AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
Review of Chapter 1: History and Approaches
Part I: Describe the major contribution(s) of each of the following famous names in psychology. When applicable, tie them to a
psychological perspective.
Wilhelm Wundt ______________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Sigmund Freud _______________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
John Watson _________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
William James _______________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
B.F. Skinner _________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Jean Piaget __________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Albert Bandura _______________________
__________________________________________________________
______________ Perspective __________________________
G. Stanley Hall _______________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Mary Whiton Calkins __________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Ivan Pavlov _________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Abraham Maslow _____________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Roger Sperry ________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________
Perspective __________________________
Part II : Multiple-Choice
1.
You are at a lecture about the history of psychology and the speaker states that Wilhelm Wundt’s theory of
structuralism was the first scientific psychological theory. On what historical fact might the speaker be basing her or
his argument?
A.
Wundt was internationally known at the time, and this led credence to his theory in the scientific
community.
B.
Wundt studied under Ivan Pavlov for his graduate training, and Pavlov required scientific methods to be
used.
C.
Structuralism was based on the results of his introspection experiments, so it is, at least in part, empirical.
D.
Structuralism was based on careful anecdotes gathered from Wundt’s extensive clinical career.
E.
Wundt was the first person to study psychology in an academic setting.
2.
Sigmund Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind
A.
was revolutionary because it was the first comprehensive explanation of human thought and behavior.
B.
resulted from discoveries about the human brain obtained by cadaver dissection.
C.
is outdated and has no relevance for modern psychology.
D.
focused entirely on human males’ sex drive.
E.
depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory.
3.
In what way might a behaviorist disagree with a cognitive psychologist about the cause of aggression?
A.
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive
behavior, while a cognitive psychologist might say aggression is caused by a past repressed experience.
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B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
Name: ______________________________________
A behaviorist might state that aggression is a behavior encouraged by our genetic code, while a cognitive
psychologist might state that aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about aggressive
behavior.
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a
cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by an expressed desire to fulfill certain life
needs.
A behaviorist might state that aggression is caused by past rewards for aggressive behavior, while a
cognitive psychologist might believe aggression is caused by memories or ways we think about
aggressive behavior.
A behaviorist would not disagree with a cognitive psychologist about aggression because they both
believe that aggressive behavior is caused by the way we cognitively process certain behaviors.
Dr. Marco explains to a client that his feelings. Of hostility toward a coworker are most likely caused by the way the
client interprets the coworker’s actions, and the way he thinks that people should behave at work, Dr. Marco is most
likely working from what perspective?
A.
behavioral
B.
cognitive
C.
psychoanalytic
D.
humanist
E.
social-cultural
Part III Describe the major viewpoint of each of the following perspectives.
Psychoanalysis _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________
__________________________________________
Cognitive _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Humanism ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Biological _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Behaviorism _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Evolutionary _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Review of Chapter 2: Research Methodology
1.
2.
Amber, a fifth grade teacher, believes that a short recess before her afternoon classes will improve the memory of her
students. She designs an experiment to test this idea. Identify the following for her experiment:
a. hypothesis
b.
independent variable
c.
dependent variable
d.
a possible confounding variable
Assume that a questionnaire was handed out only to the first twenty-five people to arrive to a clinic. What is wrong
with this method of distributing surveys?
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3.
4.
5.
Name: ______________________________________
A private school is trying to determine whether or not wearing uniforms will improve the behavior of its students.
During the month of October and November, an experiment is conducted to compare the behavior of students who
wear uniforms to those who do not.
a. Who is the control group in this experiment?
b.
The experimental group?
c.
What is the dependent variable?
For the following correlational coefficients, give an example of a relationship between variables that would give these
statistical outcomes.
a. +1.0 =
b. -1.0 =
c.
0.0 =
A new drug has been developed which is believed to have the capability to reduce hand tremors in patients with
Parkinson’s disease. Design an experiment to show that there is a scientific basis for the claims of the company that
has introduced this drug. Include all of the following in your design:
a. random selection:
b.
random assignment:
c.
the independent variable:
d.
the dependent variable:
e.
the control group:
f.
a placebo:
6.
The essence of the experimental method is
A.
accurate calculation of correlations
B.
obtaining direct reports from subjects about their subjective experiences.
C.
careful measurement and record keeping
D.
using control to identify cause and effect connections
7.
Which of the following is an appropriate use of naturalistic observation?
A.
to raise questions and suggest hypotheses
B.
to develop formal psychological theory
C.
to test hypotheses derived from theory
D.
to answer questions about cause and effect relationships
8.
In the simplest experiment, the two groups of subjects are treated exactly alike except for the _________ variable.
A.
independent
B.
dependent
C.
extraneous
D.
control
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9.
Name: ______________________________________
The conditions that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the experiment are called
A.
constants
B.
dependent variables
C.
extraneous variables
D.
independent variables
10. A researcher wants to determine the effect of sleep deprivation on human problem solving. Subjects in an
appropriate control group for such an experiment would be described as having
A.
Much more sleep than normal.
B.
Much less sleep than normal
C.
A normal amount of sleep
D.
The same amount of sleep as the experimental group
11. Which type of variable is measured in both the experimental and control groups of an experiment?
A.
the dependent variable
B.
the independent variable
C.
extraneous variables
D.
the reference variable
12. One of the limitations of the survey method is
A.
observer bias
B.
that it sets up an artificial situation
C.
that replies may not be accurate
D.
the self-fulfilling prophecy
13. Professor Ma wants to design a project studying emotional response to date rape. He advertises for participants in the
school newspaper, informs them about the nature of the study, gets their consent, conducts an interview, and debriefs
them about the results when the experiment is over. If you were on the IRB, which ethical consideration would you
most likely have the most concern about in Professor Ma’s study?
A.
coercion
B.
deception
C.
confounding variables
D.
anonymity
Review of Chapter 3: Biological Basis of Behavior
I.
Which specific brain function or nervous system is affected in the following examples:
a. Following a head injury, Jack has ongoing problems staying awake and focusing attention.
_______________________________
b. After a gunshot wound, Sandy is uninhibited, irritable, and profane. _______________________________
c. A rat attacks another rat in the same cage after this area is electrically stimulated. _______________________________
d. Roger “wets his pants” while running away from a bear that is chasing him through the woods.
_______________________________
e. Kathy cannot remember last Christmas after this area was damaged. _______________________________
f. Jessica had difficulty keeping her balance after receiving a blow during a gymnastics routine.
_______________________________
II.
a) What is aphasia?
b) Give two examples of how this can occur.
III.
1.
Multiple Choice
A split-brain patient has a picture of a knife flashed to her left hemisphere and that of a fork to her right hemisphere.
She will be able to:
a. identify the fork using her left hand
b. identify a knife using her left hand
c. identify a knife using either hand
AP Psychology
d.
e.
Name: ______________________________________
identify a fork using either hand
stand on her head and eat with both hands
2.
Dr. Johnson briefly flashed a picture of a key in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The patient could
probably:
a. write the word “key” using the left hand
b. draw a picture of a key using the left hand
c. draw a picture of a key using the right hand
d. verbally report that a key was seen
e. do none of the above
3.
Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster “saw” with his
ears and “heard” with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein “rewired” neural connections in the monster’s:
a. hypothalamus
b. cerebellum
c. frontal lobe
d. thalamus
e. pituitary gland
4.
A body builder friend of yours suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend
has been using drugs that affect the:
a. thalamus
b. adrenal glands
c. medulla
d. pituitary gland
e. dopamine
Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain?
a. visual cortex in the frontal lobe
b. visual cortex in the temporal lobe
c. sensory cortex in the parietal lobe
d. visual cortex in the occipital lobe
e. cerebral cortex in the occipital lobe
5.
6.
Paralysis of the left arm might be explained by a problem in the
a. motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere.
b. motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere.
c. sensorimotor cortex in the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere.
d. motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere.
e. motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere.
7.
Deafness can result from damage to the inner ear or damage to what area of the brain?
a. the auditory cortex in the frontal lobe.
b. the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
c. the areas of the sensory cortex that receive messages from the ears.
d. the hypothalamus.
e. the left and right sensory areas of the cerebellum.
8.
Which chemicals pass across the synaptic gap and increase the possibility the next neuron in the chain will fire?
a. synaptic peptides
b. inhibitory neurotransmitters
c. adrenaline-type exciters
d. excitatory neurotransmitters
e. potassium and sodium
AP Psychology
9.
Name: ______________________________________
You eat some bad sushi and feel that you are slowly losing control over your muscles. The bacteria you ingested from
the bad sushi most likely interferes with the use of
a. serotonin
b. dopamine
c. acetylcholine
d. thorazine
e. adrenaline
10. Which sentence most closely describes neural transmission?
a. An electric charge is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that
cross the synapse to the next cell.
b. A chemical change occurs within the cell, the change causes an electric charge to be produced, and the charge
jumps the gap between the nerve cells.
c. The electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding
cells.
d. Neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric changes in the
cerebral cortex.
e. Neural transmission is an electrochemical process both inside and outside the cell.
11. When brain researchers refer to brain plasticity, they are talking about
a. the brain’s ability to regrow damaged neurons.
b. The surface texture and appearance caused by the layer known as the cerebral cortex.
c. The brain’s versatility caused by the millions of different neural connections.
d. Our adaptability to different problems ranging from survival needs to abstract reasoning.
e. New connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections.
IV.
Which type of procedure is described in each of the following methods of evaluating activity in the brain.
a. Uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce computer generated images to distinguish among different
types of brain tissue. _______________________________
b. Uses glucose to develop a visual display of brain activity. _______________________________
c. Measures electrical activity across the surface of the brain. _______________________________
V.
As a summer camp counselor you have been able to identify your ten-year old campers as either “right-brained” or
“left-brained.” After dividing them into two groups based on their thinking styles, decide on three group tasks that you
could assign to each group that should correspond to their cognitive abilities.
Left-brained Campers:
Right-brained Campers:
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
Review of Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception
Part I
Multiple Choice
1.
The cochlea is responsible for
a. protecting the surface of the eye
b. transmitting vibrations received by the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
c. The receptors at the top of each nostril connect with the cortex
d. Smell is a powerful cue for encoding memories into long-term memory
e. Strong smells encourage us to process events deeply so they will most likely be remembered
2.
In a perception research lab, you are asked to describe the shape of the top of a box as the box is slowly rotated. Which
concept are the researchers most likely investigating?
a. feature detectors in the retina
b. feature detectors in the occipital lobe
c. placement of rods and cones in the retina
d. binocular depth cues
e. shape constancy
3.
The blind spot in our eye results from
a. the lack of receptors at the spot where the optic nerve connects to the retina
b. the shadow the pupil makes on the retina
c. competing processing between the visual cortices in the left and right hemisphere
d. floating debris in the space between the lens and the retina
e. retinal damage from bright light
4.
Smell and taste are called _______ because
a. energy senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form of electric energy
b. chemical senses; they detect chemicals in what we taste and smell
c. flavor senses; smell and taste combine to create flavor.
d. Chemical senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form of chemicals.
e. Memory senses; they both have powerful connections to memory
5.
What is the principal difference between amplitude and frequency in the context of sound waves ?
a. Amplitude is the tone or timbre of a sound, while frequency is the pitch.
b. Amplitude is detected in the cochlea, while frequency is detected in the auditory cortex.
c. Amplitude is the height of the sound wave, while frequency is a measure of how frequently the sound waves
pass a given point.
d. Both measure qualities of sound, but frequency is a more accurate measure since it measures the shapes of
the waves rather than the strength of the waves.
e. Frequency is a measure for light waves, while amplitude is a measure for sound waves.
6.
Weber’s law determines
a. absolute threshold.
b. Focal length of the eye.
c. Level of subliminal messages.
d. Amplitude of sound waves.
e. Just-noticeable difference.
7.
Gate control theory refers to
a. which sensory impulses are transmitted first from each sense
b. which pain messages are perceived
c. interfering sound waves, causing some waves to be undetected
d. the gate at the optic chiasm controlling the destination hemisphere for visual information from each eye.
e. How our minds choose to use either bottom-up or top-down processing.
8.
Which of the following sentences best describes the relationship between sensation and perception?
a. Sensation is a strictly mechanical process, while perception is a cognitive process.
b. Perception is an advanced form of sensation.
c. Sensation happens in the senses, while perception happens in the brain.
AP Psychology
d.
e.
9.
Name: ______________________________________
Sensation is detecting stimuli, perception is interpreting stimuli detected.
Sensation involves learning and expectations, and perception does not.
Color blindness and color afterimages are best explained by what theory of color vision?
a. Trichromatic theory
b. Visible hue theory
c. Opponent-process theory
d. Dichromatic theory
e. Binocular disparity theory
10. What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense?
a. integrating what we see and hear
b. writing our name
c. repeating a list of digits
d. walking a straight line with our eyes closed
e. reporting to a researcher the exact position and orientation of our limbs
Part II
1. Johnny’s parents always complain that he doesn’t listen to them. They say that when he is watching TV or listening to
music, he acts like he just doesn’t hear them. Johnny claims that he doesn’t even remember them trying to talk to him.
Johnny’s ability to choose what sensory information he perceives demonstrates ___________________________________.
2.
What is Gestalt? Give three examples of Gestalt principles as they relate to perception.
3.
When I am standing in front of the class talking and you are focused on me, _______________ is the figure and
_________________ is the ground. However, when I begin to write on the board and you are focused on that,
_________________ becomes the figure, and ______________ becomes the ground.
4.
What is a visual cliff? When do babies acquire depth perception?
5.
Why is it so hard to catch a ball with one eye closed? Name and describe two binocular cues help with depth
perception.
6.
You have been asked to paint a picture that includes buildings, fields, a river, and a mountain. Describe how you
would use at least five monocular cures to give your painting a sense of depth.
7.
What is the phi phenomenon? Give an example.
8.
Objects that are further away appear to move more slowly than those that are close by. Give an example of this.
9.
What is perceptual constancy? What are three forms of perceptual constancy that we have? How would your
perception be altered if you lacked one or more form of constancy?
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
10. What is perceptual set? Give a specific example of how a perceptual set can alter one’s experience.
Part III
1.
When a stimulus is constant, sensory neurons fire less. What do we call this? __________________________________
2.
What is the name of the theory that states that absolute threshold varies depending on psychological factors?
__________________________________
3.
The minimum stimulus you can detect at least 50% of the time is called what? __________________________________
4.
What is the process by which your brain organizes and interprets information is called? __________________________________
5.
What is the name of the center of the retina with greatest visual acuity? __________________________________
6.
What is the part of the outer ear that you can easily see on your neighbor called? __________________________________
8.
What are the three types of cones according to the trichromatic theory? __________________________________
9.
What organ that regulates the vestibular sense? __________________________________
10.
What is another word for smell? __________________________________
11.
What is the only sense that does NOT go through the thalamus? __________________________________
12.
What sense knows the location of the body parts? __________________________________
Review of Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
Sleep Stages
Type of Brain Waves
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
REM Sleep
1.
Sleep Stages
During which of the stages of sleep that we discussed in class do each of the following occur:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
“sleep spindles”:
dreams involving imagery:
very light dreams related to conscious activity:
rapid heart rate and breathing:
sleep-walking:
physical restfulness:
sleep-talking:
introduction to deep sleep:
introduction to alpha wave sleep:
genital arousal:
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
k) the stage one normally awakens from when one is not awakened suddenly:
2.
Sleep Disorders
Pick one of the sleep disorders that we discussed and determine if drug treatment for that disorder would involve a
stimulant or depressant drug. Briefly justify your answer.
3.
Drugs
List the three general classifications of types of drugs that we discussed in class. For each classification give one
specific drug as an example and explain how this particular drug affects typically affects an individual using it.
Classification
a)
Example
Effects of the drug listed as an example
b)
c)
Two theories
of hypnosis
Hypnosis:
____________:
the process in which a
hypnotist creates a state of
hypnosis in a subject,
generally by voicing a series
of suggestions.
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
Review of Chapter 6: Learning,
Part I
Classical Conditioning
Contributor(s):
Key terms related to Pavlov’s experiment:
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) =
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) =
Unconditioned Response (UCR) =
Conditioned Response (CR) =
Other important terms related to classical conditioning:
Acquisition:
Extinction:
Spontaneous Recovery:
Generalization:
Discrimination:
Operant Conditioning
Contributor(s):
Key Terms:
Positive Reinforcement =
Example:
Negative Reinforcement =
Example:
Punishment =
Example:
Other important terms related to operant conditioning:
Acquisition:
Extinction:
Spontaneous Recovery:
Generalization:
Discrimination:
Part II
1.
Define the schedules listed below. Also, draw a graph of the rates of responding for each schedule of
reinforcement.
fixed-interval schedule:
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
2.
variable-interval schedule:
3.
fixed-ratio schedule:
4.
variable-ratio schedule:
Instructions: Identify the reinforcement schedule being used in each of the examples that follow.
________________________1. Paid 10 dollars for every 20 puzzles solved
________________________2. Studying for a class that has surprise quizzes
________________________3. Slot machines are based on this schedule
________________________4. Trolling for fish in a lake in the summer
________________________5. Speed traps on highways
________________________6. Selling a product door to door
________________________7. Getting the clothes out of the dryer once it buzzes
________________________8. Going up a staircase to reach a landing with a nice view
________________________9. Doing 20 pushups to help stay fit
________________________10. Playing Bingo
________________________11. Getting a paycheck at the end of 2 weeks
________________________12. Random drug testing
________________________13. A strike in bowling
________________________14. Calling your mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet
________________________15. Frequent flyer program where one gets a free flight after a specific number of miles flown
________________________16. Child screams and cries in store to get what he wants, every so often it works
________________________17. Child who likes to hear theme music from Jeopardy every night at 7PM
________________________18. Trying to find a parking spot in Metropolis with a meter that works
________________________19. Wife is watching boxing match with husband- she receives a kiss at the end of every 3-minute round
________________________20. Waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach
________________________21. Surfer waiting for the perfect wave to ride in
________________________22. Looking under rocks for worms
Review of Chapters 7 & 8: Cognition
Part I
External events are initially recorded as sensory memory
which is either
___________ ____________
(visual sensory memory)
or
___________ ___________
(auditory sensory memory)
If we pay attention to the information, it is encoded into:
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
Encoding
______________ processing
(facts for class, names)
Requires
____________
Depends on the amount
of ________ spent
learning
_________________ processing (where
word was on page, what you ate for
breakfast).
Is enhanced by
______________
Encoding strategies that enhance memory:
1. Space out study sessions. It is better to study 10 minutes a night for 10 nights than to study 100 minutes in one night.
___________________________
2. You tend to remember the beginning (_____________ effect) and end (___________ effect) of a list better than the middle.
Start and end your studying with material that will be more represented on the test. ___________________________________
3. Think about the meaning of words that you are trying to remember. For example, “serial position effect” means that
the position of the words in a series affects your ability to remember it. ___________________________________
4. Think about how the material relates to you. We are much better at remembering information that relates to us in
some way. ____________________________________
5. Use _________________________ to create mnemonic devices (ie., a HIPPO on CAMPUS would be MEMORABLE). The more
outrageous the image, the better!
Pitfalls:
1. __________________________ encoding (thinking about what a word looks like) is not particularly effective for remembering
terms.
2. ________________________ encoding (thinking about the sound of the word) is also not particularly effective for long-term
retention. The exception to this is if you set it to music (ie, the ABC song, “1-800-588-2300 Empire”, “Two all beef
patties, special sauce, lettuce…”)
Can be enhanced or
hindered by ________
Virtually
_________
Long-term Memory
capacity
Learning alters synaptic connections.
Repeated stimulation of a neural pathway
causes ____________________________
___________________________, thus
less stimulation is required to create the
same response (like a neuron bruise).
____________ (hormone released in
response to chronic stress) can destroy the
hippocampus.
______________ (hormone
released during acute stress)
enhances memory. This explains
___________memories (clear
memories of emotionally
significant events).
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_______________ Failure (we
didn’t pay attention or rehearse it)
Name: ______________________________________
________________ Failure (memories
that aren’t rehearsed are lost)
________________ curve –
over 50% of what we learn is
quickly forgotten (if not
rehearsed), but the remainder
sticks for a long time.
Forgetting
_________________ Failure (an
inability to “locate” memories)
A “Tip of the tongue” phenomenon
_________________
Memory
Construction
(forgetting things we
don’t want to remember)
_______________
Interference (when new
memories interfere with old
memories)
_______________
Interference (when old
memories interfere with new
memories)
_______________
_______________
(misattributing the
source of
information)
________________
________________
(we tend to
incorporate
misleading
information into our
memories)
Part II
1.
When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word “arms” referred to weapons and not to
body parts. Krista’s correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of:
a. semantics
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. syntax
d. morphemes
2.
Which of the following contributes most directly to people’s exaggerated perceptions of the likelihood of air travel
disasters, nuclear power accidents, and terrorist violence?
a. the belief perseverance phenomenon
b. the representativeness heuristic
c. overconfidence
d. the availability heuristic
3.
Behaviorists such as B. F. Skinner have emphasized that the acquisition of language can be explained in terms of:
a. the association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions and qualities
b. children’s imitation of the words and grammar modeled by parents and others
c. the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly
d. all of the above
4.
Two-year-old Stephen’s sentences—“Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone”—are examples of:
a. babbling
b. artificial grammar
c. telegraphic speech
d. universal grammar
5.
After taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a
millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of:
a. the representativeness heuristic
AP Psychology
b.
c.
d.
Name: ______________________________________
functional fixedness
the belief perseverance
overconfidence
6.
According to Chomsky, the fact that young children overgeneralize certain rules of grammatical structure suggests
that:
a. Language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement.
b. Language acquisition does not proceed in an orderly sequence.
c. Language acquisition develops normally even in the absence of social interaction.
d. Parents overemphasize correct grammatical usage.
7.
Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely
resembles their _________ of a mammal.
a. Prototype
b. Mental set
c. Heuristic
d. Algorithm
8.
Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as
a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates:
a. The availability heuristic
b. Confirmation bias
c. Belief perseverance
d. Functional fixedness
9.
Lolita sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize
than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:
a. belief perseverance
b. confirmation bias
c. the framing bias
d. the availability heuristic
10. The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics
than a construction worker illustrates the use of:
a. The availability heuristic
b. The framing effect
c. Belief perseverance
d. The representativeness heuristic
11. In the words “lightly,” “neatly,” and “shortly,” the “ly” ending is a(n):
a. Algorithm
b. Phenotype
c. Phoneme
d. Morpheme
12. Leland’s language does not distinguish between “family love” and “romantic love,” so he has difficulty realizing that he
deeply loves his sister. Which of the following is most relevant to Leland’s difficulty?
a. the representativeness heuristic
b. the belief perseverance phenomenon
c. functional fixedness
d. the linguistic relativity hypothesis
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
Review of Chapter 11: Developmental Psychology
1. Explain why the correlation between authoritative parenting and social competence does not necessarily reveal cause and
effect.
2. What was the specific relevance of Harry Harlow’s experiment?
3. Define the following parenting styles:
Authoritarian:
Authoritative:
Permissive:
4. Give an example of how a baby would exhibit a lack of object permanence.
5. Into which stage of Piaget’s developmental theory do each of the following fit?
a) A child saying, “that’s my star in the sky!” =
b) A child getting anxious if someone other than their parents holds them =
c) The ability to do a liquid conservation test =
d) The ability to pretend =
e) A child asking if someone can “buy” their way into heaven by giving money to a church =
f) The ability to add, subtract, and do multiplication tables =
6. What is plasticity?
7. What type of development did each of the stage theorists that we discussed focus on? (cognitive, social, etc.)
a) Erikson =
b) Kohlberg =
c) Piaget =
8.
According to these three theorists, what stage of development would a three year old be at according to their theories?
a) Erikson =
b) Kohlberg =
c) Piaget =
9.
According to these three theorists, what stage of development would a twelve year old be at according to their theories?
a) Erikson =
b) Kohlberg =
c) Piaget =
10. A local computer company tries to hire new employees who are under the age of 30, because these prospects seem to have
higher reasoning skills. What type of intelligence is it theorized that these young people have?
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Name: ______________________________________
11. A large department store chain only promotes individuals to top management positions who have at least 10 years of
retail and marketing experience. What type of intelligence do these prospects for these upper management positions have
due to their extensive experience?
12. Tom finished college at age 23, married at age 25, had two children by the age of 31. What term in the text refers to this
progression at which he made these life commitments?
13. Tony, a 73 year old man, was recently told that he had only six months to live due to a very rare kidney condition. Give
specific examples of how this individual would deal emotionally with each of the five stages of the grief cycle as proposed
by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.
14. What neurotransmitter plays a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease?
15. What neurotransmitter plays a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease?
Review of Chapter 9: Testing and Individual Differences
1.
2.
Mention a major accomplishment or theory about human intelligence that is credited to each of the following individuals:
a. Alfred Binet:
b.
David Wechsler:
c.
Charles Spearman:
d.
Lewis Terman:
e.
Howard Gardner:
What is the formula for determining IQ?
Apply it to determine the IQ for the following individual: A twelve-year old with a mental age of eight:
What would be the special classification of this individual?
3.
Give a specific example of each of the following:
a. Savant syndrome:
b.
Practical intelligence:
c.
Factor Analysis:
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4.
Name: ______________________________________
Indicate how an IQ test could be classified as either an achievement test or as an aptitude test?
Which one is it considered to be?
5.
A second grade teacher is giving the FCAT to her students. Briefly discuss the importance of each of the following with the
administration of this test:
a. Validity:
b.
Reliability:
c.
Standardization:
6.
Describe the normal distribution. (Include standard deviations).
7.
Describe positively and negatively skewed distributions. (Discuss mean, median, and mode.)
Review of Chapters 10 and 14: Motivation and Emotion & Stress and Health
Part I
SITUATION 1: You are a Theory Y shift manager for a Burger King restaurant here in Hialeah. Based on the description of the
Theory Y management style, what are three specific applications of this management style that you could use to motivate your
employees?
SITUATION 2: You are a Theory X manager for a factory that makes hospital equipment. The workers on your shift are
involved in tasks such as welding, assembling, and packaging this equipment. What are three specific applications of this
management style that you could use to motivate you employees?
SITUATION 3: You are the owner of an employment agency. After interviewing Tim, a 23-year old college graduate, you have
decided that he is mostly intrinsically motivated. What are five occupations that you would recommend for him to satisfy his
intrinsic needs?
SITUATION 4: You are the guidance counselor in a large inner city high school in Michigan. You have just finished a discussion
with Tamara, a seventeen-year old senior about her plans for college. It is obvious that Tamara is extrinsically motivated. What
are five college majors that you would suggest that she consider?
SITUATION 5: Your management consulting company has been offered a contract to do some independent contract work for a
small community hospital. The personnel manager has contacted your agency because she has noticed a significant morale
problem among the employees. This seems to be especially true of those involved in direct patient care (nurses, physician’s
assistants, etc.) Using Maslow’s triangle as a basis for your recommendations for these employees, what is a specific
AP Psychology
Name: ______________________________________
suggestion for each of the four bottom levels of the triangle that would help these employees reach the top of the ladder (selfactualization).
SITUATION 6: You walk into a movie theatre and see your significant other of two years hugging an attractive person of the
opposite sex in the lobby. After an initial response of anger and rage, you quickly calm down when they introduce the other
person as the cousin they have not seen in over five years. How would each of the following theories of human emotion explain
your reactions in this situation?
a) Cannon-Bard:
b) James-Lange:
c) Two-Factor Theory:
Part II
1. List four adjectives to describe an individual who exhibits TYPE A behavior:
2. List four adjectives to describe an individual who exhibits TYPE B behavior:
3. Who came up with the notion of the General Adaptation Syndrome to describe prolonged stress reactions?
4. Describe how the General Adaptation Syndrome would apply to a young mother who had just given birth:
5. Give an example of each of the following types of conflict:
APPROACH-APPROACH=
AVOIDANCE-APPROACH=
AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE=
MULTIPLE-APPROACH-AVOIDANCE=
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Name: ______________________________________
Review of Chapter 12: Theories of Personality
Summary of Perspectives
Psychoanalytic – personality is determined by how our ego mediates ___________________ conflicts between pleasure-seeking
impulses and social restraints.
Trait – Personality is the expression of __________________ influenced dispositions.
Humanistic – Personality is how each person attempts to meet their needs, especially the need for ___________________.
Behavioral – Personality is learned through___________________ and _________________________.
Part I
Matching Set I:
___1. oral stage
___2. anal stage
___3. phallic stage
___4. identification
___5. id
___6. ego
___7. latency period
___8. superego
___9. genital stage
Matching Set II:
___1. repression
___2. regression
___3. displacement
___4. rationalization
___5. project
___6. reaction
formation
___7. sublimation
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
A child’s attempt to be similar to a same sex parent.
Fixation here may cause one to be overly dependent on others as an adult
Children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.
Marked by mature sexual behavior.
This is a period of learning to cope with natural incestuous feelings
Fixation at this stage may lead to one being overly controlling as an adult.
Operates on the pleasure principle (immediate gratification)
Operates on the reality principle
Provides standards and judgments for future aspiration
A. Directing an unwanted feeling or thought toward a weaker person or object instead of the
one who elicited the feeling.
B. Justifying a negative thought, feeling, or behavior to protect self-esteem.
C. Unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.
D. Attribute one’s own inadequacies or faults to someone else.
E. Exhibiting behavior reminiscent of an earlier stage of development.
F. Adopting behaviors that are opposite of your true (but unwanted) feelings.
G. The diversion of unwanted impulses into socially acceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
What type of test uses the image to the left (don’t answer “inkblot test”)? ______________________
Which personality theory would use a test like this? _____________________
Why are such tests rarely used anymore?
What is Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious?
Matching Set III:
___1. Allport
___2. Freud
___3. Jung
___4. Rogers
___5. Skinner
___6. Maslow
___7. Bandura
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Psychoanalytic
Trait
Behaviorist
Humanist
Social-cognitive
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Part II
Name: ______________________________________
The Grinch
Do you know the Grinch? He lives alone on top of Mt. Crumpit and hates X-mas (all the “noise, noise, noise, NOISE!”). He has a
dog (Max) that he treats cruelly. His heart and his shoes are too small. He pretended to be Santa (and disguised Max as a
reindeer) and stole all the presents (and trimmings and trappings, shoving trees up the “chimbly”) from Who-ville. He even took
the last can of who-hash and left crumbs too small even for the Who’s mouses. He lied to poor Cindy-Lou Who when she caught
him taking her X-mas tree. Despite his efforts to ruin X-mas, the Who’s woke up X-mas morning and sang (“Fah who for-aze!
Dah who dor-aze!”) and held hands in a big circle, clearly undeterred by the Grinch’s efforts. When the Grinch heard this, his
heart grew three sizes and he pulled the sleigh bearing gifts from the edge of the cliff and carried them down to the Who’s, who
accepted him and let him carve the roast beast.
Analyze the Grinch from the various perspectives. For each perspective, explain:
1) Why is the Grinch so neurotic?
2) How is the Grinch healed?
A. Freud
B. Allport
C.
Adler
D. Maslow
E.
Rogers
F.
Skinner
G. Bandura
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Name: ______________________________________
Review of Chapter 13: Social Psychology
Part I
Find the Social Psychology terms that correspond to the descriptions of the various situations and scenarios
that are described below.
ALTRUISM
BYSTANDER EFFECT
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
DEINDIVIDUATION
DISCRIMINATION
FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR
FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
GROUP POLARIZATION
GROUPTHINK
PREJUDICE
SCAPEGOAT
SOCIAL FACILITATION
SOCIAL LOAFING
STEREOTYPE
1.
_______________________________ Disgruntled taxpayers blame welfare recipients for a large increase in their property taxes, and
unfairly blame these folks for “using the system” when in fact these individuals are poverty stricken and need help from
government funding.
Definition:
2.
_______________________________ A young college student risks his life by rescuing a young child who has fallen through the ice
on a lake while playing there.
Definition:
3.
_______________________________ A thirteen-year old is uncomfortable with her smoking habit since this is inconsistent with
what her parents have taught her about the risks of starting this habit at such a young age.
Definition:
4.
_______________________________ Nine-year old Maria has developed the attitude that elderly people are mean and stingy.
Definition:
5.
_______________________________ Kevin assumed on the first day of school that his math teacher, Mr. Wallaby, was going to be a
mean teacher based solely on the fact that he saw him arguing in the hall with another teacher before class. It turned out
Mr. Wallaby was one of the most personable teachers he had ever had.
Definition:
6.
_______________________________ A local car dealership offers customers a $25 gift certificate for coming in to test drive one of
their new cars in hopes that they will then agree to buy a car.
Definition:
7.
_______________________________ When Angela is running laps after work at the high school track, she notices that she runs
faster if other runners are also out there running with her.
Definition:
8.
_______________________________ Mary, an elderly woman, believes that all teenagers are rebellious, rude, and have little regard
for the feelings of others.
Definition:
9.
_______________________________ When Jeremy, a junior in college, participated in an anti-war demonstration on his campus, he
was overwhelmed by the emotions of the protests and found himself throwing rocks at cars and windows. This was
behavior highly uncharacteristic of him and something he would not even consider doing if alone.
Definition:
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Name: ______________________________________
10. _______________________________ Eleven neighborhood children are invited to a birthday party for ten-year old Steven. The only
children who are not invited are the two kids who belong to the family of immigrants who just moved into the
neighborhood.
Definition:
11. _______________________________ As a group of college students who agree on their stance on gun control talk about their
opinions on this, their feelings seem to get stronger as the discussion proceeds.
Definition:
12. _______________________________ As a group of generals make a major tactical error while planning a military battle. When later
polled individually about their decision, most of them indicate individually that they were not in favor of the decision, but
went along with what seemed to be the group’s consensus.
Definition:
13. _______________________________ While an elderly man is beaten and robbed on a busy city street, several people stand by and
watch, assuming that someone else will intervene or call for help.
Definition:
14. _______________________________ Daniel noticed that when he was at a basketball game with a large crowd that he did not cheer
and scream as loud as when the crowd was small and he seemed like a large part of the action.
Definition:
15. _______________________________ James, a running back on the football team, gets into a fist fight after a shouting match on the
practice field with his best friend, Mike. When he talked about this later, he indicated that this may not have happened if
the coach had not denied everyone a water break causing everyone to feel agitated.
Definition:
Part II
16. Give an example to show how discrimination differs from prejudice.
17. Give an example to show how the “just-world phenomenon” contributes to stereotyping.
18. Give an example to show how prejudice differs from stereotyping.
19. What do each of the following experiments validate about human behavior:
a. The “Robbers-Cave” Experiment
b.
The Milgram Experiment
c.
The Asch-Line Experiment
20. How do each of the following contribute to prejudicial behavior:
a. In-group bias
b.
The “just-world phenomenon”
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Name: ______________________________________
21. Give two examples of situations where social conformity is a positive behavior.
22. Give two examples of situations where social conformity is a negative behavior.
Review of Chapters 15 & 16: Abnormal Psychology & Treatment
For the following five case studies of abnormal behavior, determine the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
What is the specific mental illness? (hypochondriasis, paranoid schizophrenia, bipolar, etc.)
What general classification does the illness fall into? (dissociative disorder, somatic disorder, anxiety disorder, etc.)
What type of therapy would you recommend for this patient? (cognitive, humanistic, behavior modification, etc.)
Why would you recommend this type of treatment?
Would medication be appropriate for this patient?
If so, what would you prescribe and why?
Case 1: The Case of Neat Freak Nellie:
Nellie is a 32 year old medical lab technician who is very successful at her job because she is very meticulous and detailed
in her work. What her co-workers do not know about her, however, is that Nellie is so concerned with neatness and order that
she is causing a dramatic amount of stress at home because she is constantly cleaning and rearranging things. She recently
color coded all of her husband’s shirts and placed an identification label on all her son’s toys which had a number to identify
which room it should be stored in and a letter to determine what time of day he should play with each one.
Case 2: The Case of Missing Mike:
Michael is a 54 year old administrator for the United Way in Sacramento, California. He is known for his public
relations skills and his political adeptness. When he was featured in a news story in the Sacramento Bess his sister, Evelyn,
recognized him as her long lost brother who she had not seen in several years. Michael had mysteriously left Simi Valley, a few
hours away, and had been given up for dead. Evelyn was amazed at the story because her brother had always been extremely
quiet and never socialized.
Case 3: The Case of Paralyzed Phillip:
Phillip, a 43 year old father of three, was enjoying success running a business from his home involving computer
graphics until he began to experience dramatic nightmares that made it difficult for him to go to sleep at night. Soon after this,
he noticed that his right arm began to go numb and eventually his arm became paralyzed. Upon the completion of several
neurological tests, it was found that there was nothing medically wrong with Phillip.
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Name: ______________________________________
Case 4: The Case of “Hick-Up Harry”:
Harry, a 34 year old former architect, was institutionalized because he began to have episodes where he believed he
was Al Gore. He was also hearing voices that were telling him that it was time to “get out of politics and do something more
useful with his life.” These auditory hallucinations caused him to hick-up uncontrollably until he would pass out from
exhaustion. His therapist, Ura Nutt, was unsuccessful at helping Harry to realize the extent of his psychosis which made it
necessary for him to continue a long-term in-patient treatment program.
Case 5: The Case of Restless Ryan:
Ryan is an 18 year old vendor at a baseball stadium. Lately, he’s noticed that when he is in a crowded location, he has
started feeling a sense of breathlessness, he sweats, and he feels pain in his chest. He only feels better when he leaves the
situation or the environment. Ryan fears he will lose his job if these attacks continue and that is his only means of support.