Technical Activities Board
CASE 2008, Washington, DC
Ken Goldberg, VP Technical Activities
tab.ieee-ras.org
RAS Technical Activities Board
• Ken Goldberg, VP Technical Activities
goldberg@berkeley.edu
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RAS Officers
45 Technical Committee co-chairs
24 Distinguished Lecturers
Eugenio Guglielmelli, Assoc. VPTA
Yasuhisa Hasegawa, Assoc. VPTA
“At-large” members: Frank van der Stappen,
Katsu Yamane, Henrik Christiansen, Matt
Mason, Ruediger Dillman,Satoshi Tadukoro
RAS TAB Agenda, F08 Meeting
•
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Spring 2008 Adcomm Decisions
Review of DLs, Most Active Nominations
Review of TCs, Most Active Nominations
Triennial Reviews of TCs in 2009, 2010
GOLD events
Process for appointing new TC Co-Chairs
Milestones (IEEE, RAS)
ICRA 2008: TAB Proposals
• Proposal: Increasing DL Transport budget
– from $10K -> $15K/year
• Proposal: Initiate Annual GOLD event at
CASE
– $2K/year
• Proposal: Retire TC-Prototyping
• Proposal: Retire TC-Underwater Robots
• Proposal: Retire TC-Manufacturing
Automation
• Proposal: Initiate TC-Robot Learning
• Proposal: Initiate TC-Marine Robotics
All Passed.
RAS Distinguished Lecturers
Asia/Pacific:
Tatsuo Arai
(Japan)
Hugh Durrant-Whyte
(Australia)
Xiaohong Guan
(China)
Hideki Hashimoto
(Japan)
Katsu Ikeuchi
(Japan)
Frank Chongwoo Park (Korea)
Michael Wang
(Hong Kong)
N. Vishu Viswanadham (India)
Europe:
Alicia Casals
(Spain)
Dan Halperin
(Israel)
Jean Paul Laumond
(France)
Brad Nelson
(Switzerland)
Paul Newman
(UK)
Majid Nili
(Iran)
Klas Nilsson
(Sweden)
Gianmarco Veruggio
(Italy)
Americas:
Greg Dudek
(Canada)
Lydia Kavraki
(US)
Vijay Kumar
(US)
Deirdre Meldrum
(US)
Robin Murphy
(US)
Javier Ruiz-del-Solar (Chile)
Sebastian Thrun
(US)
Alfredo Weitzenfeld (Mexico)
Technical Committees – Triennial Review 2008
Aerial Robotics and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Agricultural Robotics
Algorithms for Planning and Control of Robot Motion
Autonomous Ground Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems
Bio Robotics
Computer & Robot Vision
Haptics
Human-Robot Interaction & Coordination
Humanoid Robotics
Manufacturing Automation
Micro/Nano Robotics and Automation
Networked Robots
Prototyping for Robotics and Automation
Rehabilitation & Assistive Robotics
Roboethics
Safety Security and Rescue Robotics
Semiconductor Manufacturing Automation
Service Robotics
Software Engineering for Robotics and Automation
Space Robotics
Surgical Robotics
Telerobotics
Underwater Robotics
Technical Committees – Fall 2008
Aerial Robotics and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Agricultural Robotics
Algorithms for Planning and Control of Robot Motion
Autonomous Ground Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems
Bio Robotics
Computer & Robot Vision
Haptics
Human-Robot Interaction & Coordination
Humanoid Robotics
Marine Robots
Micro/Nano Robotics and Automation
Networked Robots
Rehabilitation & Assistive Robotics
Roboethics
Robot Learning
Safety Security and Rescue Robotics
Semiconductor Manufacturing Automation
Service Robotics
Software Engineering for Robotics and Automation
Space Robotics
Surgical Robotics
Telerobotics
Technical Committees – Triennial Review 2009:
Aerial Robotics and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Agricultural Robotics
Algorithms for Planning and Control of Robot Motion
Autonomous Ground Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems
Bio Robotics
Computer & Robot Vision
Haptics
Human-Robot Interaction & Coordination
Humanoid Robotics
Marine Robots
Micro/Nano Robotics and Automation
Networked Robots
Rehabilitation & Assistive Robotics
Roboethics
Robot Learning
Safety Security and Rescue Robotics
Semiconductor Manufacturing Automation
Service Robotics
Software Engineering for Robotics and Automation
Space Robotics
Surgical Robotics
Telerobotics
Technical Committees – Triennial Review 2010
Aerial Robotics and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Agricultural Robotics
Algorithms for Planning and Control of Robot Motion
Autonomous Ground Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems
Bio Robotics
Computer & Robot Vision
Haptics
Human-Robot Interaction & Coordination
Humanoid Robotics
Marine Robots
Micro/Nano Robotics and Automation
Networked Robots
Rehabilitation & Assistive Robotics
Roboethics
Robot Learning
Safety Security and Rescue Robotics
Semiconductor Manufacturing Automation
Service Robotics
Software Engineering for Robotics and Automation
Space Robotics
Surgical Robotics
Telerobotics
Aerial Robotics and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Flying opens new opportunities to robotically perform field services and
tasks like search and rescue, observation and mapping. Key areas to be
addressed include autonomous missions, localization and multi-vehicle
coordination.
Activities:
•IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine Special Issue "Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles: Enabling Technologies and Roadmap for Autonomy", Guest
Editors: K.P. Valavanis (USF) and G.J. Vachtsevanos (Georgia Tech)
•Springer-Verlag Book on UAVs (to be published)
•2006 2nd Annual Indoor Aerial Robot Competition, May 7, 2006 Philadelphia
•ICRA 2006:
•Full day workshop, “UAVs: Missions and Payloads”
•Full day tutorial, “Hands-on Lessons for UAV Construction”
•To Join, Contact Paul Oh:
paul@coe.drexel.edu
Agricultural Robotics
AgGuide Pty Ltd Australia and the
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
develop Vision/GPS/Inertial guidance systems
for farm machinery
>> more
University of Southern Queensland researchers and the
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
develop image processing systems for
livestock recognition
>> more
University of Georgia researchers
develop networked autonomous GPS guided
farm vehicles
>> more
Committee Chairs:
Website:
Jason Stone stonej@usq.edu.au (National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture)
Professor John Billingsley billings@usq.edu.au (University of Southern Queensland)
http://www.usq.edu.au/users/billings/ieee/
Algorithms for Planning and Control of Robot Motion
Integration of Planning and Control:
Planning based on local feedback control
policies (Connor, Choset, Rizzi, CMU);
others results at UIUC, UMass Amherst,
…
Funding:
SToMP: $7.8 million DARPA
program headed by UIUC to
investigate sensor-based
planning and associated
mathematical and algorithmic
challenges; others: Penn, U of
Chicago, Rochester, CarnegieMellon, Melbourne University,
Arizona State, and Bell
Labs/Lucent
Applications in Molecular Biology:
Protein folding kinetics (Texas A&M,
Stanford); Simulating large-amplitude
molecular motion (LAAS); Protein
structure prediction (UMass Amherst);
other results at CMU, Rice, …
Real-World Implementation:
Motion planning algorithms are being
implemented on real-world humanoid
robots at U Tokyo, AIST, CMU, …
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
Oliver Brock (oli@cs.umass.edu)
Tsutomu Hasegawa (hasegawa@irvs.is.kyushu-u-ac.jp);
Steve LaValle (lavalle@uiuc.edu)
Thierry Simeon (nic@laas.fr)
Bio Robotics
Recent Advances:
A
bipedal
jumping
and
landing robot with artificial
musculoskeletal
system
inspired on an animal has
been presented. Experiments
showed the abilities of the
robot to realize vertical
jumping.
Reference:
R.
Niiyama, A. Nagakubo, Y.
Kuniyoshi, “Mowgli: A bipedal
jumping and landing robot
with
an
artificial
musculoskeletal system”, in
Proc. of ICRA, pp. 2546-2551,
2007.
Contact email to join:
•
TC_contact@takanishi.mech.waseda.ac.jp
A new bio-inspired climbing robot
designed to scale smooth vertical
surfaces has been presented. The
robot, called Stickybot, draws its
inspiration from geckos and other
climbing lizards and employs similar
compliance
and
force
control
strategies to climb smooth vertical
surfaces. M. Cutkosky, et al., “Whole
body
adhesion:
hierarchical,
directional and distributed control of
adhesive forces for a climbing robot,”
Proc. ICRA 2007, pp. 1268-1273.
A
humanoid
two-arm
system
developed as a research platform for
studying
dexterous
two-handed
manipulation. Two arms and hands are
combined with a three degrees-offreedom movable torso and a visual
system to form a complete humanoid
upper body. G. Hirzinger, et al.,
“A
humanoid upper body system for twohanded manipulation,” Proc. ICRA
2007, p. 2766-2767
TC Co-Chairs:
Atsuo Takanishi, Waseda University
Blake Hannaford, University of Washington
Things
Objects
Computer and Robot Vision
Attention points
3D Segmentation
Grouping
2D Attributes
3D Attributes
2D/3D Attributes
Object modeling
for grasp
planning and
execution
Vision Based Simultaneous
Localization and Mapping
To join contact:
Danica Kragic (dani@kth.se)
Real-time, stereo
based vision
systems for scene
modeling,
segmentation,
object and activity
recognition
Active humanoid
head (University of
Karlsruhe)
Haptics
Haptic Science
Tactile display to investigate longitudinal
recall of meaningful tactile signals (haptic
icons) (Univ. of British Columbia) and
skin stretch device for virtual
proprioception tasks (Stanford Univ.)
Haptic Technology
Haptic device by Distributed Macro-Mini actuation
(Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison and Stanford Univ.)
and tactile pattern display using Piezoelectric
Bending Element (Northwestern Univ.)
Haptic Application
Graphics display by lateral
skin deformation (McGill
Univ.)
International conferences on haptics
worldHaptics (every two years in Europe, Asia, and North America)
Haptic Symposium and EuroHaptics (every other two years in the US and Europe)
A new transaction on Haptics will be published !
Publication will commence in the fall of 2008, and issues will
appear quarterly. Visit http://www.computer.org/toh for detail.
Visit our Web site and contact co-chairs to join:
http://www.worldhaptics.org/
Matthias Harders
mharders@vision.ee.ethz.ch
Marcia O’Malley
omalleym@rice.edu
Yasuyoshi Yokokohji
yokokohji@me.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Human-Robot Interaction and Coordination
Co-Chairs: Cecilia Laschi , Cynthia Breazeal, Yasushi Nakauchi
• Recent Technical Developments in HRI
– Computational models of core human socio-cognitive
skills (such as perspective taking and shared attention)
have been successfully demonstrated to improve the
quality of human-robot teamwork and interaction
– HRI frameworks have successfully been applied to
traditional machine learning methods to enable
humanoid and mobile robots to learn from natural
human interactions via imitation, demonstration, and
tutelage.
– The HRI community has embarked on developing
evaluation metrics that embrace multi-disciplinary
perspectives such as human factors, psychology,
robotics, etc. for diverse areas of HRI such as Urban
Search and Rescue, Social Robotics, H-R teams for
Space Exploration, and more.
Leonardo sharing attention during
collaborative tasks at MIT Media Lab
DB learning by demonstration to
play air-hockey at ATR
• TC email list: tchric@hri.iit.tsukuba.ac.jp
Robonaut (teleop)-astronaut
teams at NASA JSC
Humanoid Robotics
Recent Activities
• 2006 IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots
–
–
–
–
Organized by Giulio Sandini and Aude Billard
Dec. 4-6, Genova, Italy
100 Presentation (161 submitted)
240 Attendees
• Steering Committee Meeting of the TC on Humanoids
(at Humanoids2006)
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–
–
–
–
Humanoids Steering/Advisory Committee (TC) Members Structure
Conference Policy
Report of Humanoids Conference 2005, 2006, 2007
Future Humanoids Conference (2008, 2009, ...)
R&D Collaboration
Future Perspectives
• Humanoids 2007
– Nov. 28-30
– The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
– General Chair: James Kuffner
• Collaborative Development of Software Platform
(Continuous Project from 2006)
Co-chairs:
Christian Laugier; Urbano Nunes; Alberto Broggi
Some examples of recent technical developments
in robotics technologies applied to ITS
for quality of life, efficiency, mobility, safety, challenge.
The DARPA Grand Challenge
•The first race ever that saw 5
autonomous vehicles reach the finish
line after 130+ miles of desert, rough
terrain, and extreme conditions.
•The first time that unmanned vehicles
succeed in this extremely complex
task.
Cybercars: a new approach for
sustainable mobility
Emerging as an alternative to the private passenger
car, cybercars try to offer the same flexibility and much
less nuisances based on fully automated electrical
vehicles with on-demand and door-to-door capability. Fleets
of such vehicles are being deployed in several worldwide
cities and are already operational in specific
environments such as
shuttle
services for
passenger transportation.
Major breakthrough in
automobile
Combination of Adaptive Cruise
Control (ACC) and Lane Keep
Assist System (LKAS).
2005/06
Join RAS TC on ITS:
Contact: Urbano Nunes, urbano@isr.uc.pt
Micro / Nano Robotics and Automation
Recent Advances:
Electron micrograph of a nanoactuator built from telescoping
carbon nanotubes. Note the difference in length between top
and bottom panels. Reference: L. Dong, B. J. Nelson, T. Fukuda
and F. Arai, “Towards Linear Nano Servomotors”, IEEE Trans. on
Automation Science & Engineering, 2006, pp. 228-235.
Fully automatic manipulation of nanoparticles with sizes ~ 10
nm. Planned sequence of operations on left AFM image result
on the pattern on right. Reference: B. Mokaberi, J. Yun, M.
Wang and A. A. G. Requicha, “Automated Nanomanipulation
with Atomic Force Microscopes”, ICRA 07, Rome, Italy, 2007.
Fully automatic navigation of a ferromagnetic bead in the carotid
artery of a living swine. Reference: J-B. Mathieu and S. Martel,
“In Vivo Validation of a Propulsion Method for Untethered
Microrobots Using a Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging
System”, IROS 07, San Diego, USA, 2007.
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
Fumihito Arai
arai@imech.mech.tohoku.ac.jp
Nicholas Chaillet
nicolas.chaillet@femto-st.fr
Ari Requicha
requicha@usc.edu
Networked Robots
Recent Advances:
Coordinating large heterogeneous mobile
robot team. Reference: A. Howard, L.E.
Parker, and G. S. Sukhatme “Experiments
with Large Heterogeneous Mobile Robot
Team: Exploration, Mapping, Deployment
and Detection”, Internal Journal of Robotics
Research, 5 2006; vol. 25: pp. 431 - 447
Surveillance, search, and rescue applications.
Reference: B. Grochosky, J. Keller, V. Kumar,
and G.J. Pappas, “Cooperative Air and
Ground Surveillance ”, IEEE Robotics and
Automation Magazine, Volume 13, Issue 3,
September 2006, pages 16-25.
.
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
Asia:
Norihiro Hagita <hagita@atr.jp>
Europe: Klaus Schilling
<k_schi@t-online.de>
USA: Dez Song
<dzsong@cs.tamu.edu>
Rehabilitation & Assistive Robotics
CO-CHAIRS:
Michelle J. Johnson
Marquette University, USA
(From RAS Area 1: Americas)
Eugenio Guglielmelli
Università Campus Bio-Medico, Italy
(From RAS Area 2: Europe, Middle Est & Africa)
Takahori Shibata
AIST, Japan
(From RAS Area 3: Asia & Oceania)
EMERGING TREND: REHAB & ASSISTIVE ROB FOCUS ON NEURODEVELOPMENT
EXOSKELETON
FOR LOWER LIMB MOTOR THERAPY
The Pediatric Lokomat
(Hocoma Ltd) for intensive
locomotion therapy of
children with neurological
disorders
MECHATRONIC TOYS AND WEARABLE DEVICES FOR
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDERS
A sensorized rattle toy equipped
with multiple inertial, magnetic and
tactile sensors for behavioral
analysis of infants in ecological
settings
ROBOTIC TOYS FOR TREATMENT OF
AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Keepon, the robot developed in
Japan by H. Kozima et al. as
part of the Infanoid project to
investigate the underlying
mechanisms of social
intelligence
To join the TC and receive most updated information in the field just e-mail: RehabRob@ieee.org
To know more about these news access our website through the TAB link from the RAS Homepage
MEMBER
COUNTER
80
Roboethics
It is the human-centered ethics guiding the design,
construction and use of the robots.
Gianmarco Veruggio <gianmarco@veruggio.it> (Corresp. Co-chair)
Ronald C. Arkin <arkin@cc.gatech.edu> (Co-chair)
Atsuo Takanishi <takanisi@waseda.jp> (Co-chair)
RECENT DEVELOPEMENTS
• International Symposium “Robotics: A New Science” @ Accademia
Nazionale dei Lincei, February 20, 2008 - Rome, Italy. (G.Veruggio:
“Roboethics: Philosophical, Social and Ethical Implications of Robotics”)
• Table Ronde “Roboéthique” @ JNRR07 - Journées Nationales de la
Recherche en Robotique. October 10, 2007 - Obernay, France. “Keynote by
G.Veruggio and Rodolphe Gelin).
• Seventh International Computer Ethics Conference, July 14, 2007 University of San Diego, USA. (Keynote by G.Veruggio on “Ethical and
Societal issues in Robotics”).
• Track on “Philosophy and Ethics of Robotics” @ ECAP07 - European
Computing and Philosophy Conference. June 23, 2007 - University of
Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Chair G.Veruggio.
info@roboethics.org
http://www.roboethics.org/ieee_ras_tc/
Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics
Outreach to Response Organizations
Emergency response organizations
around the world are being exposed to
research and commercial robots at
training exercises and field demos in
Japan, Italy, USA, ....
Workshops:
IROS 2007: Rescue Robotics DDT Project on Urban Search and
Rescue
SICE 2008 Organized Session:
Safety, Security, and Rescue Robot
Systems
6th IEEE International Workshop on
Safety, Security and Rescue
Robotics (SSRR 2008) October 2831, 2008 – Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan
General Chair: Satoshi Tadokoro
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
Research Directions
Mobility in collapsed structures remains a
key area of research, worldwide.
Human/Computer Interaction under stress
is receiving increasing emphasis. The first
systematic studies of Wilderness Search
and Rescue are starting to appear.
New Research Installations:
$2M National Testbed for Safety Security
Technologies broke ground this spring at
USF (USA). This testbed will house indoor
collapsed structure simulation capabilities
including smoke and rain.
Daniele Nardi (Daniele.Nardi@dis.uniroma1.it)
Richard Voyles (rvoyles@du.edu);
Fumitoshi Matsuno (matsuno@hi.mce.uec.ac.jp)
Or contact ssrr-info@hi.mce.uec.ac.jp
Semiconductor Manufacturing Automation
Service Robots
Recent Advances/inventions:
Humanoid sales representative, Advanced
Telecommunications Research Institute,
Japan, January 2008.
Tankpitstop, Winding Road,
2/5/08.
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
http://www.service-robots.org
Hadi Moradi
moradih@ut.ac.ir/ moradi@usc.edu
Giovanni Muscato gmuscato@diees.unict.it
Software Engineering in Robotics & Automation
Davide Brugali,
Giuseppe Menga
Franco Guidi Polanco
brugali@unibg.it
menga@polito.it
fguidi@ucv.cl
Current Number
of Members: 24
Advances in Robot Software Development
Pursuing the synergy between Robotics and Software Engineering
•
•
•
STAR book “Software Engineering for Experimental Robotics” 2007
SDIR-II Workshop at ICRA2007
SDIR-III Workshop at ICRA2008 (proposal)
Robotic software frameworks and tools
•
•
•
NASA / JPL CLARAty open source September 2007
“Robot Software” @ Wikipedia : several projects
ROSTA http://wiki.robot-standards.org/
Domain engineering
•
•
Software Abstraction for robot embodiment: The AnyMorphology project at UniBG
Measures and Procedures for the Evaluation of Robot Architectures The EU ROSTA project
Space Robotics
Space Robotics TC Web site:
was expanded and maintained
http://teamster.usc.edu/~fixture/Robotics/SpaceRoboticsTC/SpaceRoboticsTC.html …
Planetary Robotics:
Mars rovers (JPL, ESA, LAASCNRS, Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology in Zurich, Tohoku
University, CMU, Stanford
University, Universität Bremen) …
Orbital Robotics:
Inspection and Maintenance Robot (Northrop Grumman); Manipulation of
Flexible Space Structures (Georgia Tech); Form Based Control Algorithm
(Cleveland State University); Coordinated Control of Space Robot Teams
(MIT); Space Manipulator Analysis (JAXA); Autonomous Spacecraft
Proximity Maneuvers (Naval Postgraduate School) …
Organizational:
Membership increased from
13 to 18 in 2007; continued
cooperation with other
organizations; ICRA
workshops in ’07 and ’08,
attendance at IROS ‘07 and
ICRA ‘08RAS TAB meeting…
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
Rick Wagner (Rick.Wagner@NGC.com)
Dimi Apostolopoulos (da1v@cs.cmu.edu)
Hobson Lane (Hobson.Lane@NGC.com)
Richard Volpe (volpe@jpl.nasa.gov)
Surgical Robotics
TC Co-Chairs:
Jaydev P. Desai, RAMS Lab, jaydev@umd.edu
Frank Tendick, frank.tendick@ucsf.edu
Mamoru Mitsuishi, mamoru@nml.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Robot-Assisted Lung Brachytherapy
A.L. Trejos, S. Mohan, H. Bassan, A. Lin, A. Kashigar,
R.V. Patel, R. Malthaner
In-Vivo Pan/Tilt Endoscope with Integrated
Light Source
Tie Hu, Peter K. Allen, Dennis L .Fowler
MRI Compatible Robotic Radiofrequency
Ablation with Haptic Feedback
Rebecca Kokes, Kevin Lister, Rao Gullapalli,
Bao Zhang, Howard Richard, Jaydev P. Desai
Telerobotics
Multi-master/multi-slave teleoperation:
Multiple robots for increasing telepresence and remote
functionalities
Technische Univ. München, Teleoperation of Mobile
Robots (UIUC),…
Teleoperation of mobile robots:
Mobile haptic interface and mobile teleoperator
Technische Univ. München, Univ. di Roma, Univ.
Politecnica de Madrid
Workshops:
ICRA 2008: New Vistas and
Challenges in Telerobotics
Contact Co-Chairs to Join:
Manuel Ferre(mferre@etsii.upm.es)
Nikhil Chopra (nchopra@umd.edu);
Angelika Peer (angelika.peer@tum.de)
Cristian Secchi (cristian.secchi@unimore.it)
Master
Side
Comm.
Channel
Slave
Side
Advanced bilateral control
New control strategies for improving telepresence
Port-Hamiltonian strategies (Univ. of Modena and
Reggio Emilia and Univ Twente), Synchronization
(UMD and UIUC), Wave variables (Stanford), …
Technical Committees – Fall 2008
Aerial Robotics and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Agricultural Robotics
Algorithms for Planning and Control of Robot Motion
Autonomous Ground Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems
Bio Robotics
Computer & Robot Vision
Haptics
Human-Robot Interaction & Coordination
Humanoid Robotics
Marine Robots
Micro/Nano Robotics and Automation
Networked Robots
Rehabilitation & Assistive Robotics
Roboethics
Robot Learning
Safety Security and Rescue Robotics
Semiconductor Manufacturing Automation
Service Robotics
Software Engineering for Robotics and Automation
Space Robotics
Surgical Robotics
Telerobotics
Field of Interest Statement
The Society strives to advance innovation, education, and
fundamental and applied research in Robotics and
Automation. Robotics focuses on systems incorporating
sensors and actuators that operate autonomously or semiautonomously in cooperation with humans. Robotics
research emphasizes intelligence and adaptability to cope
with unstructured environments. Automation research
emphasizes efficiency, productivity, quality, and reliability,
focusing on systems that operate autonomously, often in
structured environments over extended periods, and on the
explicit structuring of such environments.