Welcome Back! 
 Sun Devils are going to San Francisco!!!!! December
29th, 2pm ESPN2- look for Ms. K there
 Last week of Instruction…3 weeks left of school
 Next week- test week
 Following week-final study week
 2 weeks of break
Warm Up:
 What do you know about the story of Christopher
Columbus? Write at least 5 things down.
Learning Goal:
 Analyze the motives of exploration in Europe
 Distinguish the improving technology of the
Exploration Age
 Understand the REAL story of Christopher Columbus
Ch 19.1
What exploration had already occurred?
 Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in
1100.
 Leif Erikson was the first European to reach the
shores-left after two years because the land was
inhabitable.
 Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese
empire in 1275.
Money! Money! Money!
 The main reason for new exploration was to seek for
new sources of wealth.
 Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from the trade
of spices and other luxury goods from Asia.
High Demand for Spices
 Europeans became introduced to
certain items during the Crusades.
 After the crusades, Europeans still
demanded these items.
 Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and
pepper
 All of these added flavor to the
bland foods of Europe.
 Because the supply of spices was
low, merchants could demand
higher prices.
Everyone wants a piece of the action!
 European merchants (England, Spain, Portugal, and
France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and bypass
the Italian merchants.
 This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia.
Christianity
 The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European
exploration.
 The Crusades left bad relations between the Christians
and Muslims.
 Christians wanted to continue to convert nonChristians throughout the world.
Bartolomeu Dias –
Portuguese Explorer
“To serve God and His
Majesty, to give light to
those who were in
darkness and to grow
rich as all men desire to
do.”
The 3 “G’s”
 The motto behind European Exploration became:
The Caravel
 A new ship that made sea
exploration possible
 Sturdier than previous
ships
 It had triangular sails,
which made it possible to
sail against the wind.
 It was extremely
maneuverable.
Caravel
Astrolabe
 The astrolabe was a
brass circle with
carefully adjusted rings
marked off in degrees,
which was perfected by
the Muslims.
 Using the rings to sight
the stars, a sea captain
could tell how far north
or south of the equator
he was.
Magnetic Compass
 Explorers were also
able to more
accurately track their
direction by using a
magnetic compass
invented by the
Chinese
Astrolabe
Compass
Portugal leads the way
 Soon the Portuguese
established trading posts all
along the coast of Africa.
 They traded gold and ivory.
 Eventually, they traded for
African slaves.
 After establishing
themselves in Africa, they
wanted to find a sea route to
Asia.
Portugal
11th century Ivory Elephant Tusk found
in Italy
SPAIN IS JEALOUS!
 Spain watched with envy as Portugal increased in
wealth.
 The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a direct sea
route to the treasures of Asia.
Columbus
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
of Spain
 Spain finally succeeded in kicking out the Moors,
and they could finally focus on sea exploration.
 Christopher Columbus sought financial help from
the Spanish monarchy.
 The Spanish monarchy refused his request 3 times.
 The Queen called for Columbus when she learned he
was going to ask the French for the money.
Agreement
 The Spanish monarchy
promised Columbus that he
would be governor over lands
he discovered, as well as be
called, ‘admiral of the ocean
seas’.
 Columbus would also receive
10% of the profits.
 In return, Columbus agreed
to spread Christianity and
return with gold, silver, and
spices- never found any!!!!
Ferdinand
and Isabella
Columbus petitioning the
Spanish monarchy
Christopher Columbus
 The Italian explorer left Spain on
August 3, 1492 in search of a
westward route across the
Atlantic to reach India.
 Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
 He took about 120 men,
including an Arabic interpreter.
The Bahamas
 On October 12, 1492,
Columbus and his crew
landed in the Caribbean.
 He landed on an island
somewhere in the Bahamas.
 Historians debate exactly
where Columbus first set foot.
 The first island he visited, he
claimed for the Spanish
throne and renamed it ‘San
Salvador’ -translation for
‘Holy Savior’.
Close up of
San Salvador
 Today San Salvador
island (also known as
Watling Island and
Guanahani Island) is
known for its sandy
beaches and tropical
climate.
 Population is approx
1,000
San Salvador
Can you imagine
Columbus’s crew
landing here?
How would this
environment be
different than
Spain? How do
you think
Columbus and
his men felt?
The Taino people
 Columbus believed he
had reached the ‘Indies’,
and therefore named the
indigenous people ‘los
indios’, or the Indians.
 However, he was not in
the Indies.
 The people he
encountered called
themselves the Taino.
 The Taino people were
spread out all across the
Bahaman islands.
Columbus Journal excerpt
 “I presented them with some red caps, and strings of
glass beads to wear upon the neck, and many other
trifles of small value, wherewith they were much
delighted, and became wonderfully attached to us.
Afterwards they came swimming to the boats where we
were, bringing parrots, balls of cotton thread, javelins,
and many other things…”
“Weapons they have none, nor are acquainted with them,
for I showed them swords which they grasped by the
blades, and cut themselves through ignorance. They
have no iron, their javelins being without it, and
nothing more than sticks, though some have fish-bones
or other things at the ends.”
Reconstruction of the Taino village
Columbus returns to Spain
 The Spanish monarchy was extremely pleased with
Columbus.
 They financed three more voyages to the islands.
 On his second voyage, he had 17 ships in his fleet and
several armed soldiers.
 He also brought 1,000 settlers.
 The Spanish intended to colonize the area.
Activity
 Warm Ups from last week- last page
 Read the article then answer the questions- turn it in
today!
Why is America named
“America” and not “Columbia”?
 Amerigo Vespucci
 Italian explorer working for the Portuguese crown.
 Traveled along the eastern coast of South America.
 He returned to Europe and claimed that the newly
discovered land was not part of ASIA, but a “New
World”- wrote a very successful book on it
 In 1507, a German map-maker named the new
continent ‘America’ after him.
Interesting Note
 Columbus died never knowing that he discovered the
New World.
 He died still believing it was the Indies.
Hernando Cortez
(Spanish Conquistador, ‘Conqueror’)
 Arrived in Mexico in 1519.
 Cortes and his men reached
the Tenochtitlan.
 The Aztec emperor,
Montezuma II, was
convinced at first that
Cortes was a god.
 He agreed to give the
Spanish explorer a share of
the empire’s existing gold
supply.
 Cortes forced the
Aztecs to mine more
gold and silver.
 In the spring of 1520,
the Aztecs rebelled
against the Spanish
intruders and drove out
Cortes’s forces.
 The Spaniards struck
back and destroyed the
Aztecs in 1521.
Cortes defeats the Aztecs
 The Spanish had the
advantage of superior
weaponry.
 Aztec arrows were no
match for the
Spaniards’ muskets and
cannons.
 Cortes was also able to
recruit help from
various native tribes.
Montezuma II
Malinche
 Native Aztec woman
who helped Cortez
convince other tribes to
fight against
Montezuma.
 Many tribes hated their
harsh practices of
human sacrifices.
Malinche with Cortes
Disease
 Disease claimed the lives of most Aztecs.
 Spaniards brought new germs and diseases to the
Natives.
 Measles
 Mumps
 Smallpox
 typhus
 Over the next 200 years disease would claim over 1/3 of
Native American lives.
A new society emerges
 Peninsulares – Spaniards
born in Spain who came to
America as settlers or
explorers.
 Peninsulares were mostly
men, therefore many married
native women.
 A new race was created called
Mestizo – mixed Spanish and
Native American.
Encomienda system
 Spaniards forced Native Americans in a labor
system.
 Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish
landlords.
 The landlords promised Spanish government they
would act fairly and respectfully toward the workers.
 However, many abused the natives and worked
many laborers to death, especially inside the
mines.
Catholic Priests
 Accompanied explorers to
the Americas.
 While the explorers searched
for gold, the priests looked
for Christian converts.
 In 1609-1610, the “Santa Fe”
was built.
 In the next two decades,
Christian missions would
expand across the
southwestern U.S.
Opposition to Spanish rule
 Spanish priests worked to spread Christianity in the
Americas.
 They also pushed for a better treatment of Native
Americans.
 Priests spoke out against the cruelty towards the
natives.
 They criticized the encomienda system.
Bartolome de las Casas
 “There is nothing more detestable
or cruel than the tyranny which the
Spaniards use toward the Indians for
getting of riches.”
 Las Casa suggested the use of
African labor.
 “The labor of one is more
valuable than that of four
Indians.”
 The Spaniards soon began to import
Africa slaves to meet their growing
labor needs.
Spaniards forced their culture
 The natives were forced to
convert to Christianity.
 Spanish priests and soldiers
often burned their sacred
objects and prohibited many
native rituals.
 They were abused physically.
 Natives who practiced their
own religion were beaten.
Columbus Station Activity