Rebekah Thomas
EDCI 270
Students:
• 7th-8th Grade
• Attend a typical World History class
• Advanced 6th Grade class
• Anyone interested in Ancient Greece
Learning Environment:
• Students will be in class
• Each student will have his own computer, paper,
pencil, and headphones
• Teacher will assist students if needed; otherwise
students will work through the lesson on their own
Objectives:
• Upon completion of this module on the Peloponnesian War, students will
be able to identify:
– Certain important dates
– Notable persons
– Major battles.
• Students will participate in a quiz about the material and will answer with
no less than 80% accuracy.
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2.
1.
Peloponnesian War
4.
(Click on a picture to start)
3.
Introduction
An Overview of the major characters from the
Peloponnesian War:
Introduction
The Peloponnesian War started in
431 B.C. when a Spartan ally attacked
an Athenian ally. Both sides responded
with a declaration of war.
Introduction
This war lasted 27 years.
Introduction
Alcibiades was an Athenian general.
During the war he betrayed his city
and joined forces with Sparta.
Introduction
Alcibiades was forgiven by the
Athenian assembly and he returned
to Athens in 407 B.C. He was
assassinated three years later.
Introduction
Brasidas was a Spartan general. He
died in 422 B.C. in the final battle
against Athens while leading his
troops to victory.
Introduction
Pericles was the most famous
Athenian politician at this time. He
was Athens’ main leader for the
first three years of the war.
Introduction
He is most known for his work overseeing
the construction of the Parthenon, which
has remained a national monument for
over 2,000 years.
Introduction
Pericles died of a plague in
429 B.C. at the age of 65.
Introduction
Cleon was an Athenian statesman who
disagreed with Pericles’ war strategy. Cleon
wanted to obliterate all enemies of Athens.
Introduction
Cleon died in the Battle of Amphipolis,
where Brasidas was killed as well.
Introduction
Nicias was another Athenian politician
during the war. He was a staunch rival of
Cleon’s, since he wanted to conclude a
peace with Sparta quickly.
Introduction
Nicias was appointed as a military general,
and was captured in Syracuse by the
Spartans and executed in 413 B.C.
Introduction
The Athenian general
Lamachus was a
member of the Sicilian
Expedition in 421 B.C.
Introduction
Mindarus was a popular Spartan
commander. He was killed in the
Battle of Cyzius while fighting
against Alcibiades.
Introduction
Gylippus was the Spartan general
responsible for capturing Nicias. He also
defeated over 5,000 men from the Athenian
army stationed in Sicily.
Introduction
Another Spartan general, Lysander, defeated
the Athenians at the Battle of Aegospotami. This
victory greatly weakened Athens and ultimately
led to their defeat in the Peloponnesian War.
Introduction
A contemporary of the time, Thucydides
wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War,
which contains much of the information we
have about the war.
Terms to Remember:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peloponnesian War
Alcibiades
Brasidas
Pericles
Cleon
Nicias
Syracuse
Lamachus
Mindarus
Gylippus
Lysander
Thucydides
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
431 B.C.
429 B.C.
Battle of Amphipolis
Sicilian Expedition
Battle of Cyzius
Battle of Aegospotami
History of the Peloponnesian War
Introduction
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Archidamian War
The Peloponnesian War is divided into
three stages. The Archidamian War is the
first stage, and lasted from 431-421 B.C.
Archidamian War
This stage was named after the Spartan king
Archidamus. He was opposed to the war
against Athens from the very beginning.
Archidamian War
The war started because the city-state
of Athens was seen as a threat to
Greece’s democracy.
Archidamian War
Pericles, the main leader in Athens,
wanted to build a stronger and more
glorious city. This caused many rival
cities to view the actions of Athens as
signs of aggression.
Archidamian War
Athens started to force their territories
into submission, and by the spring of
431 B.C. Sparta decided to intervene.
Archidamian War
Several months were spent in negotiations
between Athens and Sparta. But when
Sparta’s ally Thebes attacked an Athenian
ally, war broke out.
Archidamian War
Sparta formed the
Peloponnesian League
with its allies. Its strategy
was to gather a large army
and directly attack Athens
as well as the surrounding
area of Attica.
Archidamian War
Athens gathered allies and formed the
Delian League. Athens’ strategy was to
stay behind their city walls and wait for
Sparta to give up.
Archidamian War
These plans produced a stalemate. For two
years no side made any significant progress.
So Sparta switched plans.
Archidamian War
Sparta tried attacking Athens by sea, but was
thwarted every time by Athens’ superior navy.
Archidamian War
Sparta was taking major losses. It seemed
that Athens would win the war. But in 429 B.C.
a plague spread through Athens, killing its
leader Pericles.
Archidamian War
In 428 B.C. several cities within
Athens’ territory revolted. Athens
responded with military force.
Archidamian War
But even while fighting multiple battles
across thousands of miles, Athens was
still militarily more powerful than Sparta.
Archidamian War
In 425 B.C. Brasidas attempted to provoke further
rebellions against Athens. He also captured the
strategic Athenian colony of Amphipolis.
Archidamian War
In 422 B.C. Athens attempted to recapture
Amphipolis.
This battle resulted in the deaths of Cleon
and Brasidas, both great military leaders
from each side.
Archidamian War
Battered and weary, both sides were eager for
some kind of peace. This resulted in a treaty
known as the Peace of Nicias.
Archidamian War
Technically, Athens won the
Archidamian War, although losses
were very great.
Archidamian War
Athens had been humiliated and was
ready to prove it was still a power
to be reckoned with.
It wouldn’t be long before the chance came.
Terms to Remember:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Archidamian War
Archidamus
Peloponnesian League
Attica
Delian League
Peace of Nicias
•
•
•
431-421 B.C.
429 B.C.
422 B.C.
Think About It:
Do you think it was fair for Athens to
demand all of Greece be under their
rule? Was it right for Sparta to intervene?
What would you have done if you were
the leader of Sparta?
(Write your answer in essay form.)
Archidamian War
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The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
The second stage of the Peloponnesian
War is also referred to as the
Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition,
which lasted from 421-412 B.C .
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
In the spring of 421 B.C., Athens and Sparta
signed a 50 year peace treaty. The politician
Nicias was a major advocate of this treaty.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Within three years this
treaty was broken.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
However, Sparta used those years to
build a naval force of its own.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Alcibiades, Pericles’ nephew, became the new
Athenian leader. He suggested using Sparta’s
enemies to wage war, instead of Athenian
troops directly.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
But when the Spartan king Agis II marched
north, the Athenians decided to fight.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
In 418 B.C., the battle at Mantinea resulted
in a Spartan victory, which helped restore
Sparta’s prestige.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
The Sicilian Expedition began after the Peace of Nicias
was signed in 421 B.C.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Athens had been looking for an opportunity to
send out an armada to conquer Sicily (an
island southwest of Greece). It seemed their
chance had arrived.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
At first this Athenian armada was small. It
was to be sent in disguise as support for
the Athenian allies in Sicily.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
But Nicias asked for a larger force.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
This large armada caused the inhabitants of
Sicily to fear that they would be forcibly taken
over. It also left Athens practically
defenseless.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
There were three Athenian commanders that
went on the expedition to Sicily:
Nicias, Lamachus, and Alcibiades.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Lamachus wanted to attack Syracuse
(eastern portion of Sicily) immediately, so
as to have the element of surprise.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Alcibiades wanted to find more
allies, create a strong military base,
and then attack Syracuse.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Nicias suggested that the fleet simply return
home before the display of strength
diplomatically backfired.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Alcibiades’ plan won out. The Athenian army
found a strong base and then attacked
Syracuse. It seemed that Athens would
control the island.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
But political issues forced Alcibiades
back prematurely
to Athens and created a major
setback.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
So with no definite assignment, the Athenian
fleet started raiding coastal towns, capturing
the inhabitants, and selling them into slavery.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Many of Athens’ allies condemned this
behavior as barbaric, and they left the
Delian League.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
During a battle, Lamachus was killed,
leaving Nicias as the only commander.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
In 413 B.C., the Spartans declared war
again on Athens, which made sending
reinforcements to Sicily impossible.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Because of this new declaration of war, the
Spartan general Gylippus was ordered to Sicily
to attack the now isolated Athenian forces.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Within the year Gylippus and the Syracuse military
defeated the Athenian army of over 5,000 men.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
The Sicilian Expedition effected Athens in more than one way:
• It caused past allies to switch to Sparta
• It caused even more territories to revolt against Athens
• It greatly reduced Athens’ military strength
Terms to Remember:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
Nicias
Alcibiades
Agis II
Sicily
Lamachus
Syracuse
Gylippus
• 421-412 B.C.
• 421 B.C.
• 413 B.C.
Think About It:
The Sicilian Expedition hurt Athens in
what ways? Do you think Nicias was right
in his attempt to keep peace in Sicily?
(Write your answer in essay form.)
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
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Ionian War
The Ionian War is the third and final
stage of the Peloponnesian War. It
lasted from 412-404 B.C.
Ionian War
It was thought that Athens would not be able to
fight any longer. Their army had been almost
completely destroyed with the Sicilian Expedition.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
During the Sicilian Expedition,
Athens was supporting Amorges,
a rebel of the Persian Empire.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition
This angered the powerful Persian king
Darius II Nothus, and resulted in Persia
financially supporting Sparta.
Ionian War
The Spartan king Agis II could now build a
stronger force, and began making his way
towards Athens.
Ionian War
Many of Athens’ best leaders were gone.
Demosthenes, Lamachus, and Nicias had all
died. Alcibiades was in exile and lived in Sparta.
Ionian War
But in 411 B.C., Alcibiades offered to return
to Athens if the unfair political charges
against him were dropped.
Ionian War
Athens was in desperate need of
qualified generals, and so, after
much debate, they agreed to
Alcibiades’ terms.
Ionian War
But it seemed as though there was no
hope for Athens. Battle after battle,
Athens was defeated.
Ionian War
In 410 B.C. Athens caught a break. In the Battle
of Cyzicus (near Turkey) Athens completely
destroyed a Spartan fleet led by Mindarus.
Ionian War
With the death of Mindarus, Spartan morale
was shattered.
Ionian War
The Spartans offered peace, but with an unfair
disadvantage to the Athenians.
Ionian War
Needless to say, the Athenians rejected
this treaty.
Ionian War
So the war dragged on for six more years.
Ionian War
In 408 B.C. Alcibiades sailed from Athens in the
hopes of defeating the Spartan navy, led by
Lysander, once and for all.
Ionian War
In an attempt to duplicate the Athenian
victory at Cyzicus, Alcibiades’ deputy
Antiochus disobeyed orders.
Ionian War
Instead of simply blockading
the Spartan fleet in Ephesus
(western Turkey), he tried
drawing Lysander into battle.
Ionian War
The plan proved disastrous. Lysander
annihilated Antiochus’ entire fleet in the
Battle of Notium.
Ionian War
There was only one more
Athenian victory in the
Peloponnesian War: the
Battle of Arginusae.
Ionian War
But this victory, in 406 B.C., was
too small to provide any
significant change.
Ionian War
By 405 B.C. Athens was practically defeated.
Ionian War
The final battle took place in 405 B.C., when
the Athenians went to Aegospotami to attack
Lysander’s fleet stationed there.
Ionian War
Lysander was once more victorious. He completely
destroyed the Athenian fleet and executed all
3,000 Athenians captured in battle.
Ionian War
Athens had no money, no food,
and hardly any militia left.
Ionian War
In the spring of 404 B.C., after a brief siege of the
city of Athens, the Athenians accepted defeat
and disbanded the Delian League.
Ionian War
The great walls of Athens were torn down.
The Peloponnesian War was officially over.
Terms to Remember:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ionian War
Amorges
Persian Empire
Darius II Nothus
Battle of Cyzicus
Mindarus
Lysander
Antiochus
Battle of Notium
Battle of Arginusae
Aegospotami
•
•
•
•
•
412-404 B.C.
410 B.C.
408 B.C.
405 B.C.
404 B.C.
Think About It:
Why do you think Antiochus disobeyed orders?
What do you think would have happened if
Athens had won the Battle of Notium?
(Write your answer in essay form.)
Concluding Video:
Ionian War
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Practice Quiz
Practice Quiz
1.) Who won the Peloponnesian War?
A.
Athens
B.
Sparta
(Click on your answer)
Continue to Question 2
Practice Quiz
2.) Who was the most famous
Athenian politician?
A.
Alcibiades
B.
Brasidas
C.
Socrates
D.
Pericles
Continue to Question 3
Practice Quiz
3.) What famous general betrayed
Athens due to political opposition?
A.
Brasidas
B.
Nicias
C.
Alcibiades
Continue to Question 4
Practice Quiz
4.) What stage was the Ionian War?
A.
First
B.
Second
C.
Third
Continue to Question 5
Practice Quiz
5.) What ancient historian wrote
History of the Peloponnesian War?
A.
Thucydides
B.
Herodotus
C.
Plutarch
D.
None of the Above
How well did you do?
0 questions wrong: Good
1-2 questions wrong: Fair
2-3 questions wrong: Need to
study some more
3-5 questions wrong: Need to
study a lot more
Practice Quiz
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more of the lesson, or to take the quiz
Quiz
Quiz
1.) When was the Peloponnesian War?
A.
431-404 B.C.
B.
467-440 A.D.
C.
409-440 B.C.
(Click on your answer)
Continue to Question 2
Quiz
2.) What two cities fought against each
other in the Peloponnesian War?
A.
Athens and Sicily
B.
Sparta and Athens
C.
Sparta and Rome
Continue to Question 3
Quiz
3.) Who won the Peloponnesian War?
A.
B.
Athens
Sparta
Continue to Question 4
Quiz
4.) Who had a stronger naval force?
A.
B.
Athens
Sparta
Continue to Question 5
Quiz
5.) What was the name of the Athenian
alliance?
A.
Peloponnesian League
B.
Delian League
C.
Axis Powers
Continue to Question 6
Quiz
6.) When did the plague spread
through Athens?
A.
429 B.C.
B.
422 B.C.
C.
415 B.C.
D.
431 B.C.
Continue to Question 7
Quiz
7.) Who died in the Battle of Amphipolis?
A.
Brasidas and Cleon.
B.
Cleon and Lysander
C.
Brasidas and Nicias
Continue to Question 8
Quiz
8.) What was the name of the
treaty signed in 421 B.C.?
A.
Peace of Athens
B.
Peace of Pericles
C.
Peace of Nicias
Continue to Question 9
Quiz
9.) Who was Agis II?
A.
General from Athens
B.
Politician from Athens
C.
King of Athens
D.
King of Sparta
E.
Politician from Sparta
Continue to Question 10
Quiz
10.) Who was forced to return to Athens
during the Sicilian Expedition?
A.
Alcibiades
B.
Lamachus
C.
Nicias
Continue to Question 11
Quiz
11.) The Sicilian Expedition effected
Athens in all ways but:
A.
It caused allies to switch to Sparta
B.
It depleted the treasury
C.
It caused more territories to revolt
D.
It greatly reduced the military
E.
None of the above
Continue to Question 12
Quiz
12.) Which side did Persia support?
A.
Athens
B.
Sparta
Continue to Question 13
Quiz
13.) Who won the Battle of Cyzicus?
A.
Mindarus
B.
Alcibiades
C.
Lysander
Continue to Question 14
Quiz
14.) In what battle did Alcibiades’
deputy disobey orders which led
to Athens’ defeat?
A.
Battle of Arginusae
B.
Ionian War
C.
Battle of Notium
Continue to Question 15
Quiz
15.) After what battle did Athens
accept defeat?
A.
Battle of Arginusae
B.
Battle of Amphipolis
C.
Battle of Notium
D.
Battle of Aegospotami
E.
Battle of Cyzicus
Continue to Bonus Question
Bonus Question:
-What is the correct spelling of the final battle
that greatly weakened Athen’s forces and
contributed to their defeat?
A.
Aigostopami
B.
Aegospatomi
(Feel free to skip this question)
C.
Aegospotami
D.
Aegosapami
+1 Bonus Point!
Quiz
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instructions on what to do next
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