposed
the war because (1) they were more inclined toward
Britain anyway and (2) if Canada was conquered, it
would add more agrarian land and increase Republican
supporters.
#15 Mr. Madison’s War
• In brief, America’s reasons for
entering the War of 1812 were…
• To avenge the manhandling of
American sailors.
• To defend American rights,
specifically “freedom of the
seas” – the U.S. wanted the right
to sail and trade without fear.
• To gain more territory; the
possibility of land – the U.S.
might gain Canada or Florida.
• To wipe out continued Indian
resistance. Americans were still
upset about British guns being
giving to Indians.
Mr. Madison’s War
• The nation became sectionalized.
Generally, the North was against war, the
West and the South were for the war.
• Thus, a disunited America had to fight
both Old England and New England in the
War of 1812, since Britain was the enemy
while New England tried everything that
they could do to frustrate American
ambitions in the war……..
Interpreted
• Describe and evaluate the impacts of the First Industrial
Revolution during the nineteenth century (e.g., the
Lowell system, immigration, changing technologies,
transportation innovations)