ESA
ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
Diabstraksikan oleh: Soemarno, psl-pdklp ppsub Januari 2013
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Environmental safety is the practice of policies and
procedures that ensure that a surrounding environment,
including work areas, laboratories or facilities, is free of
dangers that could cause harm to a person working in
those areas. A safe place to work is the key element of
environmental safety.
Read more: Define Environmental Safety | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/facts_7166558_define-environmentalsafety.html#ixzz2HWGopdVL
“Safety” means the state of being "safe”, the
condition of being protected against physical,
social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional,
occupational, psychological, educational or other
types or consequences of failure, damage, error,
accidents, harm or any other event.
Diunduh dari: http://www.cmu.edu/ehs/newsletters/lifeline/what-is-Safety.html ………. 10/1/2013
SAFETY
safety [ˈseɪftɪ]n pl –ties
1. The quality of being safe
2. Freedom from danger or risk of injury
3. A contrivance or device designed to prevent injury.
Safety
1. Feel as safe as a lone subway rider at 2 a.m. —Anon
2. Feel as safe as guarded by a charm —Elizabeth Barrett Browning
3. Looked as dangerous as a squirrel and much less nervous —
Raymond Chandler
4. The man who looks for security, even in the mind, is like a man who
would chop off his limbs in order to have artifical ones which will give
him no pain or trouble —Henry Miller
5. Nothing as safe as simplicity —Edith Wharton
6. Safe and more or less invulnerable like sulky Achilles among Trojans
—George Garrett
7. (I thought I was) safe as a good new boat —Reynolds Price
8. (They think they’re) safe as angels —Dashiell Hammet
9. Safe as a nun in a roomful of eunuchs —Donald Seaman
10. Safe as a tank town —W. R. Burnett
11. Safe as houses —Mary Gordon
12. Safe as in a cradle —William Wordsworth
13. Safe as in God’s pocket —American colloquialism, attributed to New
England
14. Safe as sunshine —Slogan R. E. Dietz Co.
15. Security … tighter than the skin on a snake —William H. Hallhan
16. She’s safe as a vault —Raymond Chandler
17. Squatting in safety like the yolk in an egg —Bertold Brecht
Diunduh dari:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/safety………. 12/1/2013
SAFETY
Noun
1. Safety - the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be
caused by some agent under defined conditions; "insure the safety of
the children"; "the reciprocal of safety is risk"condition, status - a state
at a particular time; "a condition (or state) of disrepair"; "the current
status of the arms negotiations“
a. Biosafety - safety from exposure to infectious agents
b. Risklessness - safety as a consequence of entailing no risk
c. Impregnability, invulnerability - having the strength to withstand
attack
d. Salvation - the state of being saved or preserved from harm
e. Security - the state of being free from danger or injury; "we
support the armed services in the name of national security"
f. Danger - the condition of being susceptible to harm or injury; "you
are in no danger"; "there was widespread danger of disease"
2. Safety - a safe place; "He ran to safety" refuge
a. Area, country - a particular geographical region of indefinite
boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished
by its people or culture or geography); "it was a mountainous
area"; "Bible country"
b. Harborage, harbourage - (nautical) a place of refuge (as for a
ship)
3. Safety - a device designed to prevent injury or accidentssafety device,
guard
a. device - an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose; "the
device is small enough to wear on your wrist"; "a device intended
to conserve water"
b. fender - a low metal guard to confine falling coals to a hearth
c. safety catch, safety lock - guard consisting of a locking device that
prevents a weapon from being fired
Diunduh dari:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/safety………. 12/1/2013
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Kesehatan Lingkungan (WHO - World Health Organization) :
Suatu keseimbangan ekologi antara manusia dan lingkungan hidupnya
agar DAPAT menjamin keadaan sehat bagi manusia.
Ruang lingkup kesehatan lingkungan a.l . penyediaan air bersih /air
minum, pengolahan dan pembuangan limbah cair, gas dan padat,
pencegahan kebisingan, pencegahan penyakit bawaan air, udara,
makanan, dan vektor; pengelolaan kualitas lingkungan air, udara,
makanan, pemukiman dan bahan berbahaya.
Kualitas Lingkungan yang buruk dapat mengakibatkan gangguan
kesehatan di masyarakat sehingga diperlukan adanya pengelolaan
kesehatan lingkungan konsisten dan berkelanjutan.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Ruang lingkup Kesehatan Lingkungan ada 8, yaitu
(Menurut Pasal 22 ayat (3) UU No 23 tahun 1992 ):
Penyehatan Air dan Udara
Pengamanan Limbah padat/sampah
Pengamanan Limbah cair
Pengamanan limbah gas
Pengamanan radiasi
Pengamanan kebisingan
Pengamanan vektor penyakit
Penyehatan dan pengamanan lainnya : Misal Pasca bencana
Diunduh dari: http://enviromentalmanagementandk3.blogspot.com/2012/04/pengelolaankesehatan-lingkungan_29.html ………. 13/1/2013
RUANG LINGKUP KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Menurut WHO ada 17 ruang lingkup kesehatan lingkungan, yaitu :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Penyediaan Air Minum
Pengelolaan air Buangan dan pengendalian pencemaran
Pembuangan Sampah Padat
Pengendalian Vektor
Pencegahan/pengendalian pencemaran tanah oleh ekskreta manusia
Higiene makanan, termasuk higiene susu
Pengendalian pencemaran udara
Pengendalian radiasi
Kesehatan kerja
Pengendalian kebisingan
Perumahan dan pemukiman
Aspek kesling dan transportasi udara
Perencanaan daerah dan perkotaan
Pencegahan kecelakaan
Rekreasi umum dan pariwisata
Tindakan-tindakan sanitasi yang berhubungan dengan keadaan epidemi /
wabah, bencana alam dan perpindahan penduduk.
17. Tindakan pencegahan yang diperlukan untuk menjamin lingkungan.
Diunduh dari: http://enviromentalmanagementandk3.blogspot.com/2012/04/pengelolaan-kesehatanlingkungan_29.html ………. 13/1/2013
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Sasaran Kesehatan Lingkungan berdasarkan pasal 22 ayat (2) UU No
23 Tahun 1992, meliputi :
1. Tempat umum : hotel, terminal, pasar, pertokoan, dan usaha-usaha
yang sejenis
2. Lingkungan pemukiman : rumah tinggal, asrama/yang sejenis
3. Lingkungan kerja : perkantoran, kawasan industri/yang sejenis.
4. Angkutan umum : kendaraan darat, laut dan udara yang digunakan
untuk umum.
Kesehatan Pemukiman
Kriteria rumah sehat secara umum:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Memenuhi kebutuhan fisiologis, yaitu : pencahayaan, penghawaan
dan ruang gerak yang cukup, terhindar dari kebisingan yang
mengganggu.
Memenuhi kebutuhan psikologis, yaitu : privacy yang cukup,
komunikasi yang sehat antar anggota keluarga dan penghuni rumah
Memenuhi persyaratan pencegahan penularan penyakit antar
penghuni rumah dengan penyediaan air bersih, pengelolaan tinja dan
limbah rumah tangga, bebas vektor penyakit dan tikus, kepadatan
hunian yang tidak berlebihan, cukup sinar matahari pagi, terlindungnya
makanan dan minuman dari pencemaran, disamping pencahayaan dan
penghawaan yang cukup.
Memenuhi persyaratan pencegahan terjadinya kecelakaan baik yang
timbul karena keadaan luar maupun dalam rumah antara lain
persyaratan garis sempadan jalan, konstruksi yang tidak mudah roboh,
tidak mudah terbakar, dan tidak cenderung membuat penghuninya
jatuh tergelincir.
Diunduh dari: http://enviromentalmanagementandk3.blogspot.com/2012/04/pengelolaankesehatan-lingkungan_29.html ………. 13/1/2013
BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
'Environmental hazard' is a generic term for any situation or state of
events which poses a threat to the surrounding natural environment and
adversely affect people's health.
This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural disasters such as
storms and earthquakes.
Hazards can be categorized in five types:
1. Chemical
2. Physical
3. Mechanical
4. Biological
5. Psychosocial
CONTOH-CONTOH:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Allergens
Anthrax
Antibiotic agents in animals destined for human
consumption
Arbovirus
Arsenic - a contaminant of fresh water sources (water
wells)
Asbestos – carcinogenic
Avian influenza
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Carcinogens
Cholera
Cosmic rays
DDT
Dioxins
Drought
Dysentery
Electromagnetic fields
Endocrine disruptors
Diunduh dari: http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110623232454AA2E4tG ……….
13/1/2013
Prinsip Manajemen Bahaya
1. Establish the context and identify the hazard:
These are the first steps. You have learned that a hazard is something
that is harmful to our health. A description of the categories of hazards is
given in Section 2.2 above. You should identify the type of the hazard in
as much detail as you can. You should also describe the exposure
conditions and try to answer the following questions: What is the source
of the hazard? Who is exposed? What are the pathways or activities that
expose a person? What part of the environment is involved in the
transfer of the hazard to humans?
2. Hazard/risk analysis and evaluation:
Here you would analyse the risk and evaluate the potential of the hazard
to cause damage to health. This step needs a deeper appraisal in
collaboration with the woreda environmental health worker. The
evaluation may require appropriate design, sampling and laboratory
investigation.
3. Communicate and consult:
When the hazards and risks have been determined, advice can be
communicated on the interventions or control measures that are needed
to control the hazard. There can also be consultations with relevant
people and organisations.
4. Treat the hazard/risk:
The interventions or control measures are carried out by the person or
people responsible for the hazard or risk.
5. Monitoring and reviewing:
The implementation of interventions or control measures for the hazard
must be followed up in order to determine whether they are successful.
Correction measures can be applied if there is any failure. Identifying
appropriate indicators for monitoring is critical and must be done
formally.
6. Record keeping:
Keeping records and reports on hazard management is always
important. These records must contain the type of hazard, exposures
and what control measures were taken.
Diunduh dari:
http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=451990&section=8.6………. 13/1/2013
SAFETY
HEALTH
ENVIRONMENT
Diunduh dari:
LINGKUP KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Kesehatan lingkungan :
Suatu keseimbangan ekologis yang harus adaantara manusia
dengan lingkungannya agar dapat menjamin keadaan sehatdari
manusia.
Ruang lingkupnya:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Penyediaan air minum
Pengolahan air buangan dan pengendalian pencemaran
Pengelolaan sampah padat
Pengendalian vector
Pencegahan dan pengendalian pencemaran tanah dan
ekskreta manusia
6. Hygiene makanan
7. Pengendalian pencemaran udara
8. Pengendalian radiasi
9. Kesehatan kerja
10. Pengendalian kebisingan
11. Perumahan dan permukiman
12. Perencanaan daerah perkotaan
13. Kesehatan lingkungan transportasi udara, laut dan darat
14. Pencegahan kecelakaan
15. Rekreasi umum dan pariwisata
16. Tindakan sanitasi yang berhubungan dengan epidemic,
bencana,kedaruratan
17. Tindakan pencegahan agar lingkungan bebas dari risiko
gangguan kesehatan (WHO, 1979).
Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/19374542/Definisi-KesehatanLingkungan...………. 13/1/2013
What is Safety,
Health
and
Environmental
Management
It’s Doing the Right Thing!
R. W. Campbell (1914)
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• It’s Doing the Right Thing
– Keeping People Healthy & Safe
– Protecting the Environment in which we Live
• It’s Doing the Right Thing
– Identifying, understanding & controlling SH&E Risks
(Hazards)
– Understanding that business changes can degrade
controls and safeguards
R.W. Campbell: “We aim at the preservation of the
individual..”
• It’s Doing the Right Thing
– Leadership
•
Actions focused on protecting People
– SH&E as a Core corporate value
– An integrated SH&E Management System
• Aligned with corporate objectives & strategies
• Risk/Hazard identification, assessment & control
– SH&E Performance Measurement
– Achievement of Continuous Improvement
• Virtual elimination of injury, illness & environmental damage
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• It’s good for individuals
• Hydro’s Commitment
– Eliminate fatal accidents
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• It’s good for families
– Transportation
accidents are the
number one cause
of occupational
fatalities in North
America
– Vehicle accidents
are also the leading
cause of death for
children
Honda’s Commitment
• Advanced crash testing
• Front side airbags with (OPDS)
– 82% of 2004 models – 100%
by 2006
• Side curtain airbags
– 64% of 2004 models – 100%
by 2006
• Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
– 88% of 2004 models – 100%
by 2006
• Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) &
rollover sensor
• Advanced Compatibility
Engineering
– Honda Odyssey and Acura RL
for 2005
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• It’s good for communities
• EPCOR’s Commitment
– Coal plant emissions reduced to the equivalent
of a state of the art natural gas plant.
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
•
TransAlta’s Commitment:
– Manage SH&E risks using a defined & documented
management system
– Meet all SH&E legislation, regulations and applicable
requirements
– Continually improve SH&E performance to contribute to
business success
– Hold leadership accountable for systematically managing SH&E
risks
– Train employees on their SH&E responsibilities
– Hold employees accountable for following SH&E procedures
and working in a manner that safeguards themselves, their coworkers, the public & the environment
– Encourage communication, consultation & collaboration with
employees, customers, suppliers, contractors and public
stakeholders
– Identify and develop new business practices and pollution
prevention opportunities as solutions to environmental
problems
– Assess compliance with SH&E legal requirements and
conformance to the SH&E management system
– Audit results and report SH&E performance to the Board of
Directors
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• How do you know when your doing the
right thing?
– You understand your business’s SH&E risks
(hazards)…
…and you control them!
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Understanding your business’s SH&E Risks?
Identify Risks
What can happen?
How can it happen?
Consider Energy Forms
Establishing a process (policy, procedures, standards) to identify,
assess and eliminate or control unacceptable risks or hazards.
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Understanding your business’s SH&E Risks?
Consider Energy Forms
Unwanted Flow
Energy
Injury
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• Gravitation Energy
– Working at height
– Using ladders
– Construction
Energi mekanik dapat dibedakan atas dua pengertian. yaitu_
energj potensial dan energi kinetik.
Jumlah kedua energi itu dinamakan energi mekanik. Setiap
benda mempunyai berat,maka baik dalam keadaan diam
atau bergerak setiap benda memiliki energi. Misalnya
energiyang tersimpan dalam air yang dibendung pada
sebuah waduk bersifat tidak aktif dan disebut energi
potensial (energi tempat).
Bila waduk dibuka, air akan mengalir dengan deras,
sehingga energi air menjadi aktif. Mengalirnya air ini adalah
dengan energi kinetik (tenaga gerak)
(diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/76872368/16/Energi-Kimia)
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MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• Electrical Energy
– Installations
– Repair work
– In proximity to circuits
Energi listrik ditimbulkan/
Dibangkitkan melalui
bermacam-macam cara, a.l.:
1. dengan sungai atau air
terjun yang memilikienergi
kinetik;
2. dengan energi angin yang
dipakaiuntuk menggerakkan
kincir angin;
3. dengan menggunakan accu
(energi kimia);
4. Dengan menggunakan
tenaga uap yang dapat
memutar generator listrik;
5. dengan menggunakan
tenagadiesel; dan
6. dengan menggunakan
tenaga nuklir
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• Mechanical Energy
–
–
–
–
–
Installations
Repair work
Receiving & shipping
In proximity to moving vehicles
Rotating equipment
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MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Chemical Energy
–
–
–
–
–
Welding
Manufacturing
Lab testing
Spills
Emissions
ENERGI KIMIA
Yang dimaksud dengan energi kimia ialah energi yang
diperoleh melalui suatu proses kimia.
Energi yang dimiliki manusia dapat diperoleh dari makanan
yang dimakan melalui proses kimia.
Jika kedua macam atom-atom karbon dan atom oksigen,
tersebut dapat bereaksi, akan terbentuk molekul baru yaitu
karbondioksida.
Bergabungnya kedua atom tersebut memerlukan energi.
Kalori tersebut dikenal sebagai energi kimia. Bila kedua atom
yang telah tergabung dipisahkan, maka akan melepaskan
energi. Energi yang terbebas disebut energi eksoterm.
(SUMBER: http://www.scribd.com/doc/76872368/16/Energi-Kimia)
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Understanding your business’s SH&E Risks?
Analyze Risks
Determine existing Controls
Determine Determine
Likelihood Consequences
Estimate the Risk Level
Risk = L X C
Evaluate Risks
Compare against Your standards?
Determine Your risk priorities?
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2/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Analyze and evaluate your business’s SH&E
risk controls / barriers?
Consider Energy Barriers
Design
Energy
[GEMC]
Unwanted Flow
Design
Healthy & Safe
Physical
Admin.
Procedural
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MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Kesehatan adalah keadaan sehat, baik secara fisik,
mental,spritual maupun sosial yang memungkinkan setiap
oranguntuk hidup produktif secara sosial dan ekonomis.
(Pasal 1 butir 1 UU No. 36 Tahun 2009)
Kesehatan lingkungan adalah suatu kondisi lingkungan yang
mampumenopang keseimbangan ekologis yang dinamis antara
manusia danlingkungan untuk mendukung tercapainya realitas
hidup manusia yang sehat,sejahtera dan bahagia(Himpunan Ahli
Kesehatan Lingkungan).
Ilmu Kesehatan Lingkungan : ilmu yang mempelajari dinamika
hubungan interaksi antara masyarakat dengan segala macam
perubahan komponen lingkungan hidup seperti spesies organisme,
bahan, zat atau kekuatan di sekitar manusia, yang menimbulkan
ancaman, atau berpotensi menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan
masyarakat, serta mencari upaya-upaya pencegahan. (Umar Fahmi
Achmadi, 1991)
Kesehatan lingkungan : upaya untuk melindungi kesehatan
manusiamelalui pengelolaan, pengawasan dan pencegahan factorfaktor lingkungan yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia
(Sumengen Sutomo, 1991).
Kesehatan lingkungan: ilmu & seni dalam mencapai keseimbangan,
keselarasan dan keserasian lingkungan hidup melalui upaya
pengembangan budaya perilaku sehat dan pengelolaan lingkungan
sehingga dicapai kondisi yang bersih, aman, nyaman, sehat dan
sejahtera terhindar dari gangguan penyakit, pencemaran dan
kecelakaan, sesuai dengan harkat dan martabat manusia (Sudjono
Soenhadji, 1994).
Sumber: diunduh dari:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/19374542/Definisi-Kesehatan-Lingkungan...
12/1/2013
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Treat, Monitor and Review Risks &
Controls?
HOW?
PLAN
ACT
DO
CHECK
Establish a SH&E Management System!
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2/1/2013
R.W. Campbell Award Criteria for SH&E
Management Excellence
• Leadership
– Consensus and commitment to SH&E goals
– Senior executives visibly demonstrate personal commitment
• Linkage between SH&E performance and
productivity
– SH&E is a Core corporate value
– SH&E is integrated into the business management system
– Alignment of SH&E with corporate objectives and strategies
• SH&E Management System
–
–
–
–
–
–
Executives accountable to personally and directly participate
Effective communication, consultation & collaboration
Systematic risk (hazard) recognition, evaluation and control
Operational SH&E programs to manage risks (hazards)
Effective competency-building and behaviour re-enforcement
Assessments, audits and evaluations
• Performance Measurements
– Valid, reliable, comparable leading & lagging indicators
• SH&E Results
– Continuous improvement in performance or sustained
excellence
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2/1/2013
KUNCI DARI SISTEM
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• Leadership
– Organizational consensus and commitment to SH&E
goals
– Senior executives visibly demonstrate personal
commitment
– Defined SH&E goals and objectives
– SH&E performance is recognized as a key indicator of
organizational excellence
• Linkage between SH&E performance and
productivity
– SH&E is a Core corporate value
– SH&E is fully and completely integrated into the
business management process of the organization
– Alignment of SH&E with corporate objectives and
strategies
– The discipline necessary for SH&E performance
excellence contributes to productivity and financial
returns
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2/1/2013
KUNCI DARI SISTEM
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• SH&E Management System Elements
– Management
• Executives accountable to personally and directly
participate
• Appropriate training, authority and accountability for
managers and supervisors
• Sufficient resources to achieve SH&E program
objectives
• Effective communication, consultation &
collaboration
• Assessments, audits and evaluations to identify any
gaps in compliance with policy and objectives
– Operations
• Systematic risk (hazard) recognition, evaluation and
control process
• Design and engineering to eliminate risks and
optimize the interaction of people with machines,
equipment & materials
• Operational SH&E programs to manage risks
(hazards) and meet standards (regulatory).
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
KUNCI DARI SISTEM
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• SH&E Management System
Elements
– Organizational behaviour (Culture)
• Employee involvement and empowerment
– increases acceptance and support of efforts
• Effective competency-building through training
and skill development
• Verification that competency-building activities
are achieving the objectives
• Clear delegation, concise direction and
empowerment to create positive attitudes
• Behaviour reinforcement and coaching to
motivate people to support organizational goals
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
KUNCI DARI SISTEM
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
• Performance Measurements
– Valid, reliable, feasible and
comparable
– Leading indicators
• JSA, observations, inspections,
audits/assessments, & certifications
completed
– Lagging indicators
• Incident and accident frequency &
severity
• Energy use
• SH&E Results
– Continuous improvement in
performance or sustained
excellence
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
KUNCI DARI SISTEM
MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN DAN KEAMANAN
LINGKUNGAN
Executive
Leadership
Vision & Policy
Results and
Evaluation
Assessed
SH&E Risks/
Hazards
Integrated
Objectives/
Strategies
Employee Education,
Involvement &
Coaching
Measurement/
Assessment,
Audit
Integrated
Operational SH&E
Programs
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
Senior Manager Leadership Actions!
• Establish and communicate Your Vision
• Know your SH&E risks (hazards)
– Establish a process for risk identification, evaluation and control
• Establish SH&E objectives & targets
• Build competencies of employees
• Hold people accountable
– Managers for systematically managing risks
– Employees for following procedures and working in manner
that safeguards themselves and others
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,... 2/1/2013
Diunduh dari: http://connectnigeria.com/articles/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/risk_management_process.jpg
Personal Leadership Actions!
• Model the behaviours you want exhibited
– Set personal objectives & targets and ask employees about
theirs
– Start all meetings with a discussion of SH&E
– Use safety gear where it is required
– Learn enough to observe work and provide feedback when onsite
– Intervene if a worker appears to be at risk
• Personally review the Mgmt. System performance
– Be part of an assessment or audit
– Be part of an incident investigation
Kesehatan lingkungan adalah Ilmu dan seni untuk
mencegah pengganggu,menanggulangi kerusakan dan
meningkatkan/memulihkan fungsi lingkungan melalui
pengelolaan unsur-unsur/faktor-faktor lingkungan yang
berisiko terhadap kesehatan manusia dengan cara
identifikasi, analisis,intervensi/rekayasa lingkungan,
sehingga tersedianya lingkungan yang menjamin bagi
derajat kesehatan manusia secara optimal.
(Tri Cahyono, 2000).
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.safetymanagementeducation.com/.../What%20is%20Safety,...
2/1/2013
ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
Diunduh dari:
www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt………. 6/1/2013
ENVIRONMENTAL
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
Eric Silberhorn, PhD, DABT
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
KEAMANAN LINGKUNGAN
What are the risks of direct or indirect adverse
outcomes associated with the consumption of the
GE animal as food or feed?
Direct or indirect effects
from introduction of the
GE animal
into the
What are the direct
and indirect
risks posed to
environment?
the GE animal?
(e.g., can surveying the health and other
phenotypic characteristics of the animal inform
us with respect to risk to the animal and
potential human food safety concerns?)
Are the genotype or phenotype changing
over the product lifespan in a way that
would affect the risks associated with the
product? Is there a plan in place to
monitor those changes?
Does the insertion of the rDNA
construct pose a hazard to the animal,
humans, other animals by feed, or the
environment?
Are there sequences that are likely to
contain potential hazards to the animal,
humans, or animals consuming food
from that animal, or the environment?
e.g., does the construct contain
mobilizable sequences from viruses
that may be endemic in that species?
What hazards/risks have
been identified in
the hierarchical
review?
Describes the animal,
construct, and proposed claim
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Statutory/Regulatory Requirements
• Sponsor must submit Environmental
Assessment/supporting data under INAD/NADA
• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
requirement triggered by “agency action”
– EA  FONSI? (finding of no significant impact)
– If no FONSI, EIS (environmental impact statement)
Environmental Assessment: General Risk
Questions
For a specific GE animal (population) containing a
specific rDNA construct….
– Risk(s) under conditions of use/free release?
– Likelihood of escape/free release?
• Containment/redundancy
– Potential adverse outcomes associated with
escape/free release?
Considered in context of appropriate comparator on
a case-by-case basis.
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Model Konsep : Pendugaan risiko
Source(s)
Escape or
Introduction
Physical
Containment
Accessible
Environment
s
Biological
Containment
Able to Survive
Able to
Reproduce
Dispersion
Establishment
Net
Fitness
Direct and
Indirect Effects
Wild
Conspecifics
Impact on Target
Resources in Accessible
Environments (habitats,
wildlife)
Spread of
Transgene(s)
Feral
Relatives
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Model Konsep : Pendugaan risiko
This previous slide is a flow diagram describing the steps that a risk assessor
might follow in order to understand the risks associated with an
environmental release of GE animal.
The flow diagram begins with understanding the Source (the physical location in
which the GE animal is being housed (e.g., farm, hatchery)). This includes a
complete description of the physical containment that has been imposed on
that source. The next step considers either intended release or the likelihood
of an escape from containment. In the next step, the risk assessor evaluates
the environments accessible to the released or escaped GE animal.
The ability to survive comprises the next steps, followed by an assessment of
either dispersion or the ability for that animal to reproduce considering any
applicable biological confinement. If the animal is capable of reproducing,
the next point of evaluation looks at the spread of the transgene(s) via
horizontal transfer to wild conspecifics or to feral relatives. Another path
from the ability to reproduce involves an evaluation of the ability of the GE
animal to become established in the local environment.
Finally, the assessment ends with a consideration of the potential direct and
indirect effects that the released or escaped GE animal can cause to target
resources in the accessible environments (e.g., habitats and on wildlife).
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Prioritas Minat
Consideration of the following factors:
1. Ability of GE animal to disperse into diverse
communities upon release or escape
2. “Fitness” of GE animal within the receiving ecosystem
3. Stability and resiliency of the receiving community
Overall concern is a product (and not the sum) of these three
variables
Consequences of Introduction, Escape, and
Dispersion
Depends on
• Physical locations of use or release
• Extent of containment (if applicable)
–
–
–
–
Physical
Biological (sterility, triploidy, monosex)
Geographical
Niche limitations
• Domestication of species
(ability to become feral)
• Mobility of species
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Fitness - Kebugaran
• Genetic contribution by an individual’s descendants to
future generations of a population
• Fitness depends on both survival and reproduction
• Net fitness components include
– Juvenile and adult viability
– Age at sexual maturity
– Female fecundity/male fertility/mating success
Does incorporation of the rDNA construct alter
the animal’s fitness?
Potential examples of altered fitness
– Disease resistance
– Temperature tolerance
– Growth factors / hormones
– Nutrient/carbohydrate utilization
* These characteristics are used to assess fitness regardless of
an animal’s GE status
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Efek Langsung & Tidak-langsung
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pathogen / disease transfer
Genetic disturbance
Resource competition
Displacement
Habitat destruction
Predation
Population changes
Community/Ecosystem disruptions
Sumber: diunduh dari:
www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVet
erinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,...
4/1/2013
Sanitasi adalah usaha pengendalian faktor-faktor lingkungan fisik
manusiayang mungkin menimbulkan atau dapat menimbulkan halhal yang merugikanbagi perkembangan fisik, kesehatan dan daya
tahan hidup manusia.
Ruang lingkup :
1. Cara pembuangan ekskreta, air buangan dan sampah
2. Penyediaan air bersih
3. Perumahan
4. Makanan
5. Individu dan masyarakat agar berperilaku sehat (personal
hygiene)
6. Arthropoda, mollusca, binatang pengerat serta pejamu lainnya
7. Kondisi udara
8. Pabrik, perkantoran, permukiman, jalan umum dan lingkungan
umumnya.(WHO)
DIUNDUH DARI: http://www.scribd.com/doc/19374542/Definisi-Kesehatan-Lingkungan …….
13/1/2013
Potensial Risiko Lingkungan
Bahaya
Risiko
Use of viral sequences,
including vectors
(Characterized in Molecular
Characterization steps)
Increased probability
of new pathogenic
recombinants
Traits increasing species fitness
or adaptation
(Characterized in Phenotypic
Characterization)
Increased probability
of disruption of existing
ecosystems due to
establishment of a GE
animal in the
environment
Altered population dynamics
due to horizontal transfer of
gene construct(s)
(Likelihood of transfer part of
Molecular Characterization
steps)
Specific risk is a
function of the nature
of the trait
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
Pendugaan Lingkungan
Pertanyaan Risiko secara umum
– Risk associated with the goats in confinement?
– Likelihood of escape?
– Potential adverse outcomes associated with escape?
Kesimpulan
– No environmental risks from confined rhAT goats,
wastes
– Escape unlikely (multiple levels of confinement,
security, ID)
– In event of escape without recapture, survival,
reproduction, population establishment is highly
unlikely
Note: EA/FONSI posted
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/
FOIADrugSummaries/UCM118087.pdf
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEn
gineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM163814.pdf
Sumber: diunduh dari: www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/.../UCM179343.ppt,... 4/1/2013
BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
Environmental hazard' is the state of events which has the
potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment and
adversely affect people's health.
This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural disasters
such as storms and earthquakes.
Hazards can be categorized in five types:
1. Chemical
2. Physical
3. Mechanical
4. Biological
5. Psychosocial
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards ………. 9/1/2013
UU No. 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan
BAB XI. KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Pasal 162
Upaya kesehatan lingkungan ditujukan untuk
mewujudkan kualitas lingkunganyang sehat, baik fisik,
kimia, biologi, maupun sosial yang memungkinkansetiap
orang mencapai derajat kesehatan yang setinggitingginya.
BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
Environmental Hazards are hazards that everyone is exposed to in
their everyday lives. These hazards are part of nature but can be
very harmful if the proper precautions aren't taken.
Often we do not have a choice regarding whether or not we may be
exposed to environmental hazards. However, we are usually able to
make lifestyle and occupational choices that may increase our risk of
exposure to things that may adversely affect our health, such as
hazardous chemicals and metals, radiation, pathogenic
microorganisms and other things in the environment that are bad for
our health.
Diunduh dari: http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/properties/module_4/index.htm……….
9/1/2013
BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
CONTOH-CONTOH
Allergens;
Anthrax
Antibiotic agents in animals destined for human consumption
Arbovirus
Arsenic - a contaminant of fresh water sources (water wells)
Asbestos – carcinogenic;
Avian influenza
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
Carcinogens
Cholera
Cosmic rays
DDT
Dioxins
Drought
Dysentery
Electromagnetic fields
Endocrine disruptors
Epidemics
E-waste
Explosive material
Floods
Food poisoning
Fungicides
Furans
Haloalkanes
Heavy metals
Herbicides
Hormones in animals destined
for human consumption
Lead in paint
Light pollution
Lighting
Lightning
Malaria
Marine debris
Mercury
Molds
Mutagens
Noise pollution
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Pandemics
Pathogens
Pesticides
Pollen for allergic people
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Quicksand
Rabies
Radon and natural radioactivity
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Sick building syndrome
Soil pollution
Tobacco smoking
Toxic waste
Ultraviolet light
Vibration
Wildfire
X-rays
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards ………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA ALAM
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural
processes of the Earth; examples include floods, severe weather,
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other geologic processes.
A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and
typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity
of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability
to recover.
GEMPA BUMI
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the
Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface,
earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking and
sometimes displacement of the ground. The vibrations may vary
in magnitude. Earthquakes are caused mostly by slippage within
geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests.
The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the
focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called
the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or
wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such
as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and
volcanoes, that are actually the human disaster.
Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction,
safety systems, early warning and evacuation planning.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA ALAM
ERUPSI VULKANIK
Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and
consequent disaster in several ways.
The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may
cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or the
fall of rock.
Second, lava may be produced during the eruption of a
volcano. As it leaves the volcano, the lava destroys many
buildings and plants it encounters.
Third, volcanic ash generally meaning the cooled ash may form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby locations.
When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material.
In sufficient quantity ash may cause roofs to collapse
under its weight but even small quantities will harm
humans if inhaled. Since the ash has the consistency of
ground glass it causes abrasion damage to moving parts
such as engines.
The main killer of humans in the immediate surroundings
of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which
consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in
the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes
when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the
gases. It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a
pyroclastic flow.
A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or landslide.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA ALAM
BANJIR
A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that
submerges land.
The EU Floods directive defines a flood as a temporary
covering by water of land not normally covered by water.
\
In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be
applied to the inflow of the tide.
Flooding may result from the volume of water within a
body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or
breaks levees, with the result that some of the water
escapes its usual boundaries.
While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary
with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is
not a significant flood unless the water covers land used
by man like a village, city or other inhabited area, roads,
expanses of farmland, etc.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA ALAM
KEKERINGAN
Drought is unusual dryness of soil, resulting in crop failure and
shortage of water for other uses, caused by significantly lower
rainfall than average over a prolonged period. Hot dry winds, high
temperatures and consequent evaporation of moisture from the
ground can contribute to conditions of drought.
A drought is an extended period of months or years when a
region notes a deficiency in its water supply whether surface or
underground water. Generally, this occurs when a region receives
consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial
impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region.
Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short,
intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local
economy.
Succulent plants are well-adapted to survive long periods of
drought.
Many plant species, such as cacti, have adaptations such as
reduced leaf area and waxy cuticles to enhance their ability to
tolerate drought. Some others survive dry periods as buried
seeds. Semi-permanent drought produces arid biomes such as
deserts and grasslands. Most arid ecosystems have inherently
low productivity.
This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture.
Lengthy periods of drought have long been a key trigger for mass
migration and played a key role in a number of ongoing
migrations and other humanitarian crises in the Horn of Africa and
the Sahel.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought ………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA ALAM
TORNADO
A tornado is a violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in
contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus
cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is also
referred to as a twister or a cyclone, although the word cyclone
is used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low
pressure circulation.
Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in
the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end
touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and
dust.
Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour
(177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel
a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating.
The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than
300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across,
and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (perhaps more than
100 km).
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA ALAM
An environmental disaster is a disaster to the natural
environment due to human activity, which distinguishes it from the
concept of a natural disaster.
In this case, the impact of humans' alteration of the ecosystem
has led to widespread and/or long-lasting consequences.It can
include the deaths of animals (including humans) and plants, or
severe disruption of human life, possibly requiring migration
Environmental disasters can have an effect on agriculture,
biodiversity, the economy and human health. The causes include
pollution, depletion of natural resources, industrial activity or
agriculture.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters………. 9/1/2013
UU No. 36 Tahun 2009 Tentang Kesehatan
Pasal 163
(3) Lingkungan sehat sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) bebas
dari unsur-unsur yang menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan,
antara lain:
1. Limbah cair;
2. Limbah padat;
3. Limbah gas;
4. Sampah yang tidak diproses sesuai dengan persyaratan
yang ditetapkan pemerintah;
5. Binatang pembawa penyakit;
6. Zat kimia yang berbahaya;
7. Kebisingan yang melebihi ambang batas;
8. Radiasi sinar pengion dan non pengion;
9. Air yang tercemar;
10. Udara yang tercemar; dan
11. Makanan yang terkontaminasi.
BENCANA ALAM
Pertanaian
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Main article: Environmental impact of agriculture
Salinity in Australia
Salinization of the Fertile Crescent
The Dust Bowl in Canada and the United States (1934–1939)
The Great sparrow campaign; sparrows were eliminated from
Chinese farms, which caused locusts to swarm the farms and
contributed to a famine which killed 38 million people.
6. Africanized bees, known colloquially as "killer bees"
7. Mismanagement of the Aral Sea
8. "Dirty dairying" in New Zealand.
Kesehatan Manusia
1. Introduction of the Bubonic Plague (the Plague of Justinian)
in Europe from Africa in the 7th century resulting in the death
of up to 60% (100 million) of the population.
2. Introduction of the Bubonic Plague (the Black Death) in
Europe from Central Asia in the 14th century resulting in the
death of up to 60% (200 million) of the population and
recurring until the 18th century.
3. Introduction of infectious diseases by Europeans causing the
death of indigenous people during European colonization of
the Americas
4. Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
5. Goiânia accident, human deaths resulting from dismantling a
scrapped medical machine containing a source of
radioactivity
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA LINGKUNGAN
Biodiversitas
1. Chestnut blight
2. Extinction of American megafauna
3. Extinction of Australian megafauna
4. Deforestation of Easter Island
5. Destruction of the old growth forests
6. Rabbits in Australia
7. Red imported fire ants
8. Dutch Elm Disease
9. Devil facial tumour disease
10. Reduction in the number of the American Bison
11. Introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria in
Africa, decimating indigenous fish species
12. The Saemangeum Seawall
13. Emerald Ash Borer
14. Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef
15. 2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter
16. Invasive species in New Zealand
17. The loss of Biodiversity of New Zealand
18. Ghost nets
19. Grounding of SS Makambo on Lord Howe Island
20. Shark finning
21. Decline of vultures in India due to Diclofenac leading to
increased incidence of rabies
22. Extinction of the Tasmanian Tiger
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA LINGKUNGAN
INDUSTRI
1. Minamata disease - mercury poisoning in Japan (1950s &
1960s)
2. Ontario Minamata disease in Canada
3. Itai-itai disease, due to cadmium poisoning in Japan
4. Love Canal toxic waste site
5. Seveso disaster (1976), chemical plant explosion, caused
highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) in residential populations
6. Bhopal disaster (December 3, 1984, India), The leak of methyl
isocyanate that took place in 1984 resulted in more than
22,000 deaths (and counting) and the various genetic
diseases that will continue to be seen for generations to come
among the newly born, caused by the negligence and
corruption, ignoring safety standards in India by Warren
Anderson, CEO of Union Carbide, a US company now a
subsidiary of Dow Chemicals.
7. Sandoz chemical spill into the Rhine river (1986)
8. United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund
sites in the United States
9. AZF Explosion at a Toulouse chemical factory (2001)
10. 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions
11. The Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens sites in the city of
Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, known as the largest toxic
waste site in North America.
12. Release of lead dust into Esperance Harbour.
13. Release of cyanide, heavy metals and acid into the Alamosa
River, Colorado from the Summitville mine, causing the death
of all marine life within a 17 mile radius.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
BENCANA LINGKUNGAN
Bencana Nuklir
1. Chernobyl disaster in 1986 in Chernobyl, Ukraine, "killed at
least 4056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property".
Radioactive fallout from the accident concentrated near
Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people
were forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the
accident, "traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl
were found in nearly every country in the northern
hemisphere".
2. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster: Following an earthquake,
tsunami, and failure of cooling systems at Fukushima I
Nuclear Power Plant and issues concerning other nuclear
facilities in Japan on March 11, 2011, a nuclear emergency
was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency
had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within
20 km of the plant were evacuated. Explosions and a fire have
resulted in dangerous levels of radiation, sparking a stock
market collapse and panic-buying in supermarkets.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters………. 9/1/2013
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Environmental health is a branch of public health concerned with
all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect
human health.
Other phrases that concern or refer to the discipline of environmental
health include environmental public health and environmental
health and protection.
The field of environmental health differs from environmental science
in that environmental health is concerned with environmental factors
affecting human health whereas environmental science is concerned
with the environment as it affects ecosystems.
Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and
biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors
impacting behaviours.
It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental
factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards
preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments.
This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well
as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, and
genetics.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health ………. 9/1/2013
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Environmental health is defined by the World Health
Organization as:
Those aspects of the human health and disease that are
determined by factors in the environment. It also refers to the
theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the
environment that can potentially affect health. Environmental
health as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, includes
both the direct pathological effects of chemicals, radiation and
some biological agents, and the effects (often indirect) on
health and well being of the broad physical, psychological,
social and cultural environment, which includes housing, urban
development, land use and transport.
Environmental health services are defined by the World Health
Organization as:
1. Those services which implement environmental health
policies through monitoring and control activities.
2. They also carry out that role by promoting the improvement
of environmental parameters and by encouraging the use of
environmentally friendly and healthy technologies and
behaviors.
3. They also have a leading role in developing and suggesting
new policy areas.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health ………. 9/1/2013
KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN
Environmental health addresses all human-health-related aspects of
both the natural environment and the built environment.
Environmental health concerns include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Air quality, including both ambient outdoor air and indoor air quality, which
also comprises concerns about environmental tobacco smoke.
Body art safety, including tattooing, body piercing and permanent
cosmetics.
Climate change and its effects on health.
Disaster preparedness and response.
Food safety, including in agriculture, transportation, food processing,
wholesale and retail distribution and sale.
Hazardous materials management, including hazardous waste
management, contaminated site remediation, the prevention of leaks from
underground storage tanks and the prevention of hazardous materials
releases to the environment and responses to emergency situations
resulting from such releases.
Housing, including substandard housing abatement and the inspection of
jails and prisons.
Childhood lead poisoning prevention.
Land use planning, including smart growth.
Liquid waste disposal, including city waste water treatment plants and onsite waste water disposal systems, such as septic tank systems and
chemical toilets.
Medical waste management and disposal.
Noise pollution control.
Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
Radiological health, including exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays or
radioactive isotopes.
Recreational water illness prevention, including from swimming pools,
spas and ocean and freshwater bathing places.
Safe drinking water.
Solid waste management, including landfills, recycling facilities,
composting and solid waste transfer stations.
Toxic chemical exposure whether in consumer products, housing,
workplaces, air, water or soil.
Vector control, including the control of mosquitoes, rodents, flies,
cockroaches and other animals that may transmit pathogens.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health ………. 9/1/2013
INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA
An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by government
agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air is
currently or how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI
increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely
to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. Different
countries have their own air quality indices which are not all
consistent. Different countries also use different names for their
indices such as Air Quality Health Index, Air Pollution Index and
Pollutant Standards Index.
Air quality is defined as a measure of the condition of air relative
to the requirements of one or more biotic species or to any
human need or purpose. To compute the AQI requires an air
pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function
used to convert from air pollutant concentration to AQI varies by
pollutant, and is different in different countries. Air quality index
values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a
descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health
advisories are associated with each AQI range.
The AQI can go up (meaning worse air quality) due to a lack of
dilution of air pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an
anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind speeds lets air
pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of
pollutants and hazy conditions .
An agency might encourage members of the public to take public
transportation or work from home when AQI levels are high.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_index………. 9/1/2013
INDEKS KUALITAS UDARA
Understanding the AQI
The purpose of the AQI is to help you understand what local air
quality means to your health. To make it easier to understand, the
AQI is divided into six categories:
Air Quality Index
(AQI) Values
Levels of Health Concern
Colors
When the AQI is in this
range:
..air quality conditions are:
...as symbolized by this
color:
0-50
Good
Green
51-100
Moderate
Yellow
101-150
Unhealthy for Sensitive
Groups
Orange
151 to 200
Unhealthy
Red
201 to 300
Very Unhealthy
Purple
301 to 500
Hazardous
Maroon
Each category corresponds to a different level of health concern. The six levels
of health concern and what they mean are:
1. "Good" AQI is 0 - 50. Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or
no risk.
2. "Moderate" AQI is 51 - 100. Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there
may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people. For example, people
who are unusually sensitive to ozone may experience respiratory symptoms.
3. "Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups" AQI is 101 - 150. Although general public is not likely to
be affected at this AQI range, people with lung disease, older adults and children are at a
greater risk from exposure to ozone, whereas persons with heart and lung disease, older
adults and children are at greater risk from the presence of particles in the air. .
4. "Unhealthy" AQI is 151 - 200. Everyone may begin to experience some adverse health
effects, and members of the sensitive groups may experience more serious effects. .
5. "Very Unhealthy" AQI is 201 - 300. This would trigger a health alert signifying that everyone
may experience more serious health effects.
6. "Hazardous" AQI greater than 300. This would trigger a health warnings of emergency
conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.
Diunduh dari: http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi………. 9/1/2013
AIR QUALITY INDEXES
AQI colors
EPA has assigned a specific color to each AQI category to make it
easier for people to understand quickly whether air pollution is
reaching unhealthy levels in their communities. For example, the
color orange means that conditions are "unhealthy for sensitive
groups," while red means that conditions may be "unhealthy for
everyone," and so on.
Air Quality
Index Levels Numerical
of Health
Value
Concern
Good
0 to 50
Moderate
51 to 100
Unhealthy
for Sensitive 101 to 150
Groups
Unhealthy
151 to 200
Very
Unhealthy
201 to 300
Hazardous
301 to 500
Meaning
Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution
poses little or no risk
Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants
there may be a moderate health concern for a very small
number of people who are unusually sensitive to air
pollution.
Members of sensitive groups may experience health
effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.
Everyone may begin to experience health effects;
members of sensitive groups may experience more
serious health effects.
Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire
population is more likely to be affected.
Health alert: everyone may experience more serious
health effects
Diunduh dari: http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi………. 9/1/2013
EHS :
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH & SAFETY
Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) – also Safety, Health and
Environment (SHE) or HES or HSE – is often used as the name of a
department in corporations and government agencies.
The EHS guidelines were created by the International Finance
Corporation in 1998.
Companies that aspire to be better environmental stewards invest in
strong environmental, health and safety management, otherwise
known as EHS. From an environmental standpoint, it involves creating
a systematic approach to managing waste, complying with
environmental regulations, or reducing the company’s carbon
footprint.
Successful EHS programs also include measures to address
ergonomics, air quality, and other aspects of workplace safety that
could affect the health and well-being of employees.
Sanitasi adalah usaha pengendalian faktor-faktor lingkungan fisik
manusiayang mungkin menimbulkan atau dapat menimbulkan hal-hal
yang merugikanbagi perkembangan fisik, kesehatan dan daya tahan
hidup manusia.
Ruang lingkup :
1. Cara pembuangan ekskreta, air buangan dan sampah
2. Penyediaan air bersih
3. Perumahan
4. Makanan
5. Individu dan masyarakat agar berperilaku sehat (personal
hygiene)
6. Arthropoda, mollusca, binatang pengerat serta pejamu lainnya
7. Kondisi udara
8. Pabrik, perkantoran, permukiman, jalan umum dan lingkungan
umumnya. (sumber: WHO)
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment,_Health_and_Safety ………. 9/1/2013
EHS :
ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH & SAFETY
The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industryspecific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).
1. Environmental
1.1 Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality
1.2 Energy Conservation
1.3 Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality
1.4 Water Conservation
1.5 Hazardous Materials Management
1.6 Waste Management
1.7 Noise
1.8 Contaminated Land and Remediation
2. Occupational Health and Safety
2.1 General Facility Design and Operation
2.2 Communication and Training
2.3 Physical Hazards
2.4 Chemical Hazards
2.5 Biological Hazards
2.6 Radiological Hazards
2.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2.8 Special Hazard Environments
2.9 Monitoring
3. Community Health and Safety
3.1 Water Quality and Availability
3.2 Structural Safety of Project Infrastructure
3.3 Life and Fire Safety (L&FS)
3.4 Traffic Safety
3.5 Transport of Hazardous Materials
3.6 Disease Prevention
3.7 Emergency Preparedness and Response
4. Construction and Decommissioning
4.1 Environment
4.2 Occupational Health and Safety
4.3 Community Health and Safety
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment,_Health_and_Safety ………. 9/1/2013
KUALITAS UDARA & KESEHATAN MANUSIA
Air Quality and Human Health
The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme was set up to
review the scientific basis of air quality regulation for the EU
thematic strategy.
CAFE commissioned a World Health Organisation review of the
health effects of transport-related air pollution in Europe, which
found evidence that exposure to air pollutants can affect human
health in a variety of ways.
These include respiratory illness and allergenic illnesses, heart
disease, cancer, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes and
lowering of male fertility.
A recent report by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air
Pollutants (COMEAP), a panel of independent experts that
advises the government, has concluded that there is a causal link
between air pollutants and heart diseases.
The most serious effects on health occur at the greatest frequency at the
highest levels of exposure to air pollutants. Air quality limit values are set
at levels which ensure this does not occur. However, the air pollutants
particulate matter and ozone have no exposure threshold levels below
which adverse human health effects do not occur. Although such
thresholds can be established for individuals, the wide range of
susceptibilities within a population, makes it impossible to define a more
widely applicable threshold value.
As a result, the derived air quality limit values for ‘non-threshold’ air
pollutants are arbitrary, as significant public health benefits could be
obtained by reductions in the pollutants both above and below the set
limit.
Diunduh dari: www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/POST-PN-272.pdf………. 9/1/2013
KUALITAS UDARA & KESEHATAN MANUSIA
Susceptibility to Air Pollutants
The surface of the human lung is covered by a thin layer of fluid
containing various defences to protect its cells from damage6.
Once levels of air pollutants overwhelm these defences, the cells
become damaged triggering an inflammatory response.
Inflammatory effects can spread throughout the body, although
in the case of particulates, it is not clear whether this is the
result of air pollutants directly entering the blood stream in the
lung, local production of inflammatory factors or a combination
of both. It has also been proposed that particulate pollutants can
enter the nervous system through nerve endings in the nose,
causing effects in the brain.
Factors that affect individual susceptibility to adverse health
effects include age, health status, diet and genetic background.
In particular, groups such as asthmatics or those with other preexisting diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease) may be more susceptible to an inflammatory response
at lower air pollution levels.
The most severe effects occur in the most susceptible
individuals, and are reflected in the daily number of deaths
occurring. Children are also particularly vulnerable as the
process of lung growth and development continues until
adolescence, and they have incomplete metabolic systems,
immature immune defences and higher breathing rates than
adults.
Diunduh dari: www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/POST-PN-272.pdf ………. 9/1/2013
HASIL-HASIL
PENELITIAN
METODE
ESA
. Effect
of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa L. and its
rhizosphere bacteria
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 88, P. 48-54 (1 Feb 2013)
Fateme Mirzajani, Hossein Askari, Sara Hamzelou, Mohsen Farzaneh, Alireza
Ghassempour
. Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used as antibacterial and antifungal agents
in agriculture. Nevertheless, these nanoparticles with newborn properties pose a
potential risk to the environment, Due to contact with crops and bacteria that are
beneficial to the soil. This study is based on the examination of the phytotoxic effects
of AgNPs on Oryza sativa L. and some of its rhizosphere bacteria, by physiological
and biochemical assays. In order to study the complex interaction of the AgNPs life
expectancy that are mixed with culture medium, the incubation time for the fresh
mixture, 7, 14 and 21 days old of AgNPs, on the seedlings growth was investigated.
Results indicated that plant’s response to the treatment with AgNPs affected on the
cell wall, and that with an increase in its concentration (up to 60 μg/mL). The
obtained results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) exhibited that those
particles not only penetrated the cell wall, but they could also damage the cell
morphology and its structural features. AgNPs treatment up to 30 μg/mL accelerated
root growth and at 60 μg/mL was able to restrict a root’s ability to grow. The
30 μg/mL treatment had significant effect on root branching and dry weight. In
contrast, shoot growth was more susceptible to the effects of AgNPs treatment. The
root content for total soluble carbohydrates and starch demonstrated that despite
stable starch content, total soluble carbohydrates showed the tendency to
significantly decline in response to AgNPs. However, induction of root branching and
photosynthetic pigments can attributed to AgNPs stress based on evidence from the
production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and local root tissue death. Nine
isolates of the genus Bacillus selected and identified according to morphological and
chemotaxonomic methods.
The AgNPs treatment revolutionized the populations of bacteria as Bacillus
thuringiensis SBURR1 was totally eliminated, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
SBURR5 became the most populated one. Images from an electron microscope and
the leakage of reducing sugars and protein through the bacterial membrane, similarly
confirmed the “pit” formation mechanism of the AgNPs. Moreover the hypothesis
from the growth curve study demonstrated that AgNPs may damage bacterium cell
wall and transform them to protoplasts.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01476513……….
. Effect
of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa L. and its
rhizosphere bacteria
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 88, P. 48-54 (1 Feb 2013)
Fateme Mirzajani, Hossein Askari, Sara Hamzelou, Mohsen Farzaneh, Alireza
Ghassempour
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01476513……….
. Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcohols
S.E. Belangera, , , H. Sandersonb, 1, P.R. Fiskc, C. Schäfersd, S.M. Mudgee, A.
Willingf, Y. Kasaig, A.M. Nielsenh, S.D. Dyera, R. Toy
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages
1006–1015
An environmental assessment of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) has recently been
conducted under the OECD SIDS High Production Volume (HPV) Program via the
Global International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) Aliphatic Alcohols
Consortium. LCOH are used primarily as intermediates, as a precursor to alcoholbased surfactants and as alcohol per se in a wide variety of consumer product
applications. Global production volume is approximately 1.58 million metric tonnes.
The OECD HPV assessment covers linear to slightly branched LCOH ranging from 6
to 22 alkyl carbons (C). LCOH biodegrade exceptionally rapidly in the environment
(half-lives on the order of minutes); however, due to continuous use and distribution
to wastewater treatment systems, partitioning properties, biodegradation of alcoholbased surfactants, and natural alcohol sources, LCOH are universally detected in
wastewater effluents. An environmental risk assessment of LCOH is presented here
by focusing on the most prevalent and toxic members of the linear alcohols,
specifically, from C12−15.
The assessment includes environmental monitoring data for these chain lengths in
final effluents of representative wastewater treatment plants and covers all uses of
alcohol (i.e., the use of alcohol as a substance and as an intermediate for the
manufacturing of alcohol-based surfactants). The 90th percentile effluent discharge
concentration of 1.979 μg/L (C12−C15) was determined for wastewater treatment
plants in 7 countries. Chronic aquatic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna
demonstrated that between C13 and C15 LCOH solubility became a factor and that
the structure–activity relationship was characterized by a toxicity maximum between
C13 and C14. Above C14 the LCOH was less toxic and become un-testable due to
insolubility.
Risk quotients based on a toxic units (TU) approach were determined for various
scenarios of exposure and effects extrapolation. The global average TU ranged from
0.048 to 0.467 depending on the scenario employed suggesting a low risk to the
environment.
The fact that environmental exposure calculations include large fractions of naturally
derived alcohol from animal, plant, and microbially mediated biotransformations
further supports a conclusion of low risk.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108
………. 8/1/2013
. Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcohols
S.E. Belangera, , , H. Sandersonb, 1, P.R. Fiskc, C. Schäfersd, S.M. Mudgee, A.
Willingf, Y. Kasaig, A.M. Nielsenh, S.D. Dyera, R. Toy
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages
1006–1015
Potential sources of fatty (long chain) alcohols in the aquatic environment.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108
. Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcohols
S.E. Belangera, , , H. Sandersonb, 1, P.R. Fiskc, C. Schäfersd, S.M. Mudgee, A.
Willingf, Y. Kasaig, A.M. Nielsenh, S.D. Dyera, R. Toy
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages
1006–1015
Conceptual diagram of developing toxic unit (TU) predictions for LCOH
environmental risk characterization.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108
. Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcohols
S.E. Belangera, , , H. Sandersonb, 1, P.R. Fiskc, C. Schäfersd, S.M. Mudgee, A.
Willingf, Y. Kasaig, A.M. Nielsenh, S.D. Dyera, R. Toy
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages
1006–1015
Cumulative frequency distribution of final effluent concentrations before (total,
unadjusted) and after (total adjusted) correcting for bioavailability, dilution and instream mineralization of parent alcohol.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108
. Assessment of the environmental risk of long-chain aliphatic alcohols
S.E. Belangera, , , H. Sandersonb, 1, P.R. Fiskc, C. Schäfersd, S.M. Mudgee, A.
Willingf, Y. Kasaig, A.M. Nielsenh, S.D. Dyera, R. Toy
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 72, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages
1006–1015
. Cumulative frequency distribution of TU determinations for LCOH for the 32
monitored sites in Europe, Canada and the US.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651308002108
. Assessing, mapping and validating site-specific ecotoxicological risk for
pesticide mixtures: A case study for small scale hot spots in aquatic and
terrestrial environments
Claudia Vaja, Stefania Barmaza, Peter Borgen Sørensenb, David Spurgeonc, Marco Vighi
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2156–2166
Mixture toxicity is a real world problem and as such requires risk
assessment solutions that can be applied within different geographic
regions, across different spatial scales and in situations where the
quantity of data available for the assessment varies. Moreover, the need
for site specific procedures for assessing ecotoxicological risk for nontarget species in non-target ecosystems also has to be recognised.
The work presented in the paper addresses the real world effects of
pesticide mixtures on natural communities. Initially, the location of risk
hotspots is theoretically estimated through exposure modelling and the
use of available toxicity data to predict potential community effects.
The concept of Concentration Addition (CA) is applied to describe
responses resulting from exposure of multiple pesticides The developed
and refined exposure models are georeferenced (GIS-based) and include
environmental and physico-chemical parameters, and site specific
information on pesticide usage and land use. As a test of the risk
assessment framework, the procedures have been applied on a suitable
study areas, notably the River Meolo basin (Northern Italy), a catchment
characterised by intensive agriculture, as well as comparative area for
some assessments. Within the studied areas, the risks for individual
chemicals and complex mixtures have been assessed on aquatic and
terrestrial aboveground and belowground communities.
Results from ecological surveys have been used to validate these risk
assessment model predictions. Value and limitation of the approaches are
described and the possibilities for larger scale applications in risk
assessment are also discussed.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311001989……….
8/1/2013
. Assessing, mapping and validating site-specific ecotoxicological risk for
pesticide mixtures: A case study for small scale hot spots in aquatic and
terrestrial environments
Claudia Vaja, Stefania Barmaza, Peter Borgen Sørensenb, David Spurgeonc, Marco Vighi
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2156–2166
Scheme of the general procedure for assessing and validating pesticide mixture risk.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311001989……….
8/1/2013
. Assessing, mapping and validating site-specific ecotoxicological risk for
pesticide mixtures: A case study for small scale hot spots in aquatic and
terrestrial environments
Claudia Vaja, Stefania Barmaza, Peter Borgen Sørensenb, David Spurgeonc, Marco Vighi
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2156–2166
Scheme of the procedures for pesticide risk assessment of pollinators.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311001989……….
8/1/2013
. Assessing, mapping and validating site-specific ecotoxicological risk for
pesticide mixtures: A case study for small scale hot spots in aquatic and
terrestrial environments
Claudia Vaja, Stefania Barmaza, Peter Borgen Sørensenb, David Spurgeonc, Marco Vighi
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2156–2166
. Comparison between predicted and measured concentrations for
terbuthylazine and metolachlor in Meolo river water, Northern Italy. The
parameters of the correlations are the following: terbuthylazine:
y=1.46x−0.09; R2=0.93; metolachlor: y=1.57x−0.03; R2=0.88. The line
represents theoretical perfect fit.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311001989……….
8/1/2013
. Assessing, mapping and validating site-specific ecotoxicological risk for
pesticide mixtures: A case study for small scale hot spots in aquatic and
terrestrial environments
Claudia Vaja, Stefania Barmaza, Peter Borgen Sørensenb, David Spurgeonc, Marco Vighi
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2156–2166
. PECs (mg/m2) in soil within the vineyard from the beginning of the plant protection
product applications (28 April 2008), until the end of the productive season (30
September 2008).
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311001989……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
Environmental health assessment covers a broad area: virtually all
systematic analysis to support decision making on issues relevant to
environment and health. Consequently, various different approaches have
been developed and applied for different needs within the broad field.
In this paper we explore the plurality of approaches and attempt to reveal
the state-of-the-art in environmental health assessment by characterizing
and explicating the similarities and differences between them. A diverse,
yet concise, set of approaches to environmental health assessment is
analyzed in terms of nine attributes: purpose, problem owner, question,
answer, process, use, interaction, performance and establishment.
The conclusions of the analysis underline the multitude and complexity of
issues in environmental health assessment as well as the variety of
perspectives taken to address them. In response to the challenges, a
tendency towards developing and applying more inclusive, pragmatic and
integrative approaches can be identified.
The most interesting aspects of environmental health assessment are
found among these emerging approaches: (a) increasing engagement
between assessment and management as well as stakeholders, (b) strive
for framing assessments according to specific practical policy needs, (c)
integration of multiple benefits and risks, as well as (d) explicit
incorporation of both scientific facts and value statements in assessment.
However, such approaches are yet to become established, and many
contemporary mainstream environmental health assessment practices
can still be characterized as relatively traditional risk assessment.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
Outline of relevant issues to address in environmental health assessment and
coverage of certain common approaches to risk and impact assessment. The figure
is adapted from a framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment
(Briggs, 2008).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The Red Book risk assessment process.
Pendugaan Risiko
Observasi
Identifikasi
Bahaya
Ekstrapolasi
Pendugaan
ResponDosis
Manajemen Risiko
Pilihan
Regulasi
Karakterisasi
Karakterisasi
Risiko
Risiko
Evaluasi
Pilihan
Pendugaan
Paparan
Keputusan
& Aksi
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The analytic-deliberative risk decision process
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The IRGC risk governance framework.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The chemical safety assessment process in REACH.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The Finnish environmental impact assessment procedure (YVA).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The health impact assessment process as defined by WHO.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
The integrated environmental health impact assessment process.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. State
of the art in benefit–risk analysis: Environmental
health
M.V. Pohjolaa, , , O. Leinoa, V. Kollanusa, J.T. Tuomistoa, H. Gunnlaugsdóttirb, F.
Holmc, N. Kalogerasd, J.M. Luteijne, S.H. Magnússonb, G. Odekerkend, M.J.
Tijhuisd, f, Ø. Uelandg, B.C. Whiteh, H. Verhagen
Food and Chemical Toxicology. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 40–55
Collaborative knowledge creation in open assessment. Adapted from an
illustration of collaborative knowledge building with wikis (Cress and
Kimmerle, 2008).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511002481 ……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
Problem: Tragic marine and offshore accidents have caused serious
consequences including loss of lives, loss of property, and damage of the
environment.
Method: A proactive, risk-based “goal setting” regime is introduced to the
marine and offshore industries to increase the level of safety.
Discussion: To maximize marine and offshore safety, risks need to be
modeled and safety-based decisions need to be made in a logical and
confident way. Risk modeling and decision-making tools need to be
developed and applied in a practical environment.
Summary: This paper describes both the offshore safety case approach
and formal safety assessment of ships in detail with particular reference to
the design aspects. The current practices and the latest development in
safety assessment in both the marine and offshore industries are
described. The relationship between the offshore safety case approach
and formal ship safety assessment is described and discussed. Three
examples are used to demonstrate both the offshore safety case
approach and formal ship safety assessment. The study of risk criteria in
marine and offshore safety assessment is carried out. The
recommendations on further work required are given.
Impact on industry: This paper gives safety engineers in the marine and
offshore industries an overview of the offshore safety case approach and
formal ship safety assessment. The significance of moving toward a riskbased “goal setting” regime is given.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
The HSE framework for decisions on the tolerability of risk.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
Relationships between offshore safety regulations.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
The five key elements of the safety case concepts.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
The detailed UKOOA framework.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
Risk contribution tree for fire.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
Generic fishing vessel.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Offshore safety case approach and formal safety
assessment of ships
J Wang
Journal of Safety Research. Vol 33, Issue 1, Spring 2002, Pages 81–115
The proposed approach.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437502000051……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Assessment of risks to aquatic organisms is important in the registration
procedures for pesticides in industrialised countries. This risk assessment
consists of two parts: (i) assessment of effects to these organisms derived
from ecotoxicological experiments (=effect assessment), and (ii)
assessment of concentration levels in relevant environmental
compartments resulting from pesticide application (=exposure
assessment).
Current procedures lack a clear conceptual basis for the interface
between the effect and exposure assessments which may lead to a low
overall scientific quality of the risk assessment. This interface is defined
here as the type of concentration that gives the best correlation to
ecotoxicological effects and is called the ecotoxicologically relevant
concentration (ERC).
Definition of this ERC allows the design of tiered effect and exposure
assessments that can interact flexibly and efficiently. There are two
distinctly different exposure estimates required for pesticide risk
assessment: that related to exposure in ecotoxicological experiments and
that related to exposure in the field. The same type of ERC should be
used consistently for both types of exposure estimates. Decisions are
made by comparing a regulatory acceptable concentration (=RAC) level
or curve (i.e., endpoint of the effect assessment) with predicted
environmental concentration (=PEC) levels or curves (endpoint of the
exposure assessment).
For decision making based on ecotoxicological experiments with timevariable concentrations a tiered approach is proposed that compares (i) in
a first step single RAC and PEC levels based on conservative
assumptions, (ii) in a second step graphically RAC and PEC curves
(describing the time courses of the RAC and PEC), and (iii) in a third step
time-weighted average RAC and PEC levels.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
F
. Conceptual
model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Tiered effect and exposure flow charts for a risk assessment addressing a protection
aim ‘X’ which needs exposure estimates of an ecotoxicologically relevant
concentration (ERC) ‘Y’ as indicated by the large arrow. The boxes E-1 to E-4 are
four effect tiers and the boxes F-1 to F-4 are four tiers for assessment of exposure in
the field (‘F’ from ‘field’). Downward arrows indicate movement to a higher tier.
Horizontal arrows from the exposure to the effect flow chart indicate delivery of field
exposure estimates for comparison with effect concentrations in the effect flow chart.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Schematic representation of activities in any combination of tiers of the
effect and exposure flow chart. The dashed-line and dotted-line boxes
indicate the division of the activities over the effect and exposure
assessment illustrating that there are two distinctly different exposure
assessments (‘A’ and ‘B’) in the risk assessment procedure (activity A
being part of exposure tier F that delivers field exposure and activity B
being part of the effect tier E).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Diagrams of two different conceptual models of possible routes through combined
effect and exposure flow charts. The boxes E-1 to E-4 are four effect tiers and the
boxes F-1 to F-4 are four tiers for assessment of exposure in the field. Part A shows
routes in which each effect tier is at the same level of sophistication as the exposure
tier (called the ‘ladder’ model). Part B shows all possible routes (called the ‘crisscross’ model). Downward arrows indicate movement to a higher tier. Arrows from
right to left indicate delivery of field exposure estimates to the indicated effect tiers.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Flow chart for handling the procedure in the box ‘compare and decide’ of the effect
tier shown in Fig. 2 in case of a time-variable exposure concentration in the
ecotoxicological experiment. The numbers 1, 2, and 3 indicate the numbers of the
three steps. RAC is ‘regulatory acceptable concentration’, PEC is ‘predicted
environmental concentration’, TWA is ‘time-weighted average’.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Maxima of time-weighted average (TWA) linuron concentrations in surface water
calculated for the R1-stream FOCUS scenario as a function of the length of the time
window compared with the TWA concentration derived from a RAC curve derived
from a mesocosm study by Van Geest et al. (1999) using effects of class 1 as a
basis. The scenario concentrations are output from the TOXSWA model and the line
from the RAC curve was obtained by numerical integration of the time course of
concentrations measured by Van Geest et al. (1999).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Linuron concentrations in surface water as a function of time as calculated
with the TOXSWA model for the D1-ditch FOCUS Step 3 surface water
scenario compared with an effect-class-1 and an effect-class-3 RAC curve
as derived from the mesocosm experiment by Van Geest et al. (1999).
Time 0 is 1 January 1982. The arrow indicates the application time of
linuron in the TOXSWA simulations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. Conceptual model for improving the link between exposure and
effects in the aquatic risk assessment of pesticides
J.J.T.I. Boesten, H. Köpp, , P .I. Adriaanse, T.C.M. Brock, V.E. Forbes
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol 66, Issue 3, March 2007, Pages 291–
308
Proposed system of effect and exposure flow charts for aquatic risk assessment at
EU level. The two solid arrows from the box ‘Protect biodiversity of aquatic life in EU’
indicate the need to assess always both short-term and long-term risks. The dashed
arrow indicates the possibility for the risk manager to ignore short-term risks if longterm risks are absent.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651306001990 ……….
8/1/2013
. A subjective
modelling tool applied to formal ship
safety assessment
Jin Wang
Ocean Engineering. Volume 27, Issue 10, October 2000, Pages 1019–
1035
Formal safety assessment of ships has attracted great attention over the last few
years. In this paper, following a brief review of the current status of marine safety
assessment, formal ship safety assessment is discussed in detail.
A subjective safety-analysis-based decision-making framework is then proposed for
formal ship safety assessment in situations where a high level of uncertainty is
involved.
In the framework, failure events at the lowest level are modelled using fuzzy sets and
safety synthesis at the different levels of a hierarchy is carried out using evidential
reasoning.
Multiple safety analysts' judgements can also be synthesised using the framework.
Subjective safety and cost assessments obtained can finally be combined to produce
the preference degrees associated with the design/operation options for ranking
purposes.
An example is used to demonstrate the framework.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801899000372
………. 8/1/2013
. A subjective
modelling tool applied to formal ship
safety assessment
Jin Wang
Ocean Engineering. Volume 27, Issue 10, October 2000, Pages 1019–
1035
A hierarchy of subjective safety modelling.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801899000372
………. 8/1/2013
. A subjective
modelling tool applied to formal ship
safety assessment
Jin Wang
Ocean Engineering. Volume 27, Issue 10, October 2000, Pages 1019–
1035
. A hierarchical safety-based design/operation option ranking framework.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801899000372
………. 8/1/2013
. A subjective
modelling tool applied to formal ship
safety assessment
Jin Wang
Ocean Engineering. Volume 27, Issue 10, October 2000, Pages 1019–
1035
Ranking of the design options.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801899000372
………. 8/1/2013
. Application of fuzzy theory and PROMETHEE technique to
evaluate suitable ecotechnology method: A case study in
Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan
Wen-Chieh Chou, Wen-Tzu Lin, Chao-Yuan Lin
Ecological Engineering. Volume 31, Issue 4, 3 December 2007, Pages 269–280
With the increase in industrial development and improper land uses,
Taiwan has faced the extinction crisis and is seeing the signs of nature,
revenge in the forms of frequent landslides, floods, and debris flows in
recent years.
The government has strongly promoted the concept of ecotechnology in
the hope of maintaining the ecosystem and its integrity. However, the
application of ecotechnology is still in its infancy, so there is currently no
objective evaluation standard to assess its effectiveness.
Deficiencies in the scientific approach to quantify the results are due to
current disputes and bottlenecks in its implementation. In order to seek
reasonable and feasible methods to overcome the deficiencies in the
implementation of the scientific approach, this study collected domestic
and international ecological evaluation models to develop innovative
processes that utilize ecological, safety, and cost indices.
First, the commonly used ecotechnology methods for river embankment
were acquired from the governmental departments.
Second, the ecological, safety and cost indices for the acquired
ecotechnology methods and construction sites were analyzed and
quantified using fuzzy theory.
Third, indices of ecotechnology methods were linked with those of
construction sites for the PROMETHEE technique evaluation for suitable
ecotechnology method selection.
A practical construction case located in Shihmen reservoir watershed was
chosen for evaluation and verification. The results show that the
developed model can provide useful information for decision making while
performing ecotechnology engineering.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857407001656……….
8/1/2013
. Application of fuzzy theory and PROMETHEE technique to
evaluate suitable ecotechnology method: A case study in
Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan
Wen-Chieh Chou, Wen-Tzu Lin, Chao-Yuan Lin
Ecological Engineering. Volume 31, Issue 4, 3 December 2007, Pages 269–280
The evaluation processes for ecological index, safety index, and cost index.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857407001656……….
8/1/2013
. Synthesis
of ecosystemic and ecoscreening modelling in
solving problems of ecological safety
N.V Solovjova
Ecological Modelling. Vol. 124, Issue 1, 1 December 1999, Pages 1–10
The traditional approach to modeling the state of complex ecological
systems assumes realization of a series of numerical experiments with a
dynamic model.
The results obtained are difficult to evaluate for multicomponent systems.
To give an integrated estimation of the state of an ecosystem as a whole
is quite a complicated task.
The synthesis of dynamic modeling for aggregated and averaged
components of an ecosystem and ecoscreening approach for risk
estimation is one way of overcoming this difficulty. The annual variations
of the basic components of the ecological system (concentrations of
phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroalgae, fish, nutrients, suspended and
dissolved organic matter, and hydro-optical characteristics) are calculated
from full dynamic modelling.
The annual variations of ecological risk from effects on an ecological
system are calculated based on the synthesis of the two approaches. This
method was developed for prediction of variations of risk estimation for
the north-western Black Sea shelf.
The annual variations of risk are calculated when the ecological system is
submitted to regular pollution and emergency situations. More accurate
estimation of risk is reached by step wise application of each one of the
approaches.
Diunduh dari http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380099001222 ……….
8/1/2013
. Synthesis
of ecosystemic and ecoscreening modelling in
solving problems of ecological safety
N.V Solovjova
Ecological Modelling. Volume 124, Issue 1, 1 December 1999, Pages 1–10
Hierarchic scheme for a marine ecological system.
Diunduh dari http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380099001222 ……….
8/1/2013
. Synthesis
of ecosystemic and ecoscreening modelling in
solving problems of ecological safety
N.V Solovjova
Ecological Modelling. Volume 124, Issue 1, 1 December 1999, Pages 1–10
The co-ordination of anthropogenous load with a natural annual variation
of risk for ‘adverse’ (a) and ‘favourable’ (b, c) natural conditions. ▧, the
area of allowable anthropogenous load for ecological system.
Diunduh dari:
………. 8/1/2013
Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An
Alpine Country
Peter Greminger
Director of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency,
Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003
Berne, Switzerland. Email: peter.greminger@buwal.admin.ch
For centuries, avalanches, mudslides, falls of stones and rocks, landslides
and floods have all been part of the landscape of the Alpine region and of
the way in which the landscape has changed.
The increases in settlements and development mean that about a million
people now live in the Swiss Alpine region, and this population is
repeatedly threatened locally by natural hazards.
Thanks to the efforts made by the state, the threat of avalanches and
flooding has been reduced. However, the risk of damage to property from
natural disasters has increased. Therefore, the prevention of any further
increase in the risk of such damage represents a considerable challenge
for the future.
Possible measures include spatial planning, conservation of protection
forests, early-warning systems, organizational measures, protective
structures, prevention measures to deal with disasters, and measures to
restore normal conditions after natural disasters. Economic, ecological,
safety and social aspects must all be taken into account.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM……….
8/1/2013
Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An
Alpine Country
Peter Greminger
Director of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for
the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland. Email:
peter.greminger@buwal.admin.ch
STEPWISE APPROACH TO PROTECTION FROM NATURAL
HAZARDS
The declared aim of the authorities is to adapt land-use planning to natural hazards
with the highest priority, despite the fact that it is not possible to ensure safety for
everyone and for everything. This is not only a matter of resources, which are limited,
but also a question of space and of what already exists in a densely populated Alpine
country such as Switzerland. It is of great importance to know where natural
processes may become a hazard for human beings. Only if we know where a danger
may arise can we protect ourselves against it. A stepwise approach is to be
recommended.
Identifying natural hazards
The first step is therefore to identify the natural hazards, in order to adapt spatial
planning to them. It is necessary to distinguish between the knowledge that is
required to give a general overview at the level of regional master plans and the
detailed information relating to individual plots that provides the basis for a municipal
hazard zone plan. For a master plan, the hazard information map is generally
sufficient, whereas to demarcate a hazard zone, an accurate hazard map (based on
expert opinion) is necessary.
Assessing natural hazards
Different natural hazards need to be assessed in terms of their probability of
occurrence and severity (intensity), as shown in Fig. 4. For this purpose, it is
necessary to study not only individual hazard processes, but also the interactions
between processes such as mudslides and avalanches. By combining the potential
hazard and community vulnerability, conclusions may be drawn with regard to the
possible level of damage.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM……….
8/1/2013
Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An
Alpine Country
Peter Greminger
Director of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for
the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland. Email:
peter.greminger@buwal.admin.ch
STEPWISE APPROACH TO PROTECTION FROM NATURAL
HAZARDS
Considering natural hazards in land-use planning
The results of the hazard assessment serve as the basis for the third step: taking
natural hazards into account in spatial planning. The regional administration is
responsible for preparing the master plan, whereas the municipalities are responsible
for local planning, considering natural hazards. This is normally done by referring to
hazard maps in land-use planning at the level of individual plots, and involves
regulating land use on the basis of risk. In areas that have already become densely
populated, and which have little potential for development, the pressure on the
authorities to take risks is greater than in areas where there is still considerable
potential for development.
Protection from natural hazards
The final step consists of providing suitable protection from natural hazards in cases
where people and/or property of considerable value are at risk from avalanches,
landslides, erosion, falls of ice or rocks, or flooding, and the possibilities offered by
spatial planning have been exhausted. This involves the use of forestry measures,
such as conservation of protective forest; organisational precautions, such as earlywarning systems, evacuation and road closure; structural measures, e.g. providing
protection from avalanches and floods; and appropriate emergency planning.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM……….
8/1/2013
Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An
Alpine Country
Peter Greminger
Director of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for
the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland. Email:
peter.greminger@buwal.admin.ch
Hazard levels for assessment of the danger of flooding
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM……….
8/1/2013
Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An
Alpine Country
Peter Greminger
Director of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency,
Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003
Berne, Switzerland. Email: peter.greminger@buwal.admin.ch
Sustainable protection strategy
There is a need to stem the increase in damaging events by means of an
appropriate protection strategy, based on the three key factors of
sustainability: "social solidarity", "a favourable approach to the
environment" and "economic capacity".
For reasons of sustainability and of safety, it is essential that the following
protection measures be applied (in descending order of priority):
Avoidance of areas exposed to the risk of natural hazards
Conservation of forests with a protective function
Land use adapted to the actual risk
Prevention of increased risks along transport routes and in settlements as
a result of intensified use and appreciation in value
Organisational measures, such as early-warning systems, evacuation,
road closure, etc.
Maintenance of existing protection structures
New protection structures.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM……….
8/1/2013
Managing the Risks of Natural Hazards in Switzerland - An
Alpine Country
Peter Greminger
Director of Protection Forest and Natural Hazards Sector, Swiss Forest Agency, Swiss Agency for
the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL), CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland. Email:
peter.greminger@buwal.admin.ch
Overall protection strategies should provide balanced protection
against natural hazards
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/ARTICLE/WFC/XII/0941-B1.HTM……….
8/1/2013
. Application of fuzzy theory and PROMETHEE technique to
evaluate suitable ecotechnology method: A case study in
Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan
Wen-Chieh Chou , Wen-Tzu Lin , Chao-Yuan Lin
Ecological Engineering. Volume 31, Issue 4, 3 December 2007, Pages 269–280
With the increase in industrial development and improper land uses, Taiwan has
faced the extinction crisis and is seeing the signs of nature, revenge in the forms of
frequent landslides, floods, and debris flows in recent years. The government has
strongly promoted the concept of ecotechnology in the hope of maintaining the
ecosystem and its integrity. However, the application of ecotechnology is still in its
infancy, so there is currently no objective evaluation standard to assess its
effectiveness.
Deficiencies in the scientific approach to quantify the results are due to current
disputes and bottlenecks in its implementation. In order to seek reasonable and
feasible methods to overcome the deficiencies in the implementation of the scientific
approach, this study collected domestic and international ecological evaluation
models to develop innovative processes that utilize ecological, safety, and cost
indices.
First, the commonly used ecotechnology methods for river embankment were
acquired from the governmental departments.
Second, the ecological, safety and cost indices for the acquired ecotechnology
methods and construction sites were analyzed and quantified using fuzzy theory.
Third, indices of ecotechnology methods were linked with those of construction sites
for the PROMETHEE technique evaluation for suitable ecotechnology method
selection. A practical construction case located in Shihmen reservoir watershed was
chosen for evaluation and verification.
The results show that the developed model can provide useful information for
decision making while performing ecotechnology engineering.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857407001656
………. 8/1/2013
. Application of fuzzy theory and PROMETHEE technique to
evaluate suitable ecotechnology method: A case study in
Shihmen Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan
Wen-Chieh Chou , Wen-Tzu Lin , Chao-Yuan Lin
Ecological Engineering. Volume 31, Issue 4, 3 December 2007, Pages 269–280
The evaluation processes for ecological index, safety index, and
cost index.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857407001656
………. 8/1/2013
. Sustainable
ecological economies
John E Cantlon , Herman E Koenig
Ecological Economics. Volume 31, Issue 1, October 1999, Pages 107–121
A brief accounting is presented of the evolution of natural ecosystems and
human cultures including industrialization and its ecologically-significant
interactions with natural abiotic and biotic processes of the earth. These
accounts show, among other things, that excess resource harvest rates
and material releases into the natural environment have been ecological
risks of growing scope and scale throughout the history of political
economies.
The growing ecological risks of industrialization are attributed to
disparities between the rates and directions of evolution in the ecological
features of process and structure of corporate and political economies
relative to the rates and directions of evolution in their cultural institutions
of control. Many social and political organizations are now calling for
adaptations toward sustainable industrialization by promoting evolution in
the cultural institutions of control through research, education, ethics,
politics and government. What is required are on-line institutional
processes for effectively translating emerging ecological risk assessments
into economic incentives for feasible adaptations throughout the systems.
Institutionalization of such on-line adaptive processes requires broad
moral-ethical enlightenment and social-political commitment to make the
emerging scientific, technological and economic dimensions productive
(Faber et al., 1996).
This paper presents on-line strategies of ecological risk assessment and control
which are believed to be superior to alternatives that require a prior consensus on
economic valuations of natural resource stocks, natural processes and
environmental damages; and incentives have advantages over prescriptive
regulations. When viewed in their greater economic context, the proposed strategies
are formulated as coordinated institutions of on-line ecological and fiscal control
processes on what is here defined as the ecological economies of corporate and
political economies. The objective of the proposed control strategies is to pursue
trajectories of joint ecological and cultural evolution toward systems that are
ecologically and culturally both satisfying and sustainable.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999000440……….
8/1/2013
. Sustainable
ecological economies
John E Cantlon , Herman E Koenig
Ecological Economics. Volume 31, Issue 1, October 1999, Pages 107–121
The ecological economics of corporate and political economies, portraying (a) (between the dashed
lines) its features of technological process and organizational structure, (b) (above the upper
dashed line) its ecological risk-control strategy pursuant to containing the ecological risks as
characterized by a vector of monitored ecological states, ψn, and (c) (below the lower dashed line)
its fiscal policy-control strategy pursuant to designated socioeconomic goals as characterized by a
vector of monitored fiscal indicators ψf. Vectors vi and v, respectively, represent the ecological
variables of enterprises i and of the ecological economy at their respective ecological boundaries.
Vector pd represents tactical incremental amendments to open-market prices on risk-generating
ecological flows yd, as administered through effluent or resource extraction taxes, for example.
Ecological Risk Control Strategy is policy determined and may be administered by one or more
institutions internal to the corporate or political economy, with informational linkages to observed
changes in the ecological states of at-risk natural processes, resource stocks and ecosystems, ψn.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999000440……….
8/1/2013
Environmental health indicators and a case study of air
pollution in Latin American cities
Michelle L. Bell , Luis A. Cifuentes , Devra L. Davis , Erin Cushing , Adriana
Gusman Telles , Nelson Gouveia
Environmental Research. Volume 111, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 57–66
Environmental health indicators (EHIs) are applied in a variety of research
and decision-making settings to gauge the health consequences of
environmental hazards, to summarize complex information, or to compare
policy impacts across locations or time periods. While EHIs can provide a
useful means of conveying information, they also can be misused.
Additional research is needed to help researchers and policy-makers
understand categories of indicators and their appropriate application. In
this article, we review current frameworks for environmental health
indicators and discuss the advantages and limitations of various forms.
A case study EHI system was developed for air pollution and health for
urban Latin American centers in order to explore how underlying
assumptions affect indicator results. Sixteen cities were ranked according
to five indicators that considered: population exposed, children exposed,
comparison to health-based guidelines, and overall PM10 levels.
Results indicate that although some overall patterns in rankings were
observed, cities’ relative rankings were highly dependent on the indicator
used. In fact, a city that was ranked best under one indicator was ranked
worst with another. The sensitivity of rankings, even when considering a
simple case of a single pollutant, highlights the need for clear
understanding of EHIs and how they may be affected by underlying
assumptions.
Careful consideration should be given to the purpose, assumptions, and
limitations of EHIs used individually or in combination in order to minimize
misinterpretation of their implications and enhance their usefulness.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935110001751 ……….
8/1/2013
Environmental health indicators and a case study of air
pollution in Latin American cities
Michelle L. Bell , Luis A. Cifuentes , Devra L. Davis , Erin Cushing , Adriana
Gusman Telles , Nelson Gouveia
Environmental Research. Volume 111, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 57–66
Air quality environmental health indicators: relationship between local
characteristics, the environment and human health systems, and
indicators. Note: GNP stands for gross national product. DALYs stands for
disability-adjusted life years. This figure provides examples of
environmental health indicators based on the relationship between local
characteristics that affect the environment and health system.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935110001751 ……….
8/1/2013
Environmental health indicators and a case study of air
pollution in Latin American cities
Michelle L. Bell , Luis A. Cifuentes , Devra L. Davis , Erin Cushing , Adriana
Gusman Telles , Nelson Gouveia
Environmental Research. Volume 111, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 57–66
Rankings of cities by various environmental health indicators.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935110001751 ……….
8/1/2013
ECOLOGICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF MANAS
RIVER BASIN OASIS, XINJIANG.
LING Hong-bo;XU Hai-liang;SHI Wei;ZHANG Qing-qing
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology 2009, Vol. 20 Issue (09): 2219-2224
By using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive
evaluation , an index system for ecological safety assessment
was built, and 18 indices in the aspects of water resource,
environment, and social economy were selected to assess the
ecological safety of Manas River Basin oasis in 2006.
In the study area, the ecological situation in 2006 was basically
safe, with the membership degree being 0.3347 and the
integrated evaluation score being 0.551.
The water resource safety index, social economy index, and
environmental safety index were in the levels of relatively safe,
extremely safe, and unsafe, respectively.
Water resource index could represent the sustainable
development degree of oasis, while social economy index and
environment safety index could indicate the oasis development
level and environment situation, respectively.
These three indices could most reflect the ecological safety level
of the oasis .
Diunduh dari: http://www.cjae.net/EN/abstract/abstract11077.shtml ………. 8/1/2013
. The Research and Practice of Ecological Safety Evaluation
Methods(I) Evaluation Index and Model
Li Hongwei , Lv Mou, Ye Song
Procedia Environmental Sciences. Volume 11, Part C, 2011, Pages 1204–
1210
ABSTRACT
According to the ecological security system being fuzzy, we make
use of AHP to determine the weight of evaluation index on the
basis of the relevant historical data and unique geographical
climate characteristics of the petrochemical area. And set up the
ecological safety evaluation system with the MATLAB and GUI
References
1. Guo Xianhua, Cui Shenghui and Zhao Xianyun, “Ecological risk assessment of
water sources,” Environment Science Research, vol.22, pp.688-694 Sep 2009.
2. Patrick T, Donald R, “Applying security and vulnerability assessments to large
water wholesaling agencies,” Pipelines. vol.3 pp.218-266. 2003.
3. Saaty T L, “A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures” Journal of
Math Psychology, vol 15, pp.234-281. 1997.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029611010048
………. 11/1/2013
. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss
Management System design
M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. Nardone
Safety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104
A critical component of a safety management system is the Near-miss
Management System (NMS). An effective NMS aims to recognize signals
from the operational field in order to apply more effective prevention
strategies.
These systems are widespread in industrial contexts characterized by a
high risk level, such as major hazard and hospital sectors. Few examples
occur in manufacturing processes which are characterized by different
operational conditions at workplace and, consequently, different risk
types.
The Lean Thinking (or Management) strategy currently represents a
worldwide competitive tool for improving productivity in the manufacturing
sector all over the world. Thus, the application of these principles forces
firms to define new approaches to design and manage the whole
organization and consequently the safety management system.
The paper proposes innovative design of a NMS based on the integration
of principles of Lean Management in occupational safety for a worldwide
automotive supplier firm. As no reference model has been previously
defined, several factors have been assessed aiming to efficiently integrate
occupational safety in the current Lean Management system.
Innovative features characterizing the proposed model have been also
discussed together with first results obtained by the full scale application.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512002329……….
13/1/2013
. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss
Management System design
M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. Nardone
Safety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104
Traditional representation proposed by Heinrich (a) and the more recent
one proposed by Massimore (b).
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512002329……….
13/1/2013
. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss
Management System design
M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. Nardone
Safety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104
Main pillars of the Bosch Production System (BPS).
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512002329……….
13/1/2013
. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss
Management System design
M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. Nardone
Safety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104
Main phases in a NMS design.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512002329……….
13/1/2013
. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss
Management System design
M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. Nardone
Safety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104
Event definition in the proposed NMS.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512002329……….
13/1/2013
. “Lean occupational” safety: An application for a Near-miss
Management System design
M.G. Gnoni , S. Andriulo , G. Maggio , P. Nardone
Safety Science. Volume 53, March 2013, Pages 96–104
The proposed informative flow in the NMS.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512002329……….
13/1/2013
. Realistic evaluation as a new way to design and evaluate
occupational safety interventions
Louise M. Pedersen , Kent J. Nielsen , Pete Kines
Safety Science. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 48–54
Recent debates regarding the criteria for evaluating occupational health
and safety interventions have focused on the need for incorporating
qualitative elements and process evaluation, in addition to attempting to
live up to the Cochrane criteria. Reflecting fundamental epistemological
conflicts and shortcomings of the Cochrane criteria in evaluating
intervention studies, the debate challenges the traditional (quasi-)
experimental design and methodology, which are often used within safety
research. This article discusses a revised ‘realistic evaluation’ approach
as a way to meet these challenges.
Evidence from the literature as well as examples from an integrated
(leader-based/worker-based) safety intervention study (2008–2010) in a
large wood manufacturing company are presented, with focus on the pros
and cons of using randomised-controlled-trials and a revised realistic
evaluation model.
A revised realistic evaluation model is provided which includes factors
such as role behaviour, leader and worker motivation, underreporting of
accidents/injuries, production pressure, unplanned organisational change
and accounting for multilayer effects. These can be attained through
qualitative and/or quantitative methods, allowing for the use of realistic
evaluation in both large and small scale studies, as well as in systematic
reviews. The revised realistic evaluation model offers a promising new
way of designing and evaluating occupational safety research.
This model can help safety science move forward in setting qualitative
and/or quantitative criteria regarding context, mechanisms and processes
for single studies and for reviews. Focus is not limited to whether the
expected results appear or not, but include suggestions for what works for
whom, under what circumstances, in what respects and how.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753511001470……….
13/1/2013
. Realistic evaluation as a new way to design and evaluate
occupational safety interventions
Louise M. Pedersen , Kent J. Nielsen , Pete Kines
Safety Science. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 48–54
Context, mechanism, and outcome (CMO figuration).
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753511001470……….
13/1/2013
. Realistic evaluation as a new way to design and evaluate
occupational safety interventions
Louise M. Pedersen , Kent J. Nielsen , Pete Kines
Safety Science. Volume 50, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 48–54
Revised realistic evaluation model for use in occupational safety
research.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753511001470……….
13/1/2013
Redefining innovation — eco-innovation research and the
contribution from ecological economics
Klaus Rennings
Ecological Economics. Volume 32, Issue 2, February 2000, Pages 319–332
While innovation processes toward sustainable development (ecoinnovations) have received increasing attention during the past years,
theoretical and methodological approaches to analyze these processes
are poorly developed.
Against this background, the term eco-innovation is introduced in this
paper addressing explicitly three kinds of changes towards sustainable
development: technological, social and institutional innovation. Secondly,
the potential contribution of neoclassical and (co-)evolutionary
approaches from environmental and innovation economics to ecoinnovation research is discussed. Three peculiarities of eco-innovation are
identified: the double externality problem, the regulatory push/pull effect
and the increasing importance of social and institutional innovation. While
the first two are widely ignored in innovation economics, the third is at the
least not elaborated appropriately. The consideration of these peculiarities
may help to overcome market failure by establishing a specific ecoinnovation policy and to avoid a ‘technology bias’ through a broader
understanding of innovation. Finally, perspectives for a specific
contribution of ecological economics to eco-innovation research are
drawn. It is argued that methodological pluralism as established in
ecological economics would be very beneficial for eco-innovation
research.
A theoretical framework integrating elements from both neoclassical and
evolutionary approaches should be pursued in order to consider the
complexity of factors influencing innovation decisions as well as the
specific role of regulatory instruments.
And the experience gathered in ecological economics integrating
ecological, social and economic aspects of sustainable development is
highly useful for opening up innovation research to social and institutional
changes.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999001123 ……….
11/1/2013
Redefining innovation — eco-innovation research and the
contribution from ecological economics
Klaus Rennings
Ecological Economics. Volume 32, Issue 2, February 2000, Pages 319–332
Preventive environmental technologies. Source: Hohmeyer and Koschel
(1995).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999001123 ……….
11/1/2013
Redefining innovation — eco-innovation research and the
contribution from ecological economics
Klaus Rennings
Ecological Economics. Volume 32, Issue 2, February 2000, Pages 319–332
Determinants of eco-innovations. *OCH=Occupational Safety and Health.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800999001123 ……….
11/1/2013
Relation between occupational safety management and firm
performance
Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz , José Manuel Montes-Peón , Camilo José VázquezOrdás.
Safety Science. Volume 47, Issue 7, August 2009, Pages 980–991
Occupational accidents severely deteriorate human capital, and hence
negatively affect the productivity and competitiveness of countries. But
despite this, we still observe a scarcity of preventive practices, an
unsatisfactory management commitment and an absence of safety culture
among Spanish firms.
The result is evident in firms’ high accident rates. This situation is a
consequence of the general belief among firms that investing in safety is a
cost, and hence has negative repercussions for their competitiveness.
The current work aims to identify good practices in safety management,
and analyse the effect of these practices on a set of indicators of
organisational performance. For this, we first carry out an exhaustive
literature review, and then formulate a series of hypotheses.
We then test the proposed model on a sample of 455 Spanish firms.
Our findings show that safety management has a positive influence on
safety performance, competitiveness performance, and economicfinancial performance.
Hence they provide evidence of the compatibility between worker
protection and corporate competitiveness.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753508001951 ……….
13/1/2013
Relation between occupational safety management and firm
performance
Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz , José Manuel Montes-Peón , Camilo José VázquezOrdás.
Safety Science. Volume 47, Issue 7, August 2009, Pages 980–991
Economic effects of health and safety at company level.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753508001951 ……….
13/1/2013
Relation between occupational safety management and firm
performance
Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz , José Manuel Montes-Peón , Camilo José VázquezOrdás.
Safety Science. Volume 47, Issue 7, August 2009, Pages 980–991
Occupational safety management system measurement scale
(third-order confirmatory factor model).
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753508001951 ……….
13/1/2013
Relation between occupational safety management and firm
performance
Beatriz Fernández-Muñiz , José Manuel Montes-Peón , Camilo José VázquezOrdás.
Safety Science. Volume 47, Issue 7, August 2009, Pages 980–991
Results of estimation of proposed model.
Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753508001951 ……….
13/1/2013