Final Exam Review
CORC 1332 / EESC 1010
• Final Exam: Tuesday, 12/17/13 from 6:05-7:45pm
in room 1310N
• Bring with you a #2 pencil, calculator, ruler, string
and protractor (optional) during the final.
• No cell phones or other electronic devices are
allowed.
• Students will be permitted into the exam UNTIL
the first completed exam is turned in. After that
no additional entries to the exam.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Minerals
Know the difference between a rock and a mineral.
Definition of a Mineral: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_def.html
Definition of a rock: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rocks_def.html
Please note:
A mineral is any natural, inorganic (not living) solid, whose atoms are arranged in an orderly fashion
(crystalline). As a result of the orderly arrangement of the atoms, the mineral has uniform composition
throughout.
Which is DIFFERENT than:
Volcanic glass is an example of a natural, inorganic solids whose atoms are arranged randomly.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Minerals
Know how to use a chart of mineral properties to identify an unknown mineral (similar to HW
assignment):
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_identification_charts_instructions.htm
l
Review mineral properties from the resource table at:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_invest_intro.html
**Be sure you are thoroughly familiar with the introductory page for each mineral property
What is Hardness, Streak, Color, Breakage, Crystals, Density, MVP, MNVP)
(ie:
Review mineral families at:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/minerals/mineral_families.html
Be able to give examples of members in the mineral families. For example: Feldspar family includes
Orthoclase, Albite, Labradorite, Anorthite
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Mineral Properties
►KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE THE DENSITY OF A MINERAL.
Density or specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of a
equal volume of water.
Density = Weight/Volume
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Review for Maps
You will be responsible to answer similar questions as you had
on your map assignment.
This includes:
--Determining stream direction
--Labeling contours
--Finding the gradient
--Determining azimuth direction
--How to use the different scale bars to determine distance
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/contourmaps_menu.html
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/scale-direction-ex2.htm
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Determine
Direction of Stream
Protractor: used to determine
azimuth readings
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
In what general direction is the stream flowing?
Answer: From West to East
(The legs of the letter V give you the direction of flow)
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Distance
Between Two Points
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 mile
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
1) We measure the scale with the ruler and now we know that 1.5 cm = 100 miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Distance
Between Two Points
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 ft
Elevation of point Q = 583 ft
Start Point: Q End Point: R
What is the straight line distance between points Q and T in miles?
2) We measure the distance between the two points that is 8.5 cm = x miles
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Distance
Between 2 Points
Calculations
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Distance
Between 2 Points (MILES)
Protractor
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Answer: The distance between points Q and T is 567 miles.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps
Using the information given what is the elevation of contours ‘d’ and ‘k’?
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
500
500
500
Answer: Contour ‘d’ = 400 ft
Contour ‘k’ = 650 ft
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
What is the average gradient of the
stream between points R and T?
Gradient refers to the steepness between two
points. To calculate the gradient we take the
difference in elevation (ED) and divide it by
the horizontal distance (HD).
First will determine the horizontal distance of
the stream.
1) Begin by measuring the length of the stream. Lay carefully a
string along the course of the river.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
2) Measure the string with a ruler, in this case the measurement is 5 4/16 inches
which is equivalent to 5 1/4 in or 5.25 in.
3) Measure the scale bar in inches, 100miles = 19/32 in
*19/32 was derived from measuring the scale bar from a screen shotyour measurements will vary depending on screen resolution.
4) Complete the calculations and solve for X (on left).
The distance measured by the ruler is 884 miles which
refers to the horizontal distance.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
Next, Determine the difference in elevation measuring the heights of points R and T.
Begin by labeling all of the contours using the given information (below) and determine
the contour interval of R and T.
Scale bar length = 100 miles
Contour Interval = 50 feet
Elevation of point Q = 583 feet
Start Point: Q End Point: R
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
5) Find the difference between R and T (R = 500 ft, T = 400 ft)
500 ft - 400 ft = 100ft
Difference in elevation is = 100ft
Scale bar length = 100 m
Contour Interval = 50 ft
Elevation of point Q = 583 ft
Start Point: Q End Point: R
500
f= 600 ft
h= 650 ft
k= 650 ft
500
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Maps: Gradient of a Steam
To Recap: Gradient or steepness between two points is the difference in elevation (ED)
divided by the horizontal distance (HD):
To Calculate Gradient:
(Using the numbers from the previous slides)
Difference in elevation (ED) = 100 feet
Horizontal distance (HD) = 884 miles
Gradient= ED =
HD
100ft
= 0.11 feet/mile
884miles
*Gradient is equivalent to slope (m=y/x)*
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
What is an outcrop?
What is bedrock?
What are the differences between the two?
►Bedrock is a layer of undisturbed rock usually located beneath
a surface layer of soil or other material.
►A surface exposure of bedrock is called an outcrop.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/nyc_mins2/bedrock_rollover.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Locations w/in the NYC Metropolitan Area
Be able to identify areas on
the map.
Could you:
--Identify each borough, body of
water and New Jersey?
--Name the borough located
furthest North, South, East West?
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/geog_nyc_menu2.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
• Learn how to read a geologic map:
•
For example:
•
The rocks in the Bronx
belong to the Manhattan,
Fordham, and Inwood
formations.
•
The rocks in New Jersey
belong to the Palisades and
New Jersey “Redbeds”
formations.
Longitude and Latitude
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/latlong_menu.html
Any point on a line of latitude is its position North or South of the equator.
For example the Latitude of J is 5° 59’ 45” North (green arrow)
Any point on a line of longitude is its position East or West of the Prime Meridian.
For Example the Longitude of J is 71o 00’ 00” West (pink arrow)
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Plate Tectonics
Be familiar with the evidence Alfred Wegener cited to support the hypothesis of
continental drift at:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec3.htm
Understand the difference between a scientific theory and hypothesis:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec8.htm
Know the contraction theory of mountain building, shown at:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec5.htm
Understand what paleomagnetism is: http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec7.htm
Understand how the idea of convection cells is applied to the movements of crust and mantle.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec10.htm.
Know where the heat causing this movement comes from.
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec12.htm
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Plate Tectonics
Be thoroughly familiar with the characteristics of the different types of plate boundaries. You will have
to review several web pages, starting with http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec14.htm
When you review the section on earthquakes and volcanism, starting at
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec16.htm, be conscious of which tectonic setting are
associated with both kinds of event and which are associated with only one. Be sure you know what
causes earthquakes.
Be familiar with the phenomenon of intraplate volcanoes at
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec17.htm
Know the difference between the various types of earthquake waves and how the epicenter of an
earthquake is located. See http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/plates/platetec18.htm
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Fourth Dimension
Review your Fourth Dimension assignment (short answer portion)
Know the difference between Law of Superposition, unconformities, Law of Horizontality and how to apply them
when looking at a cross section:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/froshlec8.html
Review transportation and depositional processes involving sediments:
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rock_comp_sedimentary2.html
How to determine rock origin
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rock_origin_determine.html
Understand the differences in the texture of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
Terms to know (Texture, Crystalline, Clastic, glass, vesicular, non-vesicular)
For example: If a geologist finds in the field a rock with poorly sorted grains with a clastic texture what class of rock
would it belong too? Ans. Sedimentary
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rock_texture.html
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/rocks_conclusions.html
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
DECIPHERING A SAMPLE OF EARTH HISTORY
You will be given an example very similar to this and have to determine:
--the sequence of events
--appropriate law (ex. The relative age of Intrusion C and fault F-F can be determined by? Ans. Crosscutting relationships.) http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/froshlec8.html
--determine the age of a layer based on information given
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/fourth/froshlec10.html
--Know what an unconformity represents.
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Topographic Features
Overhanging
Cliff
Describing Topography:
If given a section of a map be able to
explain the features of the topography.
For example: Identify stream direction and
2 features on the sample map below.
(dashed line = stream)
Closed Depression
Hill
http://www.brooklyncollegegeology.com/maps/top_des
cribe_menu.html
Gentle Slope-widely space
contours
BROOKLYN COLLEGE
Earth & Environmental Sciences
Steep Slope:
narrow spaced
contours