Welcome to the Canadian Red Cross First Aid & CPR Course Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society Day 1 Preparing to Respond EMS Check, Call, Care Slide 2 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Definition of First Aid First aid is the immediate care that you give to a sick or injured person until more advanced care can be obtained. The First Aider’s Role: 1. Recognize the emergency 2. Call EMS/9-1-1 3. Act according to your skills, knowledge, and comfort level Slide 3 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Why Are People Afraid Of Offering Support? • • • • • Slide 4 Other people at the scene The ill or injured person Unpleasant injuries or illnesses Catching a disease Doing something wrong Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Infection An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of the body by germs. 1. 2. 3. 4. Slide 5 Germs in the environment The germs enter body Enough germs to cause infection The individual’s natural defences must be weak Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR How is an Infection Spread Between People? Direct contact > Indirect contact > Slide 6 Airborne transmission > Vector transmission > Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Preventing Diseases From Spreading • Take personal precautions • Wear protective equipment • Take environmental precautions Slide 7 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide 8 List three examples of a medical emergency. How can a disease be transmitted in first aid? How can disease transmission be prevented in first aid? Can you be sued for doing first aid? Name three elements of a home safety plan. Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Preparing to Respond – Scenario Review So, what would you do? Slide 9 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic Check Call Care Slide 10 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Check – Begin a Primary Survey Before helping at an emergency, check the scene: 1. Is it safe? 2. What happened? How did it happen? 3. How many ill or injured people are there? 4. Is there someone to help me? 5. Is there someone who looks unconscious? Slide 11 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR If the scene is safe, check the person: • Do they respond? – Ask the person, “Are you okay?” – If it is safe, get closer – Gently tap the person on the shoulder • Do they want your help? – Tell them: • Who you are • You are trained in first aid • You are here to help Slide 12 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Call • • Call EMS/9-1-1 Be ready to tell the dispatcher the following: 1. Where exactly the emergency is 2. What telephone number you are calling from 3. What your name is 4. What has happened 5. How many people are involved and what their condition is Slide 13 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Care • • Slide 14 Check for any life-threatening emergencies immediately Determine care required: check ABCs Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Check ABCs for Life-Threatening Emergencies Check: • Airway • Breathing • Circulation Slide 15 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Shock Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. Shock can be caused by: •Injury •Illness •Infection •Emotion Treat everybody for shock. Slide 16 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR First Aid – Shock While you are waiting for EMS personnel to arrive: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide 17 Care for the cause of the shock. Keep the person warm. Monitor ABCs. Have the person rest. Give comfort and reassurance. Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Secondary Survey: Are there any other injuries? Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are present. Do the three-steps of a secondary survey: 1. Ask SAMPLE questions 2. Check vital signs 3. Do a head-to-toe check Always complete the secondary survey before treating any non-life-threatening injuries. Slide 18 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Secondary Survey – SAMPLE Questions S A M P L E Slide 19 Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications Past medical history Last meal Events leading up to the emergency Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Secondary Survey – Vital Signs • Level of consciousness • Breathing • Skin Slide 20 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check Hands-Off Check Slide 21 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check Hands-On Check Slide 22 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Continual Care • • Keep the person comfortable Put an unconscious person in the recovery position if: – The airway is open – The person is breathing – There is no deadly bleeding – You don’t suspect a neck or back injury • Monitor the person Slide 23 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Summary Check • • Check the scene Check the person Call • Call EMS/9-1-1 Care • Deal with life-threatening conditions (ABCs) Secondary Survey • Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening injuries Continual Care • Keep the person comfortable and monitor vital signs Slide 24 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Slide 25 What should you do during the check? What actions must you take in call? What actions must you take in care? What can you do to prevent shock? What do you do during the secondary survey? What does the acronym SAMPLE stand for? What should you look for in a head-to-toe check? Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Check, Call, Care – Scenario Review So, what would you do? Slide 26 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Day 2 Choking & Airway Emergencies Slide 27 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Airway Emergencies What would you do? Slide 28 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology Nose Mouth Epiglottis Trachea Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli Slide 29 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Airway Blockages • • A mild airway obstruction occurs when the airway is partly blocked, reducing the flow of air to the lungs Blockage A severe airway obstruction occurs when the airway is totally blocked, stopping air from reaching the lungs If the person can speak, cough, or breathe, it is mild choking. Slide 30 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR ACT Manual Using the ACT Manual (part of your handout): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide 31 Describe 2 types of choking. Describe signs and symptoms of mild choking. Describe signs and symptoms of severe choking Know the universal sign for choking. Refer to your handout for the first aid for conscious severe choking adult and for unconscious severe choking adult. Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide 32 How would you prevent choking? How would you recognize that someone is choking? What are the first aid steps for mild choking? What are the first aid steps for conscious severe choking? What are the first aid steps for someone who is choking and becomes unconscious? ...you will need to be able to show this skill! Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Airway Emergencies – Scenario Review So, what would you do? Slide 33 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Breathing Emergencies What would you do? Slide 34 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR DVD’s: • DVD 3 – Conscious Choking Adult • DVD 6 – Unconscious Choking Adult • Practice Time! Pair up and practice conscious and unconscious choking first aid! Slide 35 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Day 3 Circulation Emergencies Slide 36 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes. 0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon stop beating. Clinical death. 4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible. 6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely. 10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage certain. Biological death. Slide 37 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Circulation Emergencies What would you do? Slide 38 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Anatomy and Physiology To upper body Aorta To lung To lung From lung From lung Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle From lower body Slide 39 To lower body Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Chest Pain • Angina • Heart attack Partial blockage Slide 40 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Risk Factors for Developing Cardiovascular Disease Controllable factors: • Smoking • Poor diet • High blood pressure • Obesity • Stress • Lack of regular exercise Slide 41 Other factors: • Gender • Heredity • Age Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack and Angina • • • • • • • Squeezing chest pain Problems breathing Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women) Cold, sweaty skin Skin that is bluish or paler than normal Nausea and vomiting Denial Signs and symptoms vary from person to person. Slide 42 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR First Aid – Heart Attack and Angina 1. Have the person rest. 2. Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If they have, do not allow them to take nitroglycerin. 3. Help the person take their nitroglycerin and ASA. • Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum). • If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if the first dose doesn’t make the pain go away, suggest they chew two 80 mg ASA tablets or one 325 mg ASA tablet. Slide 43 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Cardiac Arrest Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating. Causes: • • • • • • • Slide 44 Cardiovascular disease Drowning Suffocation Certain drugs Severe chest injuries Severe blood loss Electrocution Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Automated External Defibrillation (AED) • Clinical death occurs when the heart stops. It is reversible. • CPR keeps oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout the body. • AED can deliver a shock to re-establish an effective rhythm. Quick defibrillation greatly increases chances of survival. Slide 45 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR DVD • DVD #9 -CPR technique Slide 46 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Early AED • Survival rate decreases 7% to 10% with each minute there is a delay • Defibrillation combined with CPR, is the key treatment in more than 80% of all sudden cardiac arrest victims For un-witnessed arrest: • 2 minutes of CPR can increase chances of the AED detecting a shockable rhythm Slide 47 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Stroke A stroke happens when the blood flow to the brain gets interrupted Causes: • A clot in an artery to the brain • An artery that ruptures in the brain • A tumour Slide 48 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Signs and Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks and Stroke F - Face A - Arm S - Speech T - Time • • • • Slide 49 First Aid for a stroke: Call EMS/9-1-1 Have the person rest Place the person in the recovery position with the affected side up Monitor ABCs and provide reassurance Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions 1. List the risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. 2. What is the first aid for someone complaining of chest pain? 3. When do you do CPR? 4. What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? 5. What is the first aid for a suspected stroke? Slide 50 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Circulation Emergencies – Scenario Review So, what would you do? Slide 51 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Day 4 Cardiac Arrest & Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Slide 52 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR What is an AED and how does it work? • The normal pumping action of the heart is triggered by an electrical impulse that begins at the top of the heart and goes to the bottom. • When this electrical impulse stops or becomes erratic, the heart stops pumping blood. • When the heart’s electrical impulse and system are chaotic and the heart is vibrating like a bowl of jelly, the person doesn’t have a pulse (ventricular fibrillation). • Sometimes the electrical activity is more organized and regular but is still ineffective (ventricular tachycardia). Slide 53 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR • AEDs are portable, batteryoperated devices that analyze a person’s cardiac electrical activity using large electrodes that are put on the person’s chest and connected to the defibrillator by a set of cables. • AEDs can analyze a person’s heart rhythm and decide whether he or she needs an electric shock to re-start the normal heart rhythm. • Defibrillation sends an electrical current through the heart to stop abnormal electrical activity and allows the heart to re-establish normal electrical impulses. Slide 54 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR • In over 80% of all sudden cardiac deaths, the person’s heart rhythm was “shockable” (ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation) – in other words, defibrillation could have helped. If the person’s heart has no electrical activity, defibrillation won’t help. • The success of defibrillation in people with ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia depends on how much time has passed before defibrillation has begun. • For each minute that the person has to wait for defibrillation, the chance of survival drops between 7 and 10%. Slide 55 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Using an AED When using an AED: • Make sure the AED is ready for use • Turn on the machine • Follow the diagrams to place the pads • Use the age appropriate pads • Follow the voice prompts! No one touch the person. When shocking, state, “I’m clear, you’re clear, everybody’s clear.” Slide 56 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR • Make sure that the person’s chest is dry. Dry it off if necessary. • If the person has a lot of chest hair, it needs to be removed. • If the person has a nitro-glycerine, nicotine, or hormone patch in the area where he or she is going to be shocked, remove the patch so that it doesn’t create burns. Wear protective gloves so you do not come in contact with the medication. • Remove any clothing and body jewellery or necklaces/chains on the person that are close to the area where you will place the pads. Slide 57 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR • If the person has a pacemaker or implanted defibrillator, don’t place the electrodes directly over the device. • NO ONE should touch the person during the “analyze” or “shock” modes. • Give a shock if the AED instructs you to. Watch to make sure no one is touching the person when you push “shock.” • Continue to follow prompts until EMS arrives Slide 58 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR A Properly Prepared AED Should Have: • Razor • Scissors • Cloth Slide 59 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR DVD • DVD #9 – Review Check, Call, Care, CPR & AED Slide 60 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR AED Demonstration Slide 61 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Practice Time! • Work in groups of 3 to practice with the AED. • Be able to: -describe special considerations with the AED, particularly safety considerations! -describe adjuncts used with the AED (pocket mask, scissors, towel, razor) Slide 62 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR Day 5 Practical & Written Testing Slide 63 Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society First Aid & CPR