DROPS & CROPS [2.3 5.2]
Tuesday 17th March Feshane 4
Water service provision
and
water demand management
in
large irrigation schemes
Daniel Renault
FAOWATER
Water Demand Management
Demand Management definition: In natural
resources management and environmental
policy,
“Demand Management” refers to policies to
control consumer demand for environmentally
sensitive or harmful goods such as water and
energy.
Water Demand Management is understood broadly
as making the most of available water [as
opposed to supply side, i.e. increasing the supply.]
How is it achieved?
Placing actors of the process in a position to be
highly interested by minimizing water use and
maximizing the outputs per unit of water
[Flexibility and responsibility]
Depending on who you are or what sphere of
society you are in:
•
•
•
Food supply capita/m3  Diets – Food chain
Money or Value/m3  agriculture economy
Jobs/m3  social
Several levels/actors for Water
• End users farmers // other uses
• System to large management units // other
uses/users: Water Service Providers
• River basin to system: Regulating Authority and
Legislator
Some of the WDM tools/Users
• Economical signals: Volumetric charging
• Constraining the allocation: Allocating limited
volume of water : quotas
• Promoting exchange: water markets.
Some of the supporting means
• Agriculture diversification
• Irrigation Technical improvements (ex. drip)
2 major issues with WDM tools:
Are they effective ?
Are they practical ?
Where is the devil ?
In the details
The devil in Efficiency
Water losses are not often real losses
Water recycling is important (same use)
 Room for savings may be very limited!
The devil in Productivity
Multiple uses of Water is a critical asset on many
large irrigation systems: productivity in
agriculture OUTPUTS is not enough.
Multiple Uses of water
Ex. Agro-Forest-Fish systems in Sri Lanka
NEGATIVE
EXTERNALITY (Excess
drainage in the lagoons)
3%
REAL LOSSES TO THE
SEA
16%
INTERNALITIES (crop
consumption)
23%
TANK EVAPORATION
6%
FALLOW
EVAPOTRANSPIRATIO
N
8%
PERENNIAL
VEGETATION
(Coconutrees Homestaed gardening)
44%
Fish= 19 % of the agri. gross product
SERVICE PROVISION
A provider of service : Irrigation agency –
association,  produces and delivers
A receiver of the service : end user –association,
 requests, receives and remunerates.
Service Oriented Management [SOM]
= 3 basic flows WATER - INFORMATION –
MONEY
Remunerates
Money
Adjusts the
demand
Controls
the offer
Contrôle
l’offre
Service
Provider
Water
produce
s
USER
delivers
to Fournit
à
SERVICE
Information
Measures
Charges
Irrigation services
Dimensions of service in irrigation:
• Allocation of water
• Scheduling of irrigation watering
• Delivery of water.
Different levels of service in irrigation:
• Main Canal to secondary
• Secondary to tertiary canals
• Final deliveries
Allocation matters for WDM
• Managing water storage from one season to
the other (wet and dry season) is an important
asset for WDM [adjusting for Adequacy].
• Actors to decide about storing/using their
water share or quantum.
Irrigation scheduling matters
• Rigid imposed scheduling are heavy
constraints when no other source of water
• Imposed scheduling are often based on
staple food [fixed season - low frequency]
cannot cope with cash crops and off
season crops when markets are more
profitable.
Irrigation Delivery matters
Indicators of service:
• Reliability
• Adequacy
• Flexibility
• Equity
Services (1)
Flexibility
NO RISKS High CHOICE
Minimum losses of water
Heavy losses of water
Medium losses of water
LOW R = HIGH RISKS
HIGH R =LOW RISKS
but LOW FLEX. = LOW CHOICE
Reliability
Equity
Services (2)
High equity = cost/decision well shared
sustainability of the whole system
Low equity  chaos and water losses
Farmers adjust cropping
pattern to their resources
LIMITED -QUOTAS
ILLIMITED – economical signals
Adequacy
What else matters ?
• Energy matters on IS
• Labor matters
• Money matters (no money no
maintenance)
Performance of service/level
4.0
Actual WDS by the main canal to the second level canal
3.5
Actual WDS at the most downstream part in the system operated by a paid
employee
Actual WDS to individual ownership units
3.0
U
U
2.5
U
U
2.0
U
U
U
U
1.5
1.0
3 types: U
Zhange
Example of Rice based systems – ASIA
Jiamakou
MADA
Nam Oon
MARIIS
Dau Tieng
Mahakali
Nam Houm
Cau Son-Cam Son
Lak Bok
Kouping puoy
Sunsari Morang
Lodoyo
West Krishna
Narayani
0.0
Ghataprabha (GBLC)
0.5
Service provision is more complex more
demanding
 service to users more diversified (qualitycost)
 Water management more demanding
 Cost effective Management
DROPS & CROPS [2.3 5.2]
Tuesday 17th March Feshane 4
Statement 1: BULK management enough
To control and minimize water use, managing
water on the solely basis of water balance at
subsystem is needed and sufficient.
Statement 2: Chirurgical management needed
To enable actors maximizing the outputs,
services oriented management is required.
DROPS & CROPS [2.3 5.2]
Tuesday 17th March Feshane 4
Thank you