Communication in
organization settings:
I) Internal: Exchange information-
inside your organization
II) External: Outside the
organization
III)Formal: Ideas & information
flow along the lines of command
in the company’s organization
structure
IV) Informal
Factors determining the
structure
1)
2)
3)
4)
Aim
Division of labor & specialization level
Degree of formality
Span of management:
R=N(2N/N-(N+1)
5) Number of hierarchical levels
6) Departmantization
I) Functional Departmantization
President
Vice president of finance
Accounting manager
Financial manager
Vice President of R&D
Vice President of Engineering
Director of Research Director of Development
Plant Manager
II) Departments founded according
to product/service divisions
President
Manager of A Product
Vice president of finance
Accounting manager
Financial manager
Manager of B Product
Vice President of R&D
Vice President of Engineering
Vice President of R&D
Director of Research Director of Development
Plant Manager
Director of Research Director of Development
III) Departments founded according
to Regional Essentials
President
Director of Region A
Functional OR Product/Service Divisions
Director of Region B
Director of Region C
IV) Pure Organizations
President
Vice president of finance Vice President of R&D
Vice President of Project X
Accounting manager Financial manager Director of Engineering Director of Production Director of Accounting
V) Matrix Organizations
Dir. Eng.
Director of
Project X
Director of
Project Y
Director of
Project Z
President
Dir. Product. Dir. Acc.
Dir. Fin.
Flow of Information:
1. Downward flow: From executives to
employees
2. Upward flow: From employees to
executives- provide accurate, timely
reports on problems
3. Horizontal flow: Lateral or diagonal
between departments or between
employees at the same level- share
information and coordinate tasks
Formal
Informal
Internal
External
Planned com.
Planned com.
among insiders
among outsiders
Casual com.
among employees
Casual com. With
suppliers, customers
investors & outsiders
Communication Networks
1) Y Form: No innovation, faster than circle,
faster than circle & network
2) Chain: Just downward, no upward &
horizontal. Leader- not accurate. Medium
speed.
3) Star:Employees- interaction just with the
leader. No innovation. High speed, but effects
4) Circle: Decision-making, participation, no
determined leader, working speed, satisfaction
5) Network: Centralization level- low,
participation, job satisfaction & job quality
Centralization: distribution of decision-making
Job Enlargement
Increasing the scope of a job
through extending the range of its job
duties
Increases the number of tasks
without changing the content of the
job
Horizontal job loading
Job Enrichment
Motivate by giving employees the
opportunity to use the range of their
abilities
Vertical job loading
Enriched job should contain:
Range of tasks of varying difficulties
Meaningful task
Feedback, encouragement &
communication