Anna Benbrook
Stephanie Demian
Joe Esolato
Manwant Hans
Chapter 17
Heidi-Ann Hebebrand
Target: College Students
Kimberly Hook
Age:18-22
Chelsea Kim
The Respiratory System:
Built to Breath
Lung Structure Supports
Function
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1 set of 2 lungs
Elastic with large surface area
for gas exchange
Lungs encased in pleural
membranes
Pleural sac creates
intrapleural space filled with
intrapleural fluid
Alveoli provide large surface
area for gas exchange
Video Demonstration of
Respiration
Breathing
Overall Respiratory System
Functions


Bring oxygen into
the body
Remove carbon
dioxide and other
waste gases
Inhaling and Exhaling


Inhaling
– Brings O2 from the air into the
body through the nose and mouth
– Use muscles of the diaphragm
 Tightens and flattens
Exhaling
– Diaphragm relaxes
 Pushes air out of lungs
Air Pathway
Mouth & Nose Throat
(Pharynx & Larynx)
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Respiratory
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Capillaries
Inhaling and Exhaling
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Exchange

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Oxygen:
– Moves across alveoli
into blood in
capillaries to travel
throughout the body
Carbon Dioxide:
– Moves from blood in
capillaries into alveoli
– Exhaled out of body
Inspiration and Expiration
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Contraction and
relaxation of accessory
muscles is controlled by
somatic motor neurons in
the spinal cord
Motor neuron activity is
directly controlled by the
respiratory control center
in the medulla oblongata
Respiratory Control Center

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Initial drive to inspire or expire
from neurons in the medulla
oblongata (“Rhythmicity Area”)
Discharges from some neurons
produce inspiration, while
discharges from others
produce expiration
The Pons also contributes to
respiratory control.
Pons

Divided into 2 Areas:
– Apneustic area
 Directly communicates with
inspiratory neurons
 Located in the rhythmicity
area
 Acts as the “inspiratory cutoff
switch”
– Pneumotaxic area
 Fine-tunes apneustic activity
Input to the Respiratory
Control Center

2 types of input
– Neural
 Afferent or efferent input that is excited by
means other than blood-borne stimuli
– Humoral (blood-borne)
 The influence of some blood-borne stimuli
reaching specialized chemoreceptors
 Reacts to the strength of the stimuli sending
the appropriate message to the medulla
Chemoreceptors

Chemoreceptors are
specialized neurons
capable of responding to
changes in the internal
environment
– Classified according to
their location
 Central
 Peripheral
Central Chemoreceptors
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Located in the medulla
Affected by changes in PCO2 and H+ of
the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Increase in PCO2 or H+ of the CSF
increases ventilation
Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Primary peripheral chemoreceptors located in the
aortic arch and the bifurcation of the common
carotid artery.
– Respond to increases in arterial PCO2 and H+
concentrations
– Aortic Bodies: located in the aorta
– Carotid Bodies: located in the carotid artery
– Sensitive to increased blood K+ levels and
decreased arterial PCO2
Smoking Complications

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Damages and immobilizes
lung Cilia
– particles collect in airways
Kills white bloods cells
– germs thrive easier
Increases risk for cancer,
high blood pressure, and
elevated levels of cholesterol
Pleurisy


Inflammation of the pleura
covering the lung and chest
cavity
Symptoms:
– Shortness of breath
– Chest pain while breathing
– Dry cough
– Fever and chills
(depending on the cause)
Hypoxia

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Body’s tissues not receiving enough O2
Causes:
– Not enough usable O2 in the
environment
– Blocked/compromised airways
– Anemia
– Types of blood poison
Types of Hypoxia
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Histoxic:
– Due to an inability of the tissues to utilize O2
– May occur during CO or cyanide poisoning
or from other drugs
Stagnant:
– Due to poor blood circulation
– May occur if a person sits or hangs too long
or is exposed to cold temperatures for a
long time
Asthma

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Disease of the airway tissues
– Tissues become over
sensitive/over reactive to
environmental irritations
Airways narrow and allow less
or no air in or out
Can be life threatening and
require fast medical attention
Treatable with medications
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
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Carbon monoxide:
colorless, odorless gas
– Binds to hemoglobin
200X faster than
oxygen.
Symptoms of hypoxia are
an indicator
Can cause brain damage
and death.
Sleep Apnea


Brief interruptions in the respiratory cycle for
10 to 30 seconds at a time
– Occurs repetitively during sleep
– Deprives the brain of enough oxygen
– Keeps person from going in to deep sleep.
Major types:
– Obstructive sleep apnea
– Central sleep apnea
Types of Sleep Apnea
 Obstructive sleep apnea
–Most common
–Tongue, tonsils, uvula or large amount of
fatty tissue in the throat blocking the airway

Central sleep apnea
– Rare
– Malfunction of the central
nervous system telling the body
to breathe
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Diseases


Irreversible lung conditions
Two major diseases:
– Emphysema
 A lung disease that decreases the elastic
properties of the lung
– Chronic bronchitis
 Inner walls of the respiratory passageways
become infected and inflamed.
Chronic Bronchitis

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Some causes:
– Smoke
– Disease
– Environmental conditions
Symptom:
– Coughing up yellowish-gray or green mucus
Risk factors:
– Low resistance
– Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
– Exposure to certain irritants at work
Types of Chronic Bronchitis


Acute bronchitis:
– Temporary condition--with
proper care may return to
normal
Chronic bronchitis:
– Permanent condition--with
proper care, symptoms
may be reduced or
slowed
Emphysema

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
Reduced volume of air
exchange
– Lungs can’t expand
properly or deflate all the
way
Rapid breathing in an attempt
to over come the feeling of
being short of breath
Worsens over time
Infant Respiratory Distress
Syndrome

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Breathing disorder present at birth
Cause: Not enough surfactant to breathe normally
– Surfactant : reduces friction between surface
tissues when lungs are deflated (makes
inspiration easier)
Symptom: Rapid and labored breathing
Risk Factors: Premature birth and/or Diabetic
mother
Without medical care, lungs may tire or vital
organs may not get enough O2 Treatment
The Circulatory System
Components of the Circulatory
System


Moves nutrients, gases and wastes
throughout the body
Consists of:
– Heart
– Blood vessels
Blood Flow
The Heart


A muscular
pump
Generates blood
pressure to
move blood
throughout the
body
Blood Vessels
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Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Veins
Venules
Function
– Distribution of
blood
Arteries and Arterioles
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
Arteries
– Transport oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood away
from the heart
– Thick, strong, elastic walls with large diameters
– Withstand high pressure
Arterioles
– Smaller branch-offs of arteries
– Rings of smooth muscle over a single layer of
elastic fibers
– Change in diameter
– Respond to neural and endocrine signals
Capillaries


Diffusion zones for exchanges between
blood and interstitial fluid
Smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels
Veins and Venules
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Return O2 and nutrient depleted
blood with waste products to the
heart
Very thin with almost no muscle
Can distend and serve as blood
volume reservoirs (50-60% volume)
Skeletal muscles adjacent to the
veins help move blood and valves
prevent back flow
Blood Flow

Closed system of vessels
– Blood contained in the
circulatory system
– Pumped by the heart
around the closed
circuit of vessels
("circulations" of the
body)
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
Blood Flow Using High
Resolution Vascular Ultrasound

Ultrasound at the brachial artery
– Real time-blood
flowing to the
periphery (red streak)
and back (blue streak)
 Image determines:
–Time to travel to periphery and reach a
bifurcation or an occlusion/time to reverse back
(usually takes place in milliseconds)
Blood Flow Using High
Resolution Vascular Ultrasound
Pulse Wave Analysis Using
Applanation Tonometry

Non-invasive technique
– Tonometer (pen-like high-fidelity
pressure transducer) placed at
the radial artery
– Synthesize central aortic blood
pressure waveform from the
measured radial artery pressure
– Calculate amplitude and timing
of the wave reflection
Pulse Wave Analysis Using
Applanation Tonometry
Pulse Wave Form
Amplitude and timing of the waveform are derived
from the equations presented in this picture.
Pulse Wave Analysis
The Circulatory System
Blood Pressure

Hypertension
– Less than 120/80 = Normal
– 120-139/80-89 = PreHypertension
– 140-159/90-99 = Stage 1
Hypertension
– 160+/100+ = Stage 2
Hypertension
Factors Affecting Hypertension
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Smoking
Obesity
High Salt Diet
Genetics/Family
History
Stress
Stroke
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“Brain Attack”
Types of Strokes:
– Hemorrhagic
– Ischemic
Factors Affecting Strokes
•
•
•
•
•
Diabetes
Smoking
High blood
pressure
Lack of exercise
Poor diet
Artherosclerosis
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Arthero = gruel or paste
Sclerosis = hardening
Factors Affecting Atherosclerosis
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Diabetes
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
High-fat diet
Obesity
Family history
Smoking