SEHS Topic 1: Anatomy
Distinguish between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
• Axial skeleton:
• skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebral column:
cervical -7; thoracic – 12;
lumbar – 5; sacral – 5 (fused as 1);
coccyx – 4 (fused as 1)
• Appendicular skeleton:
• Pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles);
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges
• Pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis); femur,
patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and
phalanges
Distinguish between the axial and
appendicular skeleton in terms of function
• The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones along
the central axis of the human body. Primary
function is protection. Of what? _________
• The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126
bones of the lower limbs and upper limbs. Primary
function is locomotion.
State four types of bones
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Long: Typical bone type (ex. like a dog bone), long, straight +
sometimes rounded ends.
-----Ex. Humerus, Femur, Radius, Ulna, Tibia, Fibula, etc..
Cont’d
•
Short; Very small bones in the hands and feet.
-----Ex. Carpal and Tarsal bones.
•
Irregular: Strange shape, doesn't really fit into another
category.
-----Ex. temporal bone, skull bones with facial features, etc...
•
Flat: Protective bones that are smooth and flat
-----Ex. Top of cranium, ribs, sternum, etc...
Draw and annotate the structure of a
long bone
• Must include the:
• Epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage,
diaphysis, compact bone, bone marrow,
marrow cavity, blood vessel, periosteum
Cont’d
Your turn – Draw one
Anatomical Terminology
• **assume anatomical position:
Terminology
• A. Superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure
•
Example: The head is superior to the shoulders.
•
• B. Inferior: away from the head or toward the lower part of a
structure
• Example: The intestines are inferior to the lungs
•
• C. Anterior (also known as ventral): toward the front of the
body
•
Example: The trachea is anterior to the esophagus.
• D. Posterior (also known as dorsal): toward the back of the
body
•
Example: The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Terminology continued
• E. Medial: locating a structure nearer to the midline of the
body, which divides the body into equal right and left halves.
•
Example: The ulna is medial to the radius.
• F. Lateral: locating a structure further from the midline of the
body
•
Example: The lungs are lateral to the heart.
•
• H. Proximal: nearer to the point of attachment of an appendage
to the trunk of the body
•
Example: The knee is proximal to the shin.
•
• I. Distal: farther from the point of attachment of an appendage
to the trunk of the body
•
Example: The elbow is distal the shoulder.
•
Terminology cont’d
• J. Superficial: toward or on the surface of the
body
•
Example: The skin is superficial to the
muscles.
•
• K. Deep: away from the surface of the body.
Example: The ribs are deep to the skin
Using the skeleton below and the one in
the classroom, properly use each of the
following only:
• Inferior, superior, proximal, distal, medial, lateral,
posterior, anterior
Anatomical Planes
• FRONTAL (or coronal) separates the body into
Anterior and Posterior parts
• MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into
Right and Left parts
• HORIZONTAL separates the body into Superior
and Inferior parts
• SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane
• After
Anatomical Planes continued
Outline the function of connective
tissue
• What is connective tissue?
Connective tissue (CT) is a kind of
biological tissue that supports,
connects, or separates different types
tissues and organs of the body
All CT has three main components: cells,
fibers, and extracellular matrices
of
Examples of connective tissue
• Special connective - reticular connective tissue, adipose tissue,
cartilage, bone, and blood.
• IB will limit CT to understanding the function of :
– Ligaments – attach bone to bone
- Cartilage – articular cartilage/is a type of cartilage found
on many joint surfaces (aka hyaline cartilage)
- Tendons – attach muscle to bone
Define the term Joint
• A joint occurs where two or more bones articulate
• Types of joints:
Outline the features of a synovial joint
• Must include articular cartilage, synovial
membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, and
articular capsule
Hmwk
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Function of:
Synovial Fluid –
Bursae –
Meniscus –
Ligaments –
Joint (articular) capsule –
LIST the different types of synovial
joints