U.S. Wind power since 1995
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1994
DATA
FIT
Series1
Series2
1999
2004
From EIA website Annual Energy Report: 2005
18% annual growth
Hubbert Curve
World Coal Production Curve
Exponential
extrapolation
Data
H&K fig. 1.11
Finite resource ->
Final answer is 0
Exponential growth CANNOT be sustained in a World of FINITE resources!!
Energy Conversions (Table 2.2)
digestion
thermal
Automatically
Happens!
A key question to consider is with what EFFICIENCY can each of these
Conversions be accomplished (Useful energy output/ total energy input)
Inside a Nuclear Power Plant
http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-power.htm
Seoinchon (?) Power plant: 57%
i.e. for every 1000J of
energy that comes into
the plant (as natural
gas), only 570 J, or only
a bit more than half, goes
out as useful electricity.
In the next chapter, we
will see that conversions
on down the line are also
less than 100% efficient.
Conventional power plants
may be closer to only
35%-40% efficient!
Energy Losses in a Car
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtml
NOTE: only 13% gets to the wheels
and ALL of that goes to thermal
energy (eventually)
See also:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_sbs_cars.shtml
H&K Car Energy Losses
CAFE standards
(Corporate Average
Fuel Economy)
From the D.O.T.
http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/CAFE/docs/Summary-Fuel-Economy-Pref-2004.pdf
CAFE performance
standard
http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/pdf102/480389_web.pdf
ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)
http://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html
http://www.solar.coppe.ufrj.br/itaipu.html
ITAIPU (Brazil/Paraguay)
18 turbines, each producing roughly 715 MW
12.9 GW total output!
(700 m3/s, effective height ~110m for each turbine)
LA Water&Power 2006 IR-plan
http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp008065.pdf
LA Water&Power 2006 IR-plan
http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp008065.pdf
Residential Electric Power Bill
$145.6/1948 kWh = $0.0747/kWh
Commercial Power Costs
Energy cost estimates for a project out at IUCF:
use (i.e. energy) charge: $3105/(360hr*575kW)=$0.0147/kWh
peak use (i.e. maximum power demand) charge: $13.11/kW
Why is this different from the residential calculation?
Not all hybrids are created equal!
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_sbs.shtml
Car Weight vs. Time
Gas taxes in different countries